---
category: literaturenote
citekey: organizationglobalstatusreportroad2009
title: "Global status report on road safety: time for action"
authors: World Health Organization
year: 2009
date: 2009-00-00 2009
url: "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/44122"
zotero_key: 4DRC5LY4
zotero_storage: NGFVLWKS
collections: doktoritöö / HLO
folder: 001_artiklid/Road Safety Indicators
firstAuthor: World Health Organization
status: converted
---
World Health Organization Department of Violence & Injury Prevention & Disability (VIP) 20 Avenue Appia Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: traffi c@who.int
# ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY
TIME FOR ACTION
# GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY
### TIME FOR ACTION
#### **WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data**
Global status report on road safety: time for action.
1.Accidents, Traffic - statistics and numerical data. 2.Accidents, Traffic - trends. 3.Wounds and injuries - epidemiology. 4.Safety - statistics and numerical data. 5.Data collection. I.World Health Organization. Dept. of Violence and Injury Prevention.
ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 (NLM classification: WA 275)
Suggested citation: Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009 (www.who.int/violence\_ injury\_prevention/road\_safety\_status/2009).
#### **© World Health Organization 2009**
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Printed in Switzerland. Designed by L'IV Com Sàrl.
Made possible through funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies.
## Contents
| Preface | iv |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|
| Acknowledgements | v |
| Executive summary | vii |
| 1. Background
An international response to road traffic injury prevention | 1
4 |
| 2. The need for a global assessment of road safety
Methodology | 7
8 |
| 3. The state of road safety around the world | 11 |
| Road traffic injuries remain a global public health problem
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| the highest burden and road traffic death rates | 12 |
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vulnerable road users | 14 |
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| References | 41 |
| Country profiles | |
| Statistical annex | 227 |
# Preface
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## Executive summary
Over 1.2 million people die each year on the world's roads, and between 20 and 50 million suffer non-fatal injuries. In most regions of the world this epidemic of road traffic injuries is still increasing. In the past five years most countries have endorsed the recommendations of the World report on road traffic injury prevention which give guidance on how countries can implement a comprehensive approach to improving road safety and reducing the death toll on their roads. To date, however, there has been no global assessment of road safety that indicates the extent to which this approach is being implemented. This Global status report on road safety is the first broad assessment of the status of road safety in 178 countries, using data drawn from a standardized survey conducted in 2008. The results provide a benchmark that countries can use to assess their road safety position relative to other countries, while internationally the data presented can collectively be considered as a global "baseline" against which progress over time can be measured. The Global status report presents a number of key findings:
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such as health, transport and police. A coordinated response to the problem includes the development and implementation of a multisectoral strategy on road traffic injury prevention with sufficient finances for planned activities to be achieved within a specified timeframe. While many countries have taken positive steps towards improving the institutional frameworks needed to support road safety efforts, many challenges remain. Only one-third of countries have a national road safety strategy that is endorsed by the government, that includes specific targets, and that has funding allocated for its implementation.
• Finally, the report shows that huge gaps remain in the quality and coverage of the data that countries collect and report on road traffic injuries. Reliable data on fatalities and non-fatal injuries are needed by countries to assess the scope of the road traffic injury problem, to target responses to it, and to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of intervention measures. Underreporting of road traffic fatalities remains a big problem in many countries, and the situation is even worse with regard to non-fatal injuries. Furthermore, the lack of harmonization of terminology between countries, and even between sectors within them, limits comparability of data. For instance, varying time periods between the crash and death are used to define a road traffic death, and the definition of a severe non-fatal injury also varies. Just 22% of countries had information on the extent of their
WHO predicts that road traffic injuries will rise to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.
### Leading causes of death, 2004 and 2030 compared
| | TOTAL 2004 | | | TOTAL 2030 | |
|------|---------------------------------------|------|------|---------------------------------------|------|
| RANK | LEADING CAUSE | % | RANK | LEADING CAUSE | % |
| 1 | Ischaemic heart disease | 12.2 | 1 | Ischaemic heart disease | 14.2 |
| 2 | Cerebrovascular disease | 9.7 | 2 | Cerebrovascular disease | 12.1 |
| 3 | Lower respiratory infections | 7.0 | 3 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 8.6 |
| 4 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 5.1 | 4 | Lower respiratory infections | 3.8 |
| 5 | Diarrhoeal diseases | 3.6 | 5 | Road traffic injuries | 3.6 |
| 6 | HIV/AIDS | 3.5 | 6 | Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers | 3.4 |
| 7 | Tuberculosis | 2.5 | 7 | Diabetes mellitus | 3.3 |
| 8 | Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers | 2.3 | 8 | Hypertensive heart disease | 2.1 |
| 9 | Road traffic injuries | 2.2 | 9 | Stomach cancer | 1.9 |
| 10 | Prematurity and low birth weight | 2.0 | 10 | HIV/AIDS | 1.8 |
| 11 | Neonatal infections and othera | 1.9 | 11 | Nephritis and nephrosis | 1.6 |
| 12 | Diabetes mellitus | 1.9 | 12 | Self-inflicted injuries | 1.5 |
| 13 | Malaria | 1.7 | 13 | Liver cancer | 1.4 |
| 14 | Hypertensive heart disease | 1.7 | 14 | Colon and rectum cancer | 1.4 |
| 15 | Birth asphyxia and birth trauma | 1.5 | 15 | Oesophagus cancer | 1.3 |
| 16 | Self-inflicted injuries | 1.4 | 16 | Violence | 1.2 |
| 17 | Stomach cancer | 1.4 | 17 | Alzheimer and other dementias | 1.2 |
| 18 | Cirrhosis of the liver | 1.3 | 18 | Cirrhosis of the liver | 1.2 |
| 19 | Nephritis and nephrosis | 1.3 | 19 | Breast cancer | 1.1 |
| 20 | Colon and rectum cancers | 1.1 | 20 | Tuberculosis | 1.0 |
| RANK | LEADING CAUSE | % | RANK | LEADING CAUSE | % |
|------|---------------------------------------|------|------|---------------------------------------|------|
| 1 | Ischaemic heart disease | 12.2 | 1 | Ischaemic heart disease | 14.2 |
| 2 | Cerebrovascular disease | 9.7 | 2 | Cerebrovascular disease | 12.1 |
| 3 | Lower respiratory infections | 7.0 | 3 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 8.6 |
| 4 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 5.1 | 4 | Lower respiratory infections | 3.8 |
| 5 | Diarrhoeal diseases | 3.6 | 5 | Road traffic injuries | 3.6 |
| 6 | HIV/AIDS | 3.5 | 6 | Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers | 3.4 |
| 7 | Tuberculosis | 2.5 | 7 | Diabetes mellitus | 3.3 |
| 8 | Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers | 2.3 | 8 | Hypertensive heart disease | 2.1 |
| 9 | Road traffic injuries | 2.2 | 9 | Stomach cancer | 1.9 |
| 10 | Prematurity and low birth weight | 2.0 | 10 | HIV/AIDS | 1.8 |
| 11 | Neonatal infections and othera | 1.9 | 11 | Nephritis and nephrosis | 1.6 |
| 12 | Diabetes mellitus | 1.9 | 12 | Self-inflicted injuries | 1.5 |
| 13 | Malaria | 1.7 | 13 | Liver cancer | 1.4 |
| 14 | Hypertensive heart disease | 1.7 | 14 | Colon and rectum cancer | 1.4 |
| 15 | Birth asphyxia and birth trauma | 1.5 | 15 | Oesophagus cancer | 1.3 |
| 16 | Self-inflicted injuries | 1.4 | 16 | Violence | 1.2 |
| 17 | Stomach cancer | 1.4 | 17 | Alzheimer and other dementias | 1.2 |
| 18 | Cirrhosis of the liver | 1.3 | 18 | Cirrhosis of the liver | 1.2 |
| 19 | Nephritis and nephrosis | 1.3 | 19 | Breast cancer | 1.1 |
| 20 | Colon and rectum cancers | 1.1 | 20 | Tuberculosis | 1.0 |
Comprises severe neonatal infections and other, noninfectious causes arising in the perinatal period. Source: World health statistics 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.html)
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Table 1. Leading causes of death by age, world, 2004
| RANK | 0–4 YRS | 5–14 YRS | 15–29 YRS | 30–44 YRS | 45–69 YRS | 70+ YRS | TOTAL |
|------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| 1 | Perinatal causes | Lower respiratory
infections | Road traffic injuries | HIV/AIDS | Ischaemic heart
disease | Ischaemic heart
disease | Ischaemic heart
disease |
| 2 | Lower respiratory
infections | Road traffic injuries | HIV/AIDS | Tuberculosis | Cerebrovascular
disease | Cerebrovascular
disease | Cerebrovascular
disease |
| 3 | Diarrhoeal diseases | Malaria | Tuberculosis | Road traffic injuries | HIV/AIDS | Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease | Lower respiratory
infections |
| 4 | Malaria | Drownings | Violence | Ischaemic heart
disease | Tuberculosis | Lower respiratory
infections | Perinatal causes |
| 5 | Measles | Meningitis | Self-inflicted injuries | Self-inflicted injuries | Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease | Trachea, bronchus,
lung cancers | Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease |
| 6 | Congenital anomalies | Diarrhoeal diseases | Lower respiratory
infections | Violence | Trachea, bronchus,
lung cancers | Diabetes mellitus | Diarrhoeal diseases |
| 7 | HIV/AIDS | HIV/AIDS | Drownings | Lower respiratory
infections | Cirrhosis of the liver | Hypertensive heart
disease | HIV/AIDS |
| 8 | Whooping cough | Tuberculosis | Fires | Cerebrovascular
disease | Road traffic injuries | Stomach cancer | Tuberculosis |
| 9 | Meningitis | Protein–energy
malnutrition | War and conflict | Cirrhosis of the liver | Lower respiratory
infections | Colon and rectum
cancers | Trachea, bronchus,
lung cancers |
| 10 | Tetanus | Fires | Maternal
haemorrhage | Poisonings | Diabetes mellitus | Nephritis and
nephrosis | Road traffic injuries |
| 11 | Protein–energy
malnutrition | Measles | Ischaemic heart
disease | Maternal
haemorrhage | Self-inflicted injuries | Alzheimer and other
dementias | Diabetes mellitus |
| 12 | Syphilis | Leukaemia | Poisonings | Fires | Stomach cancer | Tuberculosis | Malaria |
| 13 | Drownings | Congenital anomalies | Abortion | Nephritis and
nephrosis | Liver cancer | Liver cancer | Hypertensive heart
disease |
| 14 | Road traffic injuries | Trypanosomiasis | Leukaemia | Drownings | Breast cancer | Oesophagus cancer | Self-inflicted injuries |
| 15 | Fires | Falls | Cerebrovascular
disease | Breast cancer | Hypertensive heart
disease | Cirrhosis of the liver | Stomach cancer |
| 16 | Tuberculosis | Epilepsy | Diarrhoeal diseases | War and conflict | Nephritis and
nephrosis | Inflammatory heart
diseases | Cirrhosis of the liver |
| 17 | Endocrine disorders | Leishmaniasis | Falls | Falls | Oesophagus cancer | Breast cancer | Nephritis and
nephrosis |
| 18 | Upper respiratory
infections | Violence | Meningitis | Diarrhoeal diseases | Colon and rectum
cancers | Prostate cancer | Colon and rectum
cancers |
| 19 | Iron deficiency
anaemia | War and conflict | Nephritis and
nephrosis | Liver cancer | Poisonings | Falls | Liver cancer |
| 20 | Epilepsy | Poisonings | Malaria | Trachea, bronchus,
lung cancers | Mouth and oropharynx
cancers | Road traffic injuries | Violence |
Source: WHO (2008), Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update.
Teenage drivers are at increased SJTLPGSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT
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### **An international response to road traffic injury prevention**
The need to reduce road traffic deaths BOEJOKVSJFTIBTCFFOBDLOPXMFEHFECZ UIF6OJUFE/BUJPOTTZTUFNBOEJUT.FNCFS 4UBUFTGPS OFBSMZ ZFBST 3PBE TBGFUZ XPSL IBT CFFO DBSSJFE PVU CZ WBSJPVT HMPCBM BOE SFHJPOBM PSHBOJ[BUJPOT JODMVEJOHUIF8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO 8)0 UIF 8PSME #BOL
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Figure 1. The systems approach to road safety
Source: Adapted from reference 13.
1 For the full text of these resolutions, see http://www.who.int/roadsafety/about/resolutions/ en/index.html.
# The need for a global assessment of road safety 2
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### **Methodology**
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Figure 2. Methodology
trained and then facilitated a consensus meeting involving a multisectoral group of up to eight road safety experts. The NFUIPEPMPHZTUJQVMBUFEUIBUUIFIFBMUI transport and enforcement sectors should be represented among the respondents JOFBDIDPVOUSZ
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1 See Acknowledgements section, page v.
2 For the questionnaire and accompanying instruction booklet see www.who.int/violence\_ injury\_prevention/road\_safety\_status/2009
3 This survey reports "perceptions of enforcement", as agreed by the group of respondents in the consensus meeting. Note that the eight countries that did not hold a consensus meeting did not answer these questions, while some groups of respondents could not come to a consensus on these scores and so left the enforcement questions blank.
4 In the Eastern Mediterranean Region questionnaires were administered during face-to-face interviews.
5 More details on the methodology can be found at www.who.int/violence\_injury\_prevention/ road\_safety\_status/2009
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Most of the data collected through this project are reported in this document. The main text contains an BOBMZTJT PG BHHSFHBUFE JOGPSNBUJPO XIJMF UIF DPVOUSZ QSPGJMFT EFTDSJCF the main variables reported by each participating country using a standard UFNQMBUF5IF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFYJODMVEFT DPVOUSZCZDPVOUSZ SFTVMUT GPS NPTU WBSJBCMFT \*ODPNQMFUF EBUB BOE MBDL of comparability on some variables affected the ability to analyse and report some of the information received from countries.
Table 2. Participation in the survey, by WHO region and income groupa
| WHO REGION | NUMBER OF MEMBER
STATES AND ASSOCIATE
MEMBER STATES | COUNTRIES/AREAS PARTICIPATING | NON-PARTICIPATING MEMBER/ASSOCIATE MEMBER
STATES AND % OF REGIONAL POPULATION |
|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| AFRICAN REGION | 46 | 41
(0 HIC, 11 MIC, 30 LIC) | Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,
Guinea (8.8%) |
| REGION OF THE AMERICAS | 36b | 32
(31 Member and Associate Member States, 1 non-member area)
(6 HIC,c
26 MIC) | Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti,
St. Kitts & Nevis (1.1%) |
| SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION | 11 | 10
(0 HIC, 6 MIC, 4 LIC) | Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1.4%) |
| EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
REGION | 21 | 20
(19 Member States, 1 non-member area)
(5 HIC, 12 MIC, 3 LICd
) | Djibouti, Somalia (1.7%) |
| EUROPEAN REGION | 53 | 49
(25 HIC, 21 MIC, 3 LIC) | Andorra, Denmark, Luxembourg, Monaco (0.7%) |
| WESTERN PACIFIC REGION | 28e | 26
(6 HIC, 15 MIC, 5 LIC) | Niue, Tokelau (< 1%) |
| GLOBAL | 195
Member and Associate
Member States | 178
(176 Member and Associate Member States, 2 non-member areas)
(42 HIC, 91 MIC, 45 LIC) | 19
(accounting for 1.7% of population of the 195
Member and Associate Member States) |
HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries
See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classifications.
Includes one Associate Member State, Puerto Rico.
Includes one non-member area, the British Virgin Islands.
Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Includes one Associate Member State, Tokelau.
# The state of road safety around the XPSME 3
### **Road traffic injuries remain a global public health problem**
Road traffic injuries remain an important QVCMJDIFBMUIQSPCMFNBUHMPCBM
SFHJPOBM and national levels. While steps are being UBLFOJONBOZDPVOUSJFTUPJNQSPWFSPBE TBGFUZ
NVDITUJMMOFFETUPCFEPOFJGUIF rising trend in road traffic deaths is to be halted or reversed.
0WFS UIF QBTU GFX ZFBST B SBOHF PG methods has been used by different organizations to estimate the number of HMPCBM SPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFT5IF8)0 (MPCBM#VSEFOPG%JTFBTFQSPKFDU XIJDI VTFT WJUBM SFHJTUSBUJPO EFBUI DFSUJmDBUF EBUBJSSFTQFDUJWF PGUIFUJNF QFSJPE CFUXFFO DPMMJTJPO BOE EFBUI estimates that 1.27 million people died as a result of a road traffic collision in that year . The total number of deaths reported in this survey is approximately VTJOH B EBZ EFmOJUJPO indicating vast underreporting. When UIFTFEBUBBSFNPEFMMFE TFF4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY UIFUPUBMEBZOVNCFSGPSUIF 178 countries included in the study is NJMMJPO "MNPTU BMM EBUB TPVSDFT TIPXUIBUBCPVUUISFFRVBSUFSTPG SPBE traffic deaths are among men and that the highest impact is in the economically active age ranges.
Figure 3. Population, road traffic deathsa, and registered motorized vehicles, by income group
a 30-day definition, modelled data.
HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries
### **Low-income and middle-income countries have the highest burden and road traffic death rates**
.PTU PGUIFXPSMETGBUBMJUJFTPOUIF SPBETPDDVSJOMPXJODPNFBOENJEEMF JODPNFDPVOUSJFT
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"QQSPYJNBUFMZ PG SFQPSUFE SPBE USBGmDEFBUITPDDVSJODPVOUSJFToXIJDI JOPSEFSPGNBHOJUVEFBSF\*OEJB
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UIF DPVOUSJFT XJUI UIF IJHIFTU OVNCFS PG EFBUIT BSF \$IJOB
\*OEJB
/JHFSJB
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1BLJTUBO
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#SB[JM
&HZQU BOE &UIJPQJB TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 8IJMFUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPGEFBUIT is clearly related to both the population BOENPUPSJ[BUJPOMFWFMTXJUIJOBDPVOUSZ BOEEPFTOPUHJWFBOBTTFTTNFOUPGSJTL
JU OPOFUIFMFTTHJWFTBOJOEJDBUJPOPGXIFSF intervention could help significantly to reduce the total number of road traffic deaths at a global level.
From a public health perspective and for UIFQVSQPTFPGNBLJOHDPNQBSJTPOT
UIF VTFPGSBUFTQFSQPQVMBUJPOJT a more useful measure of the size of a QSPCMFNUIBOBCTPMVUFOVNCFST
BOEJT also useful for assessing performance over time and for giving an indication of SJTL"TXFMMBTBDDPVOUJOHGPSUIFIJHIFTU BCTPMVUF CVSEFO PG SPBEUSBGmD EFBUIT fatality rates relative to population are BMTPIJHIFTUJOMPXJODPNFBOENJEEMF JODPNFDPVOUSJFT 5BCMF
\*UJTFWJEFOUUIBU
BMUIPVHIUIFIJHIFTUSBUFT BSF JO MPXJODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT
SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTSFNBJOWFSZ SFMFWBOUUPIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTBTXFMM "OVNCFSPGIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTIBWF
0WFSPGUIF XPSMETGBUBMJUJFTPO the roads occur in MPXJODPNFBOE NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT
XIJDIIBWF less than half of the XPSMETWFIJDMFT
Table 3. Modelled road traffic injury fatality rates (per 100 000 population),a by WHO region and income group
| WHO REGION | HIGH-INCOME | MIDDLE-INCOME | LOW-INCOME | TOTAL |
|------------------------------|-------------|---------------|------------|-------|
| AFRICAN REGIONb | — | 32.2 | 32.3 | 32.2 |
| REGION OF THE AMERICASc | 13.4 | 17.3 | — | 15.8 |
| SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGIONb | — | 16.7 | 16.5 | 16.6 |
| EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION | 28.5 | 35.8 | 27.5 | 32.2 |
| EUROPEAN REGION | 7.9 | 19.3 | 12.2 | 13.4 |
| WESTERN PACIFIC REGION | 7.2 | 16.9 | 15.6 | 15.6 |
| GLOBAL | 10.3 | 19.5 | 21.5 | 18.8 |
30-day definition.
Figure 4. Trends in road traffic fatality rates in selected high-income countries
road traffic injury fatality rates well above the average for this income group. For instance, high-income countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region have a modelled road traffic injury fatality rate of 28.5 per 100 000 population, which is well above the global average for countries in this broad income group, as shown in Table 3. Similarly, while a number of high-income countries have managed to reduce their road traffic fatality rates in recent decades, in other high-income countries the downward trends in road traffic fatalities that began in the 1970s and 1980s have started to flatten, suggesting that extra steps are needed to reduce these rates further (see Figure 4).
The 10 countries with the lowest modelled road traffic fatality rates are almost all high-income countries, where rates vary between 3.4 and 5.4 deaths per 100 000 population. While these countries, the Netherlands, Sweden and United Kingdom for instance, may be top performers globally with regard to road safety, they too still have considerable
No high-income countries.
No low-income countries.
1FEFTUSJBOT
DZDMJTUT and drivers of NPUPSJ[FEUXP XIFFMFSTBOEUIFJS passengers account for almost half of global road traffic deaths.
SPPN GPS JNQSPWFNFOU 'PS FYBNQMF road traffic injuries are still an important DBVTF PG EFBUI JO 4XFEFO
EFTQJUF B SFMBUJWFMZMPXSBUFPGSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFT and the successful implementation of a comprehensive approach to the QSPCMFN\*O4XFEFO
SPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT BSF SFTQPOTJCMF GPS PG EFBUIT PG DIJMESFO BHFE CFUXFFO BOE *\$*. 4JNJMBSMZ
UIF SPBE USBOTQPSU TZTUFN JO 4XFEFO JT SFTQPOTJCMF GPS NBOZ NPSF EFBUIToOPUBCMZPGDIJMESFOBOEZPVOH BEVMUT o UIBO PUIFS GPSNT PG USBOTQPSU TVDIBTBWJBUJPOPSSBJMUSBWFM5IVT
FWFO DPVOUSJFTXIJDIBQQFBSUPCFQFSGPSNJOH XFMM BU UIF HMPCBM MFWFM IBWF B MPOH XBZUPHPUPBDIJFWFBUSVMZTBGF SPBE transport system.
### **Nearly half of those dying on the world's roads are vulnerable road users**
\*ONPTUMPXJODPNFBOENJEEMFJODPNF countries the majority of road users are WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST o QFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT
BOEUIPTFVTJOHNPUPSJ[FEUXP PSUISFFXIFFMFST5IFTFHSPVQTPGSPBE users do not have a protective "shell" around them and are therefore more at SJTLUIBOUIPTFJOWFIJDMFT1VCMJDUSBOTQPSU VTFSTNBZBMTPCFWVMOFSBCMFSPBEVTFST QBSUJDVMBSMZ XIFSF QVCMJD USBOTQPSU WFIJDMFT BSF VOTBGF
PWFSDSPXEFE PS VOSFHVMBUFE TFF#PY
Vulnerable road users are at additional SJTLXIFSFUIFJSOFFETIBWFOPUCFFOUBLFO into consideration during the planning of land use or road construction. In many countries roads are planned and built to BMMPXNPUPSWFIJDMFTUPUSBWFMGBTUFSXIJMF insufficient thought is given to the needs PGQFEFTUSJBOTBOEDZDMJTUT
XIJDINFBOT that these vulnerable road users face JODSFBTJOHSJTLTJOVTJOHBOEDSPTTJOHUIF roads *%&*.
5IJTHMPCBMTVSWFZTIPXTUIBUQFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT
BOE SJEFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXP XIFFMFST BOE UIFJS QBTTFOHFST BDDPVOU GPS BSPVOE PG HMPCBM SPBE USBGmD deaths.1 7VMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST NBLF up the highest reported proportion of UPUBMEFBUITJOUIF4PVUI&BTU"TJBBOE 8FTUFSO1BDJmDSFHJPOT 'JHVSF 8JUIJO regions the proportion of deaths among
1 If users of unsafe public transport are included as vulnerable road users then this figure of 46% is likely to be an underestimate: in this survey data on public transport fatalities was not collected separately from data related to other four-wheeled vehicles.
### Box 1: Unsafe public transportation
0WFSDSPXEFEBOEVOTBGFNPEFTPGQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUDPOUSJCVUFUPSPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTBOEEFBUIT
QBSUJDVMBSMZJO MPXJODPNFBOENJEEMFJODPNFDPVOUSJFT\$IPJDFPGUSBOTQPSUNPEFTJTGSFRVFOUMZSFMBUFEUPTPDJPFDPOPNJDTUBUVT XJUIUIPTFXIPDBOBGGPSEJUBWPJEJOHUIFTFVOSFHVMBUFEBOEVOTBGFWFIJDMFT"TUVEZJO,FOZBGPVOEUIBUCVTFTBOE matatusa BSFUIFWFIJDMFTNPTUGSFRVFOUMZJOWPMWFEJOGBUBMDSBTIFTBOEUIBUQBTTFOHFSTJOUIFTFWFIJDMFTBDDPVOUGPS PGUIFUPUBMSPBEEFBUIT*'*5IJTNBZCFFYQMBJOFEJOQBSUCZEFSFHVMBUJPOJOUIFQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUNBSLFU XJUIPVUDPODVSSFOUSFHVMBUJPOTPOTBGFUZNFBTVSFT\*O4SJ-BOLB
GPSFYBNQMF
QVCMJDUSBOTQPSUCVTFTBSFFJUIFSPXOFE CZUIFHPWFSONFOUPSQSJWBUFMZPXOFE
XJUITUVEJFTTIPXJOHBOJODSFBTFESJTLBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUSBWFMPOQSJWBUFMZ PXOFECVTFT(PWFSONFOUCVTFTBSFNBJOUBJOFECZUIF.JOJTUSZPG5SBOTQPSUBOESFHVMBUFEUPFOTVSFTBGFUZ
XIJMF
SFHVMBUJPOTBSFNVDIMFTTTUSJOHFOUGPSQSJWBUFPXOFST SVOOJOHQBSBMMFMQVCMJDCVTTFSWJDFT'PSJOTUBODF
UIFSF are almost no restrictions on driver eligibility or on the maintenance of privately operated public transportation vehicles .
8IJMFMJCFSBMJ[BUJPOPGUIFQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUNBSLFUDBO JODSFBTFUIFTVQQMZPGWFIJDMFT
QSPUFDUJPOPGQVCMJD TBGFUZOFFETUPCFBOFTTFOUJBMGFBUVSFPGUIJTNBSLFU .BYJNJ[BUJPOPGQSPmUTNVTUOPUCFBMMPXFEUPMFBEUPB reduction in safety standards.
Figure 5. Reported deaths by type of road user (%), by WHO region and income groupa
See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classifications. HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries
a Matatus are small-scale public transport service vehicles in Kenya.
PHOTO TOP Poor infrastructure and MBDLPGQBWFNFOUT
BOEMJHIUJOH BSFBNPOHUIFSFBTPOTXIZ pedestrians have to share the SPBETXJUIDBST
CVTFT
UBYJTBOE other modes of transportation.
PHOTO BOTTOM Police enforcement and automatic speed enforcement are highly effective measures used to enforce speed limits.
vulnerable road users varies considerably. \*O UIF 4PVUI&BTU "TJB 3FHJPO
GPS JOTUBODF
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Results of this survey suggest that as motorization increases globally many countries are not giving sufficient attention to the needs of vulnerable groups of road users in their transport policies. Many of the proven interventions being implemented globally − such as VTF PG TFBUCFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT WFIJDMFTUBOEBSET
BOEDSBTIUFTUToBSF relevant to car occupants. More research is needed on interventions that address WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST
XIJMF MBOE VTF planning and road design should also UBLFUIFOFFETPGUIFTFSPBEVTFSTJOUP consideration.
3FEVDJOHTQFFEXJMMIBWFBOJNQBDUPO both vehicle occupants and vulnerable SPBE VTFST 4FUUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH appropriate speed limits is essential. 5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU POMZ PG countries rate their speed enforcement BTNPSFUIBOPOBTDBMFPGUP TFFQBHF
3FEVDJOHFYQPTVSFUPUIFSJTLPGJOKVSZPS death on the road can also be achieved by reducing the total amount of motorized SPBE USBOTQPSU 5IJT JO UVSO SFRVJSFT considerable investment in infrastructure UIBU BMMPXT QFEFTUSJBOT BOE DZDMJTUT UP XBMLBOEDZDMFTBGFMZ TFF#PY
Reducing the volume of traffic on roads being used by vulnerable road users can BMTPSFEVDFFYQPTVSFUPUIFSJTLPGBDSBTI PDDVSSJOH
QSPWJEFEUIBUMPXTQFFETDBO CF NBJOUBJOFE 1PMJDZNBLFST OFFE UP BEESFTTUIFBCJMJUZPGSPBEVTFSTUPXBML BOE DZDMF TBGFMZ
FOTVSFUIF BWBJMBCJMJUZ PGBGGPSEBCMFBOETBGFQVCMJDUSBOTQPSU BOE TFFL XBZT UP SFEVDF EFQFOEFODZ on the use of private cars. This survey GPVOE UIBU POMZ POFUIJSE PG UIF XPSMETDPVOUSJFTIBWFOBUJPOBMPSMPDBM QPMJDJFTUIBUQSPNPUFXBMLJOHand cycling as an alternative to motorized transport. 'PSUZGPVS QFS DFOU PG DPVOUSJFT EP OPU IBWF QPMJDJFT FJUIFS OBUJPOBM PS MPDBM
### Box 2: Land use and transport planning
1SJPSJUJ[JOHUIFOFFETPGWVMOFSBCMFSPBEVTFSTJODMVEFTSFDPHOJ[JOHUIFJNQPSUBODFPGUIFCVJMUFOWJSPONFOUXIFO NBLJOHQPMJUJDBMBOEQMBOOJOHEFDJTJPOT4PNFPGUIFTPMVUJPOTMJFJOBQQSPQSJBUFNPEJmDBUJPOTUPUIFQIZTJDBMSPBE FOWJSPONFOUBOETFUUJOHVQBTVQQPSUJWFQPMJDZGSBNFXPSLSBUIFSUIBOGPDVTJOHPOMZPOIVNBOCFIBWJPVSBTUIF QSJNBSZDBVTFPGSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT5IFFYBNQMFTQSFTFOUFECFMPXTIPXFGGPSUTJOGPVSTFUUJOHTUPJODPSQPSBUFUIF needs of vulnerable road users in planning for land use and transport.
> UIFIVNBOUFOEFODZUPNBLFFSSPST 4XFEFOTTVTUBJOBCMFSPBETUSBUFHZ
BogotaUIFDBQJUBMPG\$PMPNCJB implemented land use and transport measures intended to meet the OFFETPGUIFDJUZTOPONPUPSJ[FE road users and to improve public USBOTQPSUJOUIFQFSJPEo 5IFNFBTVSFTJODMVEFECVJMEJOH TQFDJmDDZDMJOHBOEQFEFTUSJBOPOMZ SPVUFT
JODMVEJOHBDBSGSFFSPVUF excluding cars from the city centre BUQFBLUJNFTJOUIFNPSOJOHBOE BGUFSOPPOEFWFMPQJOHBIJHI capacity bus system at a cost of 64NJMMJPOUIBUDBSSJFTBCPVU QFPQMFBEBZ5IFTF measures contributed to reducing the number of road traffic fatalities GSPNJOUPJO They also improved access to jobs and created a more liveable urban environment *"%* .
Sweden's model of road safety is GSFRVFOUMZDJUFEBTHPPEQSBDUJDF The "Vision Zero" road safety QPMJDZBEPQUFEJOUIFMBUFTJT based on an understanding that the environment needs to be modified UPUBLFBDDPVOUPGIVNBOTMBDLPG tolerance to mechanical forces and
thus aims to modify the environment XIJMFQSPUFDUJOHSPBEVTFSTGSPN VOBDDFQUBCMFMFWFMTPGSJTL"TXFMM as building bicycle and pedestrian MBOFT
UVOOFMTBOEDBSGSFFQMBZ BSFBT
PUIFSFOWJSPONFOUBMTPMVUJPOT are being implemented to separate and protect these road users. Where SPBEVTFSTDBOOPUCFTFQBSBUFE
UIF TUSBUFHZBDLOPXMFEHFTUIFOFFEUP give pedestrian safety priority over DBSUSBGmDoQBSUJDVMBSMZCZSFEVDJOH speed.
Delhi\*OEJB
IBTSFDFOUMZDPNQMFUFE UIFmSTUQIBTFPGBDPSSJEPSXJUI TFHSFHBUFEQFEFTUSJBO
CJDZDMFBOE bus lanes on a major arterial road of the city. The pedestrian lane has CFFOEFTJHOFEXJUIEVFDPODFSO GPSUIFOFFETPGUIFFMEFSMZ
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TQFDJBM consideration has been given to QSPWJEJOHTQBDFGPSUIFNXJUIPVU EJTUVSCJOHUIFnPXPGCJDZDMFTBOE
QFEFTUSJBOT\*OUIFmSTUNPOUIT PGPQFSBUJPOUIFSFXFSFOPDBS motorcycle or bicycle fatalities in the corridor .
Lagos/JHFSJB
JTUIFTJYUIMBSHFTU DJUZJOUIFXPSMEXJUIBQPQVMBUJPO PGNJMMJPOQFPQMF'PSZFBST UIFDJUZIBTHSPXOSBQJEMZBOE TUSVHHMFEXJUIPVUSFMJBCMFQVCMJD transportation. The public transport system largely consists of minibuses BOEUBYJNPUPSDZDMFT
NBOZPGXIJDI BSFOPUSPBEXPSUIZBOEDPOUSJCVUF substantially to pollution and road USBGmDDSBTIFT\*O
UIFTUBUF government created an agency DBMMFEUIF-BHPT.FUSPQPMJUBO 5SBOTQPSU"VUIPSJUZ -"."5" XJUI the mission to "transform the state transport system by facilitating BOFOBCMJOHFOWJSPONFOUw0OF JOJUJBUJWFPG-"."5"BOEUIFTUBUF HPWFSONFOUXBTUIFEFWFMPQNFOUPG BCVTSBQJEUSBOTJUTZTUFNXIJDIXBT completed and launched in March 5IJTTZTUFNQSPWJEFT-BHPT DPNNVUFSTXJUIBDMFBO
BGGPSEBCMF reliable and safe means of getting around the city *! "*.
Cable barriers are used in a number of high-income countries and have been shown to be cost effective at reducing head-on collisions on highways.
Bogota's high-capacity bus system.
Designed spaces for street vendors in Delhi, India, are part of a new initiative that gives road space to different groups of vulnerable road users.
0OMZPG countries report their enforcement of speed limits as over 7 on a scale PGUP
that encourage public transport as an BMUFSOBUJWFUPDBSUSBOTQPSU
SFnFDUJOHB similar neglect in meeting the needs of OPONPUPSJ[FESPBEVTFST TFF5BCMF" JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 5IFTF mHVSFT BSF perhaps surprising given that decreased dependency on the use of private cars can have other positive impacts such as JNQSPWFE SFTQJSBUPSZIFBMUI BTB SFTVMU PG MFTT USBOTQPSUSFMBUFE BJS QPMMVUJPO BOESFEVDFEMFWFMTPGPCFTJUZ BTBSFTVMU PGNPSFQIZTJDBMBDUJWJUZBTTPDJBUFEXJUI XBMLJOHBOEDZDMJOH
### **Few countries have comprehensive road safety laws that are well enforced**
&OBDUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH MFHJTMBUJPO PO B OVNCFS PG SJTL GBDUPST GPS SPBE traffic injuries and deaths is critical JO JOnVFODJOH FYQPTVSF UP SJTL
DSBTI PDDVSSFODF
JOKVSZ TFWFSJUZ
BOE QPTU crash injury outcomes. Comprehensive BOE DMFBS MFHJTMBUJPO
FOGPSDFE XJUI appropriate penalties and accompanied CZ QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT
IBT CFFO TIPXO UP CF B DSJUJDBM GBDUPS JO reducing road traffic injuries and deaths BTTPDJBUFE XJUI TQFFE
ESJOLoESJWJOH BOEUIFOPOVTFPGPDDVQBOUQSPUFDUJPO NFBTVSFT IFMNFUT
TFBUCFMUT
BOEDIJME SFTUSBJOUT 5IF SFTVMUT PG UIF HMPCBM survey suggest that the legislation on UIFTFSJTLGBDUPSTJTOPUDPNQSFIFOTJWF JONBOZDPVOUSJFT
BOEFOGPSDFNFOUJT PGUFOMBDLJOH4JNJMBSMZ
NBOZDPVOUSJFT MBDL UIF JOTUJUVUJPOBM NFDIBOJTNT BOE SFTPVSDFT UIBU XPVME BMMPX UIFN to implement planned activities in B DPPSEJOBUFE GBTIJPO o JODMVEJOH BEPQUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH MBXTÒXIJDI may result in a "piecemeal" approach to road safety efforts that is seen in many DPVOUSJFT TFF#PY
### **Speed**
### *What is known?*
- t An increase in average speed is EJSFDUMZSFMBUFECPUIUPUIFMJLFMJIPPE of a crash occurring and to the TFWFSJUZ PGUIF DSBTI DPOTFRVFODFT *# \$*.
- t "JODSFBTFJOBWFSBHFTQFFEMFBET UPBOBQQSPYJNBUFMZJODSFBTFJO DSBTIFT UIBU DBVTF JOKVSJFT
BOE B JODSFBTFJOGBUBMDSBTIFT *%*.
- t 1FEFTUSJBOTIBWFBDIBODFPG TVSWJWJOHBDBSDSBTIBULNIPS CFMPX
CVUMFTTUIBOBDIBODF PGTVSWJWJOHJNQBDUTPGLNIPS above *% &*.
- t 4BGFTQFFEUISFTIPMETWBSZBDDPSEJOH UP EJGGFSFOU UZQFT PG SPBE
EJGGFSFOU types of collision and different SPBE VTFST
XJUI UIFJS JOIFSFOU WVMOFSBCJMJUJFT &GGFDUJWF TQFFE NBOBHFNFOUOFFETUPUBLFUIFTFBOE other variables into account *%*.
- t ;POFT PG LNI DBO SFEVDF DSBTI SJTL BOE JOKVSZ TFWFSJUZ BOE BSF SFDPNNFOEFE JO BSFBT XIFSF vulnerable road users are particularly BUSJTL *% '*.
- t Apart from reducing road traffic JOKVSJFT BOE EFBUIT
MPXFSJOH UIF average traffic speed can have other positive effects on health outcomes FHCZSFEVDJOHSFTQJSBUPSZQSPCMFNT BTTPDJBUFEXJUIDBSFNJTTJPOT *%*
### *What this survey found*
Research on effective speed management indicates that the speed limits on urban SPBET TIPVME OPU FYDFFE LNI While there remains a fairly high fatality SJTL BU UIJT TQFFE PS FWFO MPXFS GPS QFEFTUSJBOT
DZDMJTUTBOEPUIFSWVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST NBOZ DPVOUSJFT XJUI HPPE road safety records have adopted this SFDPNNFOEBUJPO
XIJMF BMTP HJWJOH QSPWJODJBM PS MPDBM EFDJTJPONBLFSTUIF authority to reduce these national speed MJNJUT\*OUIJTXBZUSBGmDDBMNJOHNFBTVSFT
### Box 3: A coordinated approach to road safety
The World report on road traffic injury preventionEFWFMPQFECZ8)0BOEUIF 8PSME#BOLSFDPNNFOETUIBUDPVOUSJFTJEFOUJGZBOBHFODZXJUIUIFBVUIPSJUZBOE SFTQPOTJCJMJUZUPNBLFEFDJTJPOTBOEDPPSEJOBUFSPBETBGFUZBDUJWJUJFTBDSPTTNVMUJQMF TFDUPST
BOEXJUIBEFRVBUFmOBODFTGPSSPBETBGFUZBDUJWJUJFT5IFWorld report also recommends that each country should prepare a multisectoral national road safety TUSBUFHZ
XJUIUBSHFUTGPSUIFBDIJFWFNFOUPGTQFDJmDPVUDPNFTBOEXJUISFTPVSDFT allocated to ensure implementation of relevant activities.
"MUIPVHIDPVOUSJFT SFQPSUIBWJOHBMFBEBHFODZGPSSPBETBGFUZ
UIJT TVSWFZXBTVOBCMFUPPCUBJOJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFQSFDJTFSPMFPSFGGFDUJWFOFTTPGUIFTF BHFODJFTJOGVMmMMJOHUIFGVODUJPOTSFRVJSFE TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY \*OEFFE JOUIFRVBMJUBUJWFDPNNFOUTPGUIFTVSWFZ
SFTQPOEFOUTIJHIMJHIUFEUIFDPOTJEFSBCMF difficulty that they had during the consensus meetings in identifying the lead agency for road safety in their country.
5IFHMPCBMTVSWFZBMTPGPVOEUIBUXIJMF O PGDPVOUSJFTSFQPSUIBWJOHB OBUJPOBMTUSBUFHZPOSPBETBGFUZ
POMZDPVOUSJFT PGUIFUPUBM IBWFHPWFSONFOU FOEPSTFNFOUPGUIJTTUSBUFHZ TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 'VSUIFSNPSF
POMZ O PGDPVOUSJFTIBWFHPWFSONFOUFOEPSTFNFOUPGBTUSBUFHZUIBUIBTCPUI QSFDJTFUBSHFUTBOEFBSNBSLFEGVOEJOH5IFTFSFTVMUTTVHHFTUUIBUUIFIJHIQPTJUJWF SFTQPOTFTPCUBJOFEPOMFBEBHFODJFTBOEOBUJPOBMTUSBUFHJFTNBZCFMJFXFBLFS JOTUJUVUJPOBMGSBNFXPSLTXJUIJOTVGmDJFOUmOBODJBMSFTPVSDFTUPTVQQPSUFJUIFSUIF FGGFDUJWFGVODUJPOJOHPGUIFTFBHFODJFT
PSUIFJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPGUIFJSBDUJWJUJFT
0OMZPG countries have urban speed limits PGLNIPSCFMPX BOEBMMPXMPDBM authorities to reduce them further.
Figure 6. Proportion of countries by urban speed limit range in 174 countries
UIBUIBWFCFFOTIPXOUPCFWFSZFGGFDUJWFBU reducing road traffic injuries can be made and implemented at the subnational level BT OFFEFE oGPSFYBNQMF JO SFTJEFOUJBM BSFBT
PSOFBSTDIPPMT\*OUIFBOBMZTJTPG the results of this survey the criteria used for assessing urban speed management XFSFUIFSFGPSF
- t speed limits on urban roads are set BUMFTTUIBOPSFRVBMUPLNI
- t MPDBM BVUIPSJUJFT BSF BCMF UP MPXFS UIFTFTQFFEMJNJUTXIFSFOFDFTTBSZ
The results suggest that urban speed management is poor in many countries. 8IJMFPGDPVOUSJFTIBWFTQFFEMJNJUT POVSCBOSPBETPGMFTTUIBOPSFRVBMUP LNI
UIFTFDPVOUSJFTBDDPVOUGPSIBMG PGUIFXPSMETQPQVMBUJPO+VTUPWFS IBMG PGQBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFTBMMPX local authorities to reduce national speed MJNJUT TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 5IFHMPCBMTVSWFZTIPXFEUIBUPOMZ of participating countries meet both UIFTFDPOEJUJPOToJFUIFZIBWFTQFFE MJNJUT PG LNI PS CFMPX PO VSCBO SPBETBOEUIFZBMMPXMPDBMBVUIPSJUJFTUP reduce the national speed limits. Figure TIPXTUIFQSPQPSUJPOPGDPVOUSJFTXJUI EJGGFSFOU TQFFEMJNJU SBOHFT
TVHHFTUJOH that in most countries additional efforts to reduce urban speed limits are still needed.
'VSUIFSNPSF
UIF SFTVMUT PG UIF HMPCBM TVSWFZTIPXUIBUPOMZPGDPVOUSJFTSBUF the enforcement of their national speed MJNJUTBUNPSFUIBOPOBTDBMFPGUP TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 5IJT TVHHFTUT UIBU
FWFO JO DPVOUSJFT XIFSF TQFFE MJNJUT NBZ CF NPSF SFTUSJDUJWF FOGPSDFNFOUJTGSFRVFOUMZMBDLJOH
### **WHAT CAN BE DONE**
- 4 Countries need to set speed limits that reflect the function of individual roads. In doing so, they should consider the types of vehicles using the road, the nature and purpose of the road, roadside activities, provision of facilities for vulnerable road users, and the frequency of use by pedestrians and cyclists. Increased priority should be given to vulnerable road users, notably in urban areas, where speed limits should not exceed 50 km/h.
- 4 Local authorities need to be given the authority, resources and political support to implement measures to reduce speed limits to levels that may be lower than national limits where vulnerable road users are particularly at risk.
- 4 Programmes put into place to address speeding need to foster a public awareness and understanding of the effects of speeding and the reasons for enforcing speed limits.
### **Drinking and driving**
### *What is known?*
- t %SJOLJOHBOEESJWJOHJODSFBTFTCPUI UIFSJTLPGBDSBTIBOEUIFMJLFMJIPPE UIBU EFBUI PS B TFSJPVT JOKVSZ XJMM result *"*.
- t 5IF SJTL PG JOWPMWFNFOU JO B DSBTI increases significantly above a blood BMDPIPMDPODFOUSBUJPO #"\$ PG HEM*!!*.
- t -BXT XIJDI FTUBCMJTI MPXFS #"\$T CFUXFFO [FSP BOE HEM GPS ZPVOHOPWJDF ESJWFST DBO MFBE UP SFEVDUJPOTPGCFUXFFOBOE in the number of crashes involving young people *!* .
- t &OGPSDJOH TPCSJFUZ DIFDLQPJOUT BOE SBOEPN CSFBUIUFTUJOH DBO MFBE UP SFEVDUJPOTJOBMDPIPMSFMBUFEDSBTIFT PGBCPVU
BOEIBTCFFOTIPXO UPCFWFSZDPTUFGGFDUJWF*!!!"*.
### *What this survey found*
/JOFUZ TJY QF S DFOU O PG participating countries report having FJUIFS OBUJPOBM PS TVCOBUJPOBM MBXT PO ESJOLoESJWJOH)PXFWFS
POMZDPVOUSJFT IBWF B ESJOLoESJWJOH MBX UIBU VTFT B #"\$ MJNJU PG MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP HEM
BT SFDPNNFOEFE JO UIF World report TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 8IJMF NPTU DPVOUSJFT JO UIF&VSPQFBO SFHJPOIBWF#"\$MBXTJO MJOFXJUIUIJT SFDPNNFOEBUJPO
JOPUIFS SFHJPOTPGUIFXPSMENPTUDPVOUSJFTFJUIFS do not have BAC limits or have limits that BSFBCPWFHEM TFF'JHVSF
:PVOHPS OPWJDFESJWFSTBSFBUBNVDI JODSFBTFE SJTL PG IBWJOH B SPBE USBGmD DSBTI XIFO VOEFS UIF JOGMVFODF PG BMDPIPM\$POTFRVFOUMZ
UIFWorld report advised that BAC limits for this group CF TFUMPXFSUIBOMJNJUTGPSUIFHFOFSBM QPQVMBUJPO0OMZPGUIFDPVOUSJFT XIJDI IBWF #"\$ MJNJUT GPS UIF HFOFSBM QPQVMBUJPO IBWF TUJQVMBUFE MPXFS #"\$ MJNJUTGPSUIFTFZPVOHBOEOPWJDFESJWFST and most of these countries are in the &VSPQFBO3FHJPO
Figure 7. Blood alcohol concentration limits (g/dl) by country/area
PHOTO LEFT Alcometers are part of the Mexican HPWFSONFOUTQSPHSBNNFUPSFEVDFESJOLoESJWJOH
CENTRE )FMNFUTBSFFGGFDUJWFBUSFEVDJOHUIFSJTLPGIFBE injuries but do not prevent a crash from occurring. 4FQBSBUJOHNPUPSDZDMJTUTGSPNPUIFSNPUPSJ[FE WFIJDMFTJTPOFXBZUPSFEVDFUIFMJLFMJIPPEPGDSBTIFT involving motorcyclists from occurring.
RIGHT \*O7JFU/BN
XIFSFDIJMESFOGSFRVFOUMZSJEF NPUPSDZDMFTUPBOEGSPNTDIPPM
BNBOEBUPSZIFMNFU XFBSJOHMBXJTBDDPNQBOJFECZQVCMJDBXBSFOFTT campaigns and extensive helmet distribution.
-FTTUIBOIBMGPG DPVOUSJFTXPSMEXJEF IBWFESJOLoESJWJOH MBXTCBTFEPOBCMPPE alcohol concentration MJNJUUIBUJTFRVBMUPPS MFTTUIBOHEM
3BOEPN CSFBUIUFTUJOH BOE QPMJDF DIFDLQPJOUT BSF JNQPSUBOUFOGPSDFNFOU NFDIBOJTNT UIBU IBWF CFFO TIPXO UP SFEVDF BMDPIPMSFMBUFE DSBTIFT 4FWFOUZOJOF QFS DFOU PG DPVOUSJFT report that they use one or both of these NFUIPETPGFOGPSDFNFOU)PXFWFS
POMZ DPVOUSJFT SFQPSUBOFOGPSDFNFOU SBUJOHPGPWFSPOB TDBMFPGUP TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 5IJT SFQSFTFOUTPGIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFT PG NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT BOE KVTUPGMPXJODPNFDPVOUSJFT5BLFO UPHFUIFS
UIFTF mOEJOHT TIPX UIBU POMZ PGQBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFT
DPWFSJOH PGUIFXPSMETQPQVMBUJPO
IBWFCPUI BEFRVBUFESJOLoESJWJOHMBXT BTEFmOFE CZB#"\$MJNJUPGMFTTUIBOPSFRVBMUP HEM BOE FOGPSDFNFOU SBUJOHT PG over 7.
### **WHAT CAN BE DONE**
- 4 All countries should have a drink–driving law and should strictly enforce it.
- 4 Drink–driving laws should be based on blood alcohol concentration, or the equivalent breath alcohol content limits, which should be 0.05 g/dl or below.
- 4 All countries should set limits of 0.02 g/dl or below for young/novice drivers.
### **Use of motorcycle helmets** *What is known?*
- t Wearing a motorcycle helmet DPSSFDUMZDBOSFEVDFUIFSJTLPGEFBUI CZBMNPTUBOEUIFSJTLPGTFWFSF JOKVSZCZPWFS*!#*.
- t 8IFO NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU MBXT BSF FOGPSDFEFGGFDUJWFMZ
IFMNFUXFBSJOH SBUFT DBO JODSFBTF UP PWFS *!\$!%*.
- t The effectiveness of motorcycle helmets in reducing head injuries JT JO QBSU B SFTVMU PG UIF RVBMJUZ PG UIF IFMNFUT 3FRVJSJOH IFMNFUT UP meet a recognized safety standard is important to ensure that helmets can effectively reduce the impact of a collision to the head in the event of a crash *!&*.
### *What this survey found*
0WFS O PG DPVOUSJFT participating in this global survey IBWF MBXT TFU BU FJUIFS UIF OBUJPOBM PS TVCOBUJPOBM MFWFM UIBU SFRVJSF IFMNFUT UP CF XPSO CZ VTFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXPXIFFMFST )PXFWFS
MFHJTMBUJPO JT incomplete in many of these countries. 'PS JOTUBODF
TPNF DPVOUSJFT NBLF FYDFQUJPOT GPS NPUPSDZDMJTUT VTJOH MPX
QPXFSFEFOHJOFT
XIJMFPUIFSDPVOUSJFT FYFNQU BMM QBTTFOHFST
PS QFSTPOTXJUI religious headgear. This survey found UIBUPGQBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFTIBWF IFMNFU MBXT UIBU BSF DPNQSFIFOTJWF JO TDPQF
JFUIBUSFRVJSFCPUIESJWFSTBOE QBTTFOHFSTPGNPUPSJ[FEUXPXIFFMFSTUP XFBSIFMNFUTPOBMMSPBETBOESFHBSEMFTT of engine type1 TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 'VSUIFSNPSF
UIFSFTVMUTTIPXUIBU IFMNFU TUBOEBSETBSFMBDLJOHJOB IJHI QSPQPSUJPO
O PG DPVOUSJFT UIVT DBMMJOH JOUP RVFTUJPO UIF BCJMJUZ PG BMBXPOIFMNFUXFBSJOHUPBDIJFWFJUT QVSQPTF 5BLFO UPHFUIFS UIFTF mOEJOHT NFBOUIBUPOMZ O PGDPVOUSJFT IBWF DPNQSFIFOTJWF IFMNFU MBXT and SFRVJSF IFMNFUT UP NFFU B TQFDJGJD TUBOEBSE TFF'JHVSF *>V]b]>cPZWQE]`Ya2S^O`b[S\b;OZOgaWO*
0OMZPGDPVOUSJFT have a comprehensive IFMNFUMBXBOESFRVJSF helmets to meet a specific standard.
Figure 8. Motorcycle helmet laws and helmet standards by country/area
1 Some of these have exceptions, such as exempting those for medical reasons or for religious reasons.
&WFO XIFSF DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT BSF JO QMBDF
FOGPSDFNFOU JT MPX JO NPTU DPVOUSJFT0OMZ O PGDPVOUSJFT SBUFUIFJSFOGPSDFNFOUPGIFMNFUVTFMBXT BT IJHIFS UIBO PO B TDBMF PG UP TFF5BCMF " JO4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 'JOBMMZ
UIF JNQBDU PG IFMNFU MBXT UIBU are in place is also difficult to ascertain JONBOZDPVOUSJFT0OMZPGDPVOUSJFT IBWFEBUBPOIFMNFUXFBSJOHSBUFT
BOE both the reliability and the generalizability PG UIF SFTVMUT WBSZ DPOTJEFSBCMZ TFF QBHF
### **WHAT CAN BE DONE**
- 4 All countries should have mandatory laws on helmet use on motorized two- and three-wheelers.
- 4 These laws should cover all riders who are legally allowed to ride on motorized twoor three-wheelers, all engine types and all road types.
- 4 Countries need to enact laws requiring helmets to meet a national or international standard.
- 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of helmet-wearing.
### **Seat-belt use** *What is known?*
- t 8FBSJOH B TFBUCFMU SFEVDFT UIF SJTL PG B GBUBMJUZ BNPOH GSPOU TFBU QBTTFOHFSTCZo*!'*o*"*.
- t 4UVEJFT TVHHFTU UIBU TFBUCFMUT DBO SFEVDFGBUBMJUJFTBNPOHSFBSTFBUDBS PDDVQBOUTCZo*!'"*
- t .BOEBUPSZ TFBUCFMU MBXT
UIFJS FOGPSDFNFOU
BOE BQQSPQSJBUF QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT IBWF CFFO TIPXO UP CF WFSZ FGGFDUJWF JO JODSFBTJOHSBUFTPGTFBUCFMUXFBSJOH *"!'"!*.
### *What this survey found*
8IJMFTFBUCFMUMBXTBSFXJEFTQSFBEoXJUI O PGDPVOUSJFTQBSUJDJQBUJOH in the global survey reporting national or TVCOBUJPOBMMBXToJONBOZDPVOUSJFTUIF MBXEPFTOPUBQQMZUPBMMDBSPDDVQBOUT JF UP GSPOU BOE SFBSTFBU PDDVQBOUT 0OMZ O PGDPVOUSJFTSFRVJSF BMMDBSPDDVQBOUTUPXFBSTFBUCFMUT
BOE UIJTmHVSFJTNVDIIJHIFSJOIJHIJODPNF DPVOUSJFT UIBOJONJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT PSMPXJODPNFDPVOUSJFT TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY
0OMZPGMPX income countries and PGNJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFTSFRVJSFTFBU belts to be used in cars CZCPUIGSPOUTFBUBOE SFBSTFBUQBTTFOHFST
5XFMWFQFSDFOU O PGDPVOUSJFTIBWF OPTFBUCFMUMBXBUBMM TFF'JHVSF
&OGPSDFNFOUPGTFBUCFMUMBXTJTXFBLJO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT 0OMZ O PG DPVOUSJFTSBUFFOGPSDFNFOUPGUIFJSTFBU CFMUMBXTBCPWFPOBTDBMFPGUP 0OMZ PG DPVOUSJFT O IBWF B TFBUCFMUMBXUIBUBQQMJFTUPBMMPDDVQBOUT and an enforcement rating of greater UIBOPOBTDBMFPGUP TFF5BCMF "JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY
The ability to ascertain the effectiveness PGUIFTFMBXTJTEJGmDVMUJG SFMFWBOUEBUB BSFOPUBWBJMBCMFJOUIJTTVSWFZPWFS of countries reported having no data PO SBUFT PG TFBUCFMU VTFJOGSPOU TFBUT BOE SFQPSUFE OPEBUBPO SBUFTPG XFBSJOHSFBSTFBUCFMUT
4FBUCFMU MBXT DBOOPU CF FGGFDUJWF JG MBSHFOVNCFSTPGDBSTBSFOPUmUUFEXJUI TFBUCFMUT
BT JT UIF DBTF JONBOZ MPX income countries. Although the survey EJEOPUDPMMFDUJOGPSNBUJPOPO TFBUCFMU SFRVJSFNFOUT GPS JNQPSUFE DBST
EBUB GSPN UIF TVSWFZ TIPX UIBU PG UIF countries that manufacture or assemble DBST
PWFS POF RVBSUFS EP OPU SFRVJSFTFBUCFMUTUPCFmUUFEJOCPUIGSPOU and rear seats.
### **WHAT CAN BE DONE**
- 4 Vehicle manufacturers and assemblers should be required to fit seat-belts in both front and rear seats of all vehicles, irrespective of the end market.
- 4 Seat-belt laws must be improved to cover all occupants.
- 4 Enforcement efforts must be strengthened in many countries and must be equally applied to the occupants of both front and rear-seats in cars.
- 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of seat-belt use.
- 4 Enforcement efforts must be backed by intensive mass-media education programmes that highlight the risk of injury when not wearing a seat-belt and increase the perceived likelihood of being detected and penalized.
Figure 9. Seat-belt laws by country/area
### **Use of child restraints**
### *What is known?*
- t \$IJMESFO XIP BSF VOSFTUSBJOFE JO BDBSBSFBUJODSFBTFESJTLPGJOKVSZ and death in the event of a collision. "QQSPQSJBUFDIJME SFTUSBJOU TZTUFNT XIJDIJODMVEFDIJMETFBUTGPSJOGBOUT BOECPPTUFSTFBUTGPSPMEFSDIJMESFO BSF EFTJHOFE XJUI UIF DIJMET developmental stage in mind. They XPSLUPTFDVSFUIFDIJMEJOBXBZUIBU reduces the chance of a severe injury occurring.
- t \*GDPSSFDUMZJOTUBMMFEBOEVTFE
DIJME restraints reduce deaths among JOGBOUT CZ BQQSPYJNBUFMZ BOE EFBUITPGTNBMMDIJMESFOCZCFUXFFO BOE*!'""*.
- t .BOEBUPSZDIJME SFTUSBJOUMBXT BOE their enforcement lead to an increase in the use of child restraints *"""*.
### *What this survey found*
The global survey found that just under IBMG PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH DPVOUSJFT O report any legislation at all on the use of DIJMESFTUSBJOUT TFF'JHVSF )PXFWFS this figure hides considerable variation CZSFHJPOBOEJODPNFTUBUVT TFF5BCMF "JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY .PSFUIBO PGIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTIBWFOBUJPOBM MFHJTMBUJPOPODIJME SFTUSBJOUT
XIJMFUIF QSPQPSUJPO JO MPXJODPNF DPVOUSJFT JT POMZ
&WFO XIFSF MFHJTMBUJPO JT JO QMBDF the results of the survey suggest that FOGPSDFNFOU PG DIJME SFTUSBJOU MBXT JT WFSZMPXJONPTUDPVOUSJFTPOMZPG UIPTFDPVOUSJFTXJUIOBUJPOBMMFHJTMBUJPO on the use of child restraints report enforcement as being above 7 on a TDBMFPGUP5IJTNFBOTUIBUPOMZ of all participating countries have a child SFTUSBJOUMBXand rate its enforcement as PWFSPOBTDBMFPGUP BOEUIFTF BSF BMM IJHIJODPNF PS NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT "T XFMM BT XFBL MFHJTMBUJPO BOEQPPSFOGPSDFNFOU
QSFWJPVTSFTFBSDI indicates that the prohibitive cost of child restraints in many countries is also an important factor that affects usage.
+VTUVOEFSIBMGPG DPVOUSJFTIBWFBMBX SFRVJSJOHUIFVTFPG child restraints for young children in vehicles.
Figure 10. Child restraint legislation by country/area
### **WHAT CAN BE DONE**
- 4 Child restraint laws need to be enacted and enforced. These laws should specify the type of restraint, the child's age for which each restraint is appropriate, and the seating position.
- 4 Mechanisms should be established to improve access to affordable child restraints.
- 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of child restraint use.
- 4 Programmes to increase use of child restraints need to address social norms and encourage a culture of safety. The public needs to be aware of the safety benefits of using child restraints.
### **Legislation: summary**
8IJMF QPTJUJWF TUFQT UPXBSET FOBDUJOH BQQSPQSJBUFMFHJTMBUJPOIBWFCFFOUBLFO JOBMMSFHJPOTPGUIFXPSME
NVDISFNBJOT to be done.
Although all countries reported national or subnational legislation related to BU MFBTU POF PG UIF mWF LFZ SJTL GBDUPST TQFFE
ESJOLoESJWJOH
IFMNFUT
TFBU CFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT POMZ PG countries have national or subnational MBXT SFMBUJOH UP BMM mWF SJTL GBDUPST \*O BEEJUJPO
MFHJTMBUJPO PO SJTL GBDUPST JT still incomplete in its coverage in many DPVOUSJFT8IFSFMBXTPOUIFTFSJTL GBDUPSTFYJTU
UIFZBSFPGUFOJOBEFRVBUFMZ FOGPSDFE o QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO MPXJODPNF BOENJEEMFJODPNFDPVOUSJFT
(PWFSONFOUTOFFEUPFOBDUBOEFOGPSDF DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT UIBU SFRVJSF BMM road users to be protected by means of appropriate occupant restraints and to respect alcohol and speed limits that SFEVDF UIF SJTL PG B SPBE USBGmD DSBTI 5IFTF MBXT OFFE UP FOTVSF UIBU MFHBM loopholes are avoided that could exempt QBSUJDVMBSSPBEVTFST&OGPSDFNFOUFGGPSUT NVTU CF IJHIMZ WJTJCMF
XFMMQVCMJDJ[FE TVTUBJOFE
BOEJNQMFNFOUFECZUIFVTF of appropriate measures and penalties GPS JOGSJOHFNFOU /POHPWFSONFOUBM organizations and other civil society groups can play an important role in generating public and political support for FWJEFODFCBTFESPBETBGFUZNFBTVSFT
&OGPSDFNFOU JT NPTU FGGFDUJWF XIFO TVQQPSUFECZJOUFOTJWFQVCMJDBXBSFOFTT campaigns that both highlight the safety CFOFmUTPGDPNQMZJOHXJUIUIFMFHJTMBUJPO and also increase the perception of CFJOH EFUFDUFE BOE QFOBMJ[FE XIFO OPU DPNQMZJOH XJUI UIF MBX "T XFMM BT JODSFBTJOHBXBSFOFTTPGUIFMBXToBOE of the penalties for not respecting them oQVCMJDBXBSFOFTTDBNQBJHOTOFFEUP XPSLUPXBSETCVJMEJOHBDVMUVSFPGTBGFUZ TPUIBUUIFHFOFSBMQVCMJDBSFBXBSFPG UIFTBGFUZSFBTPOTCFIJOEUIFTFMBXT
### **Few countries have reliable data on road traffic injuries**
%BUBPOUIFNBHOJUVEFPGUIFQSPCMFN BOEUIFSJTLGBDUPSTJOWPMWFEBSFFTTFOUJBM to developing a systems approach to road safety. A comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of road traffic injuries should consider not only mortality but also OPOGBUBMJOKVSJFTBOESFTVMUJOHEJTBCJMJUZ BT XFMM BT UIF FDPOPNJD DPTU PG SPBE USBGmDJOKVSJFTBOEUIFDPTUFGGFDUJWFOFTT of interventions.
" OVNCFS PG PUIFS JOEJDBUPST DBO
JG NPOJUPSFE BDDVSBUFMZ BOE SFHVMBSMZ provide essential information to governments in targeting their interventions and in evaluating the effectiveness of their current national road safety programmes. These include the proportion of road traffic deaths that BSFBUUSJCVUFEUPBMDPIPMBTXFMMBTIFMNFU BOETFBUCFMUVTFSBUFT
0OMZPGBMMDPVOUSJFTSFTQPOEJOHUP UIFTVSWFZIBE
- t EBUB PO GBUBM BOE OPOGBUBM SPBE USBGmDJOKVSJFT
QMVT
- t FTUJNBUFTPGUIFDPTUUPUIFFDPOPNZ plus
- t data on monitoring and evaluation indicators such as rates of helmet BOETFBUCFMUVTF
### **Data on fatalities**
\$PNQBSJOHEBUBBDSPTTOBUJPOTSFRVJSFT a standardized definition of a road traffic GBUBMJUZ)PXFWFS
DPVOUSJFTSFQPSUBXJEF range of definitions for a road traffic death. These definitions use different time QFSJPETCFUXFFOBSPBEDSBTIBOEEFBUI and include or exclude different types of road users. The same definitions are also OPUBMXBZTVTFEDPOTJTUFOUMZJOUIFTBNF country *"*.
The current recommended definition of a road traffic fatality for harmonization of surveillance purposes is "any person killed immediately or dying within 30 days as a result of a road traffic injury accident" *"#* 5IF DIPJDF PG EBZT XBT CBTFE PO SFTFBSDI XIJDI TIPXFE UIBUNPTUQFSTPOTXIPEJFBTBSFTVMUPGB DSBTITVDDVNCUPUIFJSJOKVSJFTXJUIJO EBZTPGTVTUBJOJOHUIFNBOEUIBU
XIJMF FYUFOTJPOPGUIJTEBZQFSJPESFTVMUFE JO B NBSHJOBM JODSFBTF JO OVNCFST
JU SFRVJSFE B EJTQSPQPSUJPOBUFMZ MBSHF increase in surveillance efforts *%*.
"MUIPVHI UIFSF BSF NPWFT XJUIJO TPNF SFHJPOT UP NBLF UIJT EBZ EFmOJUJPO UIF TUBOEBSE
UIF SFTVMUT PG UIJT TVSWFZ indicate that this goal remains largely unattained. The time periods used in EFmOJUJPOTPGSPBEUSBGmDSFMBUFEEFBUIT range from "died at the scene of the DSBTIw
UISPVHI B EBZ QFSJPE BOE B EBZQFSJPE
UPBOZEFBUIUIBUSFTVMUT from a road traffic crash regardless of the time that has elapsed. At the global level POMZ DPVOUSJFT VTF B EBZ EFmOJUJPOGPS B SPBE USBGmDGBUBMJUZ TFF 'JHVSF &WFO XJUIJO UIF &VSPQFBO 3FHJPO
XIJDI IBT NBEF DPOTJEFSBCMF FGGPSUT UP CSJOH DPVOUSJFT JO MJOF XJUI UIF EBZ EFmOJUJPO PG B SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUZ
UIFSFJTXJEFWBSJBUJPO"MUIPVHI definitional issues can be overcome CZ BQQMZJOH DPSSFDUJPO GBDUPST
GPS harmonization and comparison purposes JUXPVMECFFBTJFSJGBMMDPVOUSJFTVTFEUIF same definition.
6OEFSSFQPSUJOHIBTCFFOBDLOPXMFEHFE for many years as another important SFBTPOXIZJUJTEJGmDVMUUPDPNQBSFSPBE USBGmDDSBTIEBUBCFUXFFODPVOUSJFT4PNF DPVOUSJFTIBWFUBLFOTUFQTUPBEESFTTUIJT JTTVFBOEUPBEKVTUUIFJSPXOEBUBPSMJOL UIFJSEJGGFSFOUEBUBCBTFT
CVUNBOZIBWF OPU'BDUPSTUIBUDBOBGGFDUUIFRVBMJUZPG EBUBSFQPSUFEJODMVEFQPMJUJDBMJOnVFODFT competing priorities and availability of resources.
Figure 11. Time period used to define a road traffic fatality by country/ area and income group
HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries
4JNQMFDBTVBMUZSFHJTUFSTDBO be used to obtain a minimum EBUBTFUXIJDIQSPWJEFT JOGPSNBUJPOPOOPOGBUBM injuries.
The extent of underreporting is also JOnVFODFECZ
- t UIF TFDUP S UIBU SFDP SET UIF JOGPSNBUJPO
- t UIFQSPQPSUJPOPGDSBTIFTJOWPMWJOH WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST JO NBOZ countries these types of crashes are NPSFMJLFMZUPCFVOEFSSFQPSUFE
- t QPPSPSBCTFOUMJOLTCFUXFFOQPMJDF USBOTQPSU BOE IFBMUI TFSWJDF EBUB XIJDINFBOTUIBUmHVSFTGPSQFPQMF XIPEJFBGUFSBENJTTJPOUPIPTQJUBM NBZOPUCFSFnFDUFE
- t FYFNQUJPOT GSPN SFQPSUJOH DFSUBJO DSBTIFT
TVDI BT UIPTF JOWPMWJOH OPONPUPSJ[FE PS NJMJUBSZ WFIJDMFT and
- t XIFUIFS TBNQMJOH TUSBUFHJFT BSF employed and extrapolated.
'JOBMMZ
BOJNQPSUBOUGBDUPSJOUIFRVBMJUZ PGBDPVOUSZTIFBMUIEBUBJOHFOFSBMJT UIF FRVBMJUZ PG BDDFTT PG JUT QFPQMF UP health care facilities.
0OF XBZ PG JNQSPWJOH UIJT QSPCMFN JT UP MJOL EBUB TPVSDFT 4UVEJFT IBWF TIPXO IJHIFS MFWFMT PG VOEFSSFQPSUJOH in data collected by the police and transport sectors compared to health TFDUPS EBUB
XIJDI TVHHFTUT UIF OFFE GPS MJOLT UP JNQSPWF EBUB RVBMJUZ *"\$*. 5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU POMZ PG countries used health data as a source PGUIFJSGBUBMJUZJOGPSNBUJPO
FJUIFSBMPOF PSJODPNCJOBUJPOXJUIEBUBGSPNBOPUIFS TPVSDF 'JHVSF )BMGPGUIFDPVOUSJFT reported data on road traffic fatalities on the basis of police records only.
All the above complexities limit USBOTOBUJPOBMDPNQBSJTPOT\$POTFRVFOUMZ a number of mechanisms have been developed to try to address some of the JTTVFT PG VOEFSSFQPSUJOH BOE UP NBLF data more comparable. In this global TVSWFZXFVTFE B UIF4NFFE\$PFGmDJFOU *"%* UP BEKVTU BMM DPVOUSJFT SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUZEBUBUPBEBZEFmOJUJPO
BOE C EFWFMPQFE B TQFDJBM NPEFM VTJOH OFHBUJWF CJOPNJBM SFHSFTTJPO TFF 4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFYGPSNPSFJOGPSNBUJPO 5BCMF TIPXT UIF SFQPSUFE EBUB BOE SBUFQFSQPQVMBUJPOWFSTVTUIBU PCUBJOFECZUIFNPEFM
JOEJDBUJOHB difference globally.
Figure 12. Proportion of countries using different data sources for road traffic fatalities
Table 4. Road traffic deaths by WHO region using reported and modelled data
| | | REPORTED DATAa | MODELLED DATAa | | | |
|------------------------------|---------|--------------------------------|----------------|--------------------------------|--|--|
| WHO REGION | n | RATE PER 100 000
POPULATION | n | RATE PER 100 000
POPULATION | | |
| AFRICAN REGION | 52 302 | 7.2 | 234 768 | 32.2 | | |
| REGION OF THE AMERICAS | 139 466 | 15.5 | 142 252 | 15.8 | | |
| SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION | 143 977 | 8.4 | 285 020 | 16.6 | | |
| EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION | 76 912 | 14.1 | 175 668 | 32.2 | | |
| EUROPEAN REGION | 113 346 | 12.8 | 117 997 | 13.4 | | |
| WESTERN PACIFIC REGION | 135 316 | 7.6 | 278 321 | 15.6 | | |
| GLOBAL | 661 319 | 10.1 | 1 234 026 | 18.8 | | |
Adjusted for 30-day definition.
### **WHAT CAN BE DONE**
- 4 Encourage the use of the 30-day definition of road traffic fatality for harmonization across data sources.
- 4 Improve data linkages between police, transport and health sectors.
- 4 Increase human capacity to undertake data collection, analysis and interpretation.
- 4 Improve the use of ICD1 coding in vital registration to adequately reflect road traffic deaths.
### **Data on non-fatal injuries**
\*OBEEJUJPOUPNPSUBMJUZEBUB
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1SPCMFNT SFMBUJOH UP UIF RVBMJUZ BOE SFMJBCJMJUZ PG EBUB PO OPOGBUBM JOKVSJFT are probably even more complex than those relating to data on deaths. Reliable assessment of the severity of JOKVSZ SFRVJSFTTPNFDMJOJDBMFYQFSJFODF PS NFEJDBM FYQFSUJTF " GFX DPVOUSJFT employ hospital staff to code injuries XIFOUIFQBUJFOUJTEJTDIBSHFEGSPNDBSF oVTJOHBTUBOEBSEJ[FETDPSJOHNFUIPE TVDI BT UIF "CCSFWJBUFE \*OKVSZ 4DBMF \*OKVSZ4FWFSJUZ4DPSFPSUIF\*OUFSOBUJPOBM \$MBTTJmDBUJPO PG%JTFBTFT DPEFT o BOE UIFOMJOLUIFTFEBUBUPQPMJDFUSBOTQPSU databases *"&*o*#*.
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The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is used to classify diseases and other health problems recorded on many types of records, including death certificates and health records. The most recent (10th) revision of the ICD codes came into use in 1994 but some countries still use previous versions.
PHOTO LEFT Training police in Addis Ababa on data DPMMFDUJPOJTPOFNFBTVSFVTFECZUIF&UIJPQJBO government to improve estimates of road traffic injury fatalities.
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The majority of countries do not have robust data on OPOGBUBMSPBEUSBGmD injuries.
IPXMPOHBQBUJFOUJTBENJUUFEGPSBOE so the category of serious can range GSPN B GFX DVUT BOE CSVJTFT UP TFWFSF IFBEJOKVSJFT5PDPNQPVOEUIJT
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### **WHAT CAN BE DONE**
- 4 The data collected by the health sector need to be improved. This is particularly true with regard to data on non-fatal injuries. This can take the form of discharge data using ICD coding, injury surveillance systems or, where this is not feasible, intermittent surveys or "casualty registers" which collect only minimum data *#*.
- 4 There is a need for standard definitions of levels of severity of non-fatal injuries to allow them to be accurately recorded and collated. The definitions should be simple enough to be administered by both health and non-health personnel.
- 4 Countries should be encouraged to link all data sources on road traffic injuries in order to help address underreporting.
### Box 4: Pre-hospital care
.VDIDBOCFEPOFUPMPXFSUIFCVSEFOPGEFBUIBOEEJTBCJMJUZGSPNSPBE traffic injuries by strengthening trauma care services across the spectrum GSPNQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFUISPVHIUPSFIBCJMJUBUJPO5IFDIBJOPGTVSWJWBMTUBSUT BUUIFTDFOFPGUIFJODJEFOU1SPNQU
HPPERVBMJUZQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFDBO save the lives of many injured persons.
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JO4PVUI"GSJDBJG ZPVBSFVTJOHBNPCJMFQIPOFZPVBSFSFRVJSFEUPEJBM
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BOVNCFSPG private ambulance companies cannot be accessed unless one has medical JOTVSBODFXIJDIDPWFSTUIJTTFSWJDF
Where no pre-hospital trauma care system exists, trained community members can provide first aid.
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JUXJMMCFJODSFBTJOHMZJNQPSUBOUUPXPSLUPXBSETPOFHMPCBMPSSFHJPOBMQIPOFOVNCFS 'PSJOTUBODF
UIF&VSPQFBO6OJPOJTNPWJOHUPXBSETUIFBEPQUJPOPGPOFVOJWFSTBMOVNCFS GPSBMMJUTNFNCFS countries.
### **Data on economic costs**
Considerable economic and social costs SFTVMUGSPNEFBUIT
JOKVSJFTBOEEJTBCJMJUZ caused by road traffic crashes. The survey SFTVMUTTIPXFEUIBU
- t -FTT UIBO IBMG PG BMM QBSUJDJQBUJOH countries have conducted a study on UIFDPTUPGSPBEUSBGmDEFBUITBOE PSJOKVSJFT TFF5BCMF
- t Most surveys are not national but based on a sample and are usually conducted in a teaching IPTQJUBM %BUB ESBXO GSPN UIFN XIJMFVTFGVM
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JU TIPXT POMZUIFUJQ PGUIFJDFCFSH -PTT PG QSPEVDUJWJUZ
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)PXFWFS
UIJT UZQF PG JOGPSNBUJPO BU country level is extremely important GPS TIPXJOH UIF JNQBDU PG SPBE USBGmD crashes on all the sectors involved and for convincing politicians to invest in QSFWFOUJPO ,OPXJOH UIF FGGFDUJWFOFTT PG JOUFSWFOUJPOT BOE DPOTFRVFOU DPTUo CFOFmU SBUJPTXPVME CFNPTU CFOFmDJBM to countries.
### **WHAT CAN BE DONE**
- 4 Countries should be encouraged to conduct national studies on the costs of road traffic crashes as well as on the cost-effectiveness of interventions they put into place.
- 4 Where possible, costing should include both direct and indirect costs.
Table 5. Countries with one or more studies on the economic cost of road traffic crashes by WHO region
| | DEATHS AND
INJURIES | DEATHS ONLY | INJURIES ONLY | OTHER TYPES
OF STUDIES | COUNTRIES
REPORTING AT
LEAST 1 STUDY |
|------------------------------|------------------------|-------------|---------------|---------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| WHO REGION | n | n | n | n | n |
| AFRICAN REGION | 15 | 2 | 0 | | 17 |
| REGION OF THE AMERICAS | 14 | 0 | 1 | | 15 |
| SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION | 6 | | | 1 | 7 |
| EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION | 10 | 1 | | 1 | 12 |
| EUROPEAN REGION | 25 | 2 | | | 27 |
| WESTERN PACIFIC REGION | 11 | | | 2 | 13 |
| ALL | 81 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 91 |
### **Data on monitoring and evaluation**
0OMZ PG UIF DPVOUSJFT TVSWFZFE IBWFBOBUJPOBMSPBETBGFUZTUSBUFHZ XIJDI JODMVEFT UBSHFUT 0WFS POFUIJSE PGUIFTFDPVOUSJFTBSFJO&VSPQFXIFSFB &VSPQFBO6OJPOUBSHFUXBTTFUTPNFZFBST BHPGPSBDIJFWFNFOUCZ TFF5BCMF 0UIFS SFHJPOT MJLF "GSJDB IBWF BMTP recently adopted targets although these have yet to be reflected at country level.
Targets are not the only method of monitoring or evaluating progress. Pages oEFTDSJCFUIFFWJEFODFPOBOVNCFS of proven interventions that are critical to improving road safety. These include SFEVDJOH TQFFE BOE ESJOLoESJWJOH
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Table 6. Countries with targets included in their road safety strategies by WHO region and income level
| WHO REGION | LOW-INCOME | MIDDLE-INCOME | HIGH-INCOME | TOTAL |
|------------------------------|------------|---------------|-------------|-------|
| AFRICAN REGIONa | 9 | 2 | — | 11 |
| REGION OF THE AMERICASb | — | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGIONa | 2 | 2 | — | 4 |
| EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| EUROPEAN REGION | 1 | 11 | 21 | 33 |
| WESTERN PACIFIC REGION | 1 | 6 | 5 | 12 |
| GLOBAL | 13 | 32 | 30 | 75 |
No high-income countries.
Figure 13. Levels of motorcycle helmet wearing in 60 countriesa
In 51 countries this estimate was based on an observational study, the source of which is noted in the country profiles. In 9 countries the estimated wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.
Figure 14. Seat-belt wearing rates in 95 countriesa
In 86 countries this estimate was based on an observational study, the source of which is noted in the country profiles. In 9 countries the estimated seat-belt wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.
No low-income countries.
PGIFMNFUXFBSJOHEBUB'PSUZTFWFOQFS cent of countries reported having no data PO SBUFT PG TFBUCFMU VTFJOGSPOU TFBUT BOE SFQPSUFE OPEBUBPO SBUFTPG XFBSJOHSFBSTFBUCFMUT
The proportion of deaths related to alcohol reported in this study varies from DPVOUSJFTXIFSFUIJTmHVSFJTVOEFS
UP UIPTFXIFSFBMDPIPMDPOUSJCVUFTUPPWFS IBMGPGBMMSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFT TFF'JHVSF BOE 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY )PXFWFS
POMZ IBMG PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH countries have any data on the proportion of road traffic deaths attributable to BMDPIPM o BOE UIPTF UIBU EPGSFRVFOUMZ only have data from more sophisticated UFSUJBSZ IPTQJUBMT
XIJDI MJNJUT UIF QPTTJCJMJUZPGNBLJOHHFOFSBMJ[BUJPOTPO the basis of the information.
Figure 15. Proportion of alcohol-related fatal crashes in 93 countriesa
In 90 countries this estimate was based on official data, the source of which is noted in the country profiles. In 3 countries the proportion given is the opinion of the consensus group.
### **WHAT CAN BE DONE**
- 4 Countries need to step up efforts to collect robust data on a number of intermediate indicators that relate to road traffic injury prevention and that can be used for monitoring and evaluation research. These include:
- t rates of helmet use;
- t rates of seat-belt use;
- t the proportion of drivers with blood alcohol concentration over the legal limit;
- t rates of child restraint use.
- 4 While high-income countries often use sophisticated survey methodology, basic helmet and seat-belt wearing surveys are relatively simple and cheap to conduct. Surveys are essential for comprehensive monitoring to take place.
- 4 These data are pivotal to making policy decisions based on evidence, and to evaluating measures that are put in place.
- 4 The health sector should play an important role in research related to risk factors.
# Conclusions 4
### **Strengths and weaknesses of this survey**
5IJTTVSWFZJTBmSTUTUFQUPXBSETBCSPBE global assessment of road safety. It brings UPHFUIFSBVOJRVFTFUPGEBUBPOBOVNCFS PGSPBETBGFUZWBSJBCMFTGPSDPVOUSJFT BDDPVOUJOHGPSPWFSPGUIFXPSMET population. It brings road safety into line XJUIPUIFSJTTVFTTVDIBTDMJNBUFDIBOHF UPCBDDPBOEUVCFSDVMPTJT
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- t 'JOBMMZ
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### **Key messages and recommendations**
This survey covered the magnitude of road USBGmDJOKVSJFTBTXFMMBTUIFFYJTUFODFPG JOTUJUVUJPOT
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- (PWFSONFOUTOFFEUPFOTVSFUIBUUIF institutions that have been nominated BT SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UBLJOH BDUJPO on road safety have the necessary human and financial resources to act effectively. The evidence suggests that the development and endorsement PG B OBUJPOBM TUSBUFHZXJUI SFBMJTUJD UBSHFUT BOE FBSNBSLFE GVOEJOH for implementation are important GBDUPST UPXBSET NFFUJOH MPOHUFSN road safety goals.
The results of this survey can be used as a tool to inform policy decisions in DPOKVODUJPOXJUIPUIFSJOUFSOBUJPOBMBOE OBUJPOBM TUVEJFTBOEQSPHSBNNFToGPS FYBNQMF
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EFMFHBUFT BSF MJLFMZ UP DBMM GPS B Decade of Action on Road Safety 4IPVME UIJT QSPQPTBM CF FOEPSTFE CZ NFNCFS DPVOUSJFT such a decade could be an important opportunity to further catalyse action. The results of this Global status report and the gaps it has identified should TFSWFBTLFZFMFNFOUTJOUIFEJTDVTTJPOT during the Ministerial Conference on 3PBE4BGFUZBTXFMMBTGPSQMBOOJOHUIF activities envisaged in the context of the Decade of Action.
An increasing body of research EFNPOTUSBUFTXBZTUPQSFWFOUDSBTIFTPS UPSFEVDFUIFTFWFSJUZPGJOKVSJFTXIFOUIFZ EPPDDVS
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BOEUIFJOUFSOBUJPOBM community must continue to recognize road traffic injuries as an important health and development issue and intensify support for their prevention.
# References
- 1. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update(FOFWB
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- 2. World health statistics 2008 (FOFWB
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- .VSSBZ\$+-FUBMThe Global Burden of Disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources (1&%JTDVTTJPO 1BQFS/P (FOFWB
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- 1FEFO.FUBM
FETWorld report on road traffic injury prevention(FOFWB
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- &TJZPL#FUBMRoad traffic accidents and disability: A cross-section study from Turkey. Disability and Rehabilitation o
- (VSVSBK(Road traffic injury prevention in India#BOHBMPSF
/BUJPOBM\*OTUJUVUFPG.FOUBM)FBMUIBOE/FVSP 4DJFODFT
1VCMJDBUJPO/P IUUQXXXOJNIBOTLBSOJDJOFQJEFNJPMPHZEPDFQ@GUQEG
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- +BDPCT(
5IPNBT""
"TUSPQ"Estimating global road fatalities\$SPXUIPSOF
5SBOTQPSU3FTFBSDI-BCPSBUPSZ 53-3FQPSU IUUQXXXUSBOTQPSUMJOLTPSHUSBOTQPSU@MJOLTmMFBSFBQVCMJDBUJPOT@@53- QEG
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- 3FBEJOH3"SFBTPDJPFDPOPNJDTUBUVTBOEDIJMEIPPEJOKVSZNPSCJEJUZJO/FX4PVUI8BMFT
"VTUSBMJBChild Care Health and Development
- "FSPO5IPNBT"FUBMThe involvement and impact of road crashes on the poor: Bangladesh and India case studies QSPKFDU113 \$SPXUIPSOF
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- Guidelines for estimating the cost of road crashes in developing countries QSPKFDU3 -POEPO
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- 0EFSP8FUBM3PBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTJO,FOZBNBHOJUVEF
DBVTFTBOETUBUVTPGJOUFSWFOUJPOInjury Prevention and Safety Controlo
- (VSVSBK(3PBEUSBGmDEFBUIT
JOKVSJFTBOEEJTBCJMJUJFTJO\*OEJBDVSSFOUTDFOBSJPThe National Medical Journal of Indiao
- /FXUPO+Road safety Partnership program. Shared responsibility8FTUFSO"VTUSBMJB
0GmDFPG3PBE4BGFUZ IUUQXXXPGmDFPGSPBETBGFUZXBHPWBVEPDVNFOUT+BNFT/FXUPO3PBE4BGFUZ1BSUOFSTIJQ1SPHSBNQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM
- 1BVMP[[J-+FUBM&DPOPNJDEFWFMPQNFOUTFGGFDUPO SPBEUSBOTQPSUSFMBUFENPSUBMJUZBNPOHEJGGFSFOU SPBE VTFSTBDSPTTTFDUJPOBMJOUFSOBUJPOBMTUVEZAccident Analysis & Preventiono
- ,PQQJUT&
\$SPQQFS.5SBGmDGBUBMJUJFTBOEFDPOPNJDHSPXUIAccident Analysis & Preventiono 178.
- 4XFEJTI(PWFSONFOU)FBMUIBOE8FMGBSF4UBUJTUJDBM%BUBCBTF
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- 7BTDPODFMMPT&"Urban transport, environment and equity: The case for developing countries-POEPO&BSUITDBO 1VCMJDBUJPOT
- ,IBZFTJ.-JWBCMFTUSFFUTGPSQFEFTUSJBOTJO/BJSPCJUIFDIBMMFOHFPGSPBEUSBGmDBDDJEFOUTWorld Policy and Practiceo
- 0EFSP83PBEUSBGmDBDDJEFOUTJO,FOZBBOFQJEFNJPMPHJDBMBQQSBJTBMEast African Medical Journal o
- %IBSNBSBUOF4%
4UFWFOTPO. 1VCMJD SPBEUSBOTQPSU DSBTIFTJO B MPX JODPNF DPVOUSZInjury Prevention o
- 1FÁBMPTB&5IFQPMJUJDTPGIBQQJOFTTPlanners Tabloid"VHVTUo4FQUFNCFS
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- .PCFSFPMB%4USFOHUIFOJOH VSCBOUSBOTQPSUJOTUJUVUJPOTBDBTF TUVEZPG -BHPT TUBUFSub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program %JTDVTTJPO1BQFS/P IUUQXXXXPSMECBOLPSHBGSTTBUQ3FTPVSDFT 44"51%JTDVTTJPO1BQFSTEQQEG
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- 4VC4BIBSBO"GSJDB5SBOTQPSU1SPHSBN1PMJDZ 44"51 %FWFMPQJOHOFXGSPOUJFSTUPJNQSPWFVSCBONPCJMJUZ SSATP Newsletter no 6+BOVBSZ IUUQHPXPSMECBOLPSH).\$&2)
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- 27. Transport Research Centre. Speed management report1BSJT
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- 1BTBOFO&Ajonopeudet ja jalankulkijan turvallisuus [Driving speeds and pedestrian safety]&TQPP
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- (SVOEZ\$FUBMThe effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road casualties in London, 1986–2006-POEPO -POEPO4DIPPMPG)ZHJFOFBOE5SPQJDBM.FEJDJOF
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- \$PNQUPO31FUBM\$SBTISJTLPGBMDPIPMJNQBJSFEESJWJOH\*O.BZIFX%3
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FETProceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Montreal, 4–9 August 2002.POUSFBM 4PDJ¹U¹EFMBTTVSBODFBVUPNPCJMFEV2V¹CFD
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FET Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Montreal, 4–9 August 2002.POUSFBM
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- 4IVMUT3FUBM3FWJFXPGFWJEFODFSFHBSEJOHJOUFSWFOUJPOTUPSFEVDFBMDPIPMJNQBJSFEESJWJOHAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicineo
- 1FFL"TB\$5IFFGGFDUPGSBOEPNBMDPIPMTDSFFOJOHJOSFEVDJOHNPUPSWFIJDMFDSBTIJOKVSJFTAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicineo
- &MEFS38FUBM&GGFDUJWFOFTTPGTPCSJFUZDIFDLQPJOUTGPSSFEVDJOHBMDPIPMJOWPMWFETraffic Injury Prevention o
- -JV#FUBM)FMNFUTGPSQSFWFOUJOHJOKVSZJONPUPSDZDMFSJEFSTThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews JTTVF
- ,SBVT+'
1FFL\$
8JMMJBNT"\$PNQMJBODFXJUIUIF\$BMJGPSOJBNPUPSDZDMFIFMNFUVTFMBXAmerican Journal of Public Healtho
- 4FSWBEFJ'FUBM&GGFDUPG\*UBMZTNPUPSDZDMFIFMNFUMBXPOUSBVNBUJDCSBJOJOKVSJFTInjury Prevention o
- Helmets: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners(FOFWB
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- &MWJL3
7BB5The handbook of road safety measures"NTUFSEBN
&MTFWJFS4DJFODF
- Seat-belts and child restraints: increasing use and optimising performance#SVTTFMT
&VSPQFBO5SBOTQPSU4BGFUZ \$PVODJM
- 41. Motor vehicle occupant protection facts 20068BTIJOHUPO
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- ;IV.FUBM"TTPDJBUJPOPGSFBSTFBUTBGFUZCFMUVTFXJUIEFBUIJOBUSBGmDDSBTIBNBUDIFEDPIPSUTUVEZInjury Preventiono
- Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners -POEPO
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- ;B[B4FUBM3FWJFXTPGFWJEFODFSFHBSEJOHJOUFSWFOUJPOTUPJODSFBTFVTFPGDIJMETBGFUZTFBUTAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicineo
- &DPOPNJD\$PNNJTTJPOGPS&VSPQF\*OUFSTFDSFUBSJBU8PSLJOH(SPVQPO5SBOTQPSU4UBUJTUJDTGlossary of transport statisticsSEFE/FX:PSL
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.BL1.IRTAD special report. Underreporting of road traffic casualties5IF)BHVF
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- 4NFFE 3+4PNF TUBUJTUJDBMBTQFDUTPG SPBE TBGFUZ SFTFBSDI Journal of the Royal Statistical Society o
- +PJOU\$PNNJUUFFPO\*OKVSZ4DBMJOHThe Abbreviated Injury Scale: 1990 revision\$IJDBHP
\*"TTPDJBUJPOGPS UIF"EWBODFNFOUPG"VUPNPUJWF.FEJDJOF
- \$PQFT84FUBM5IF\*OKVSZ4FWFSJUZ4DPSFSFWJTJUFEThe Journal of Traumao
- International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision7PMVNF5BCVMBS MJTU7PMVNF\*OTUSVDUJPONBOVBM7PMVNF\*OEFY(FOFWB
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- )PMEFS:FUBMInjury surveillance guidelines(FOFWB
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# &YQMBOBUPSZOPUFT
### **Background**
The country profiles in this section present a selection of information about road safety as reported by each of the QBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFTBSFBT"EEJUJPOBMOBUJPOBMEBUBDBOCFGPVOEJOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 5BCMFT"o" 5IFDPVOUSZTVSWFZUPPMTNBZCFEPXOMPBEFEGSPNUIFGPMMPXJOHXFCTJUFXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPO SPBE@TBGFUZ@TUBUVT
### **Methodological variations**
0OFIVOESFEBOETFWFOUZFJHIUDPVOUSJFTBSFBTQBSUJDJQBUFEJOUIFTVSWFZGPSUIFGlobal status report on road safety TFF5BCMFPOQBHF 8IJMFNPTUDPVOUSJFTBSFBTGPMMPXFEUIFTUBOEBSEJ[FENFUIPEPMPHZ TFFQBHFTo for NPSFEFUBJMT JOFJHIUPGUIFN "VTUSBMJB
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IPXFWFS
IFME JOUIFTFDPVOUSJFTBSFBTJOBDDPSEBODFXJUIUIFQSPKFDUNFUIPEPMPHZ
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JODPNFHSPVQBOEHSPTTOBUJPOBMJODPNFQFSDBQJUBGPSUIFMBUFTUZFBSBWBJMBCMF TFFFYQMBOBUPSZOPUFTJOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFYGPSNPSFEFUBJMT
### **Terminology and interpretation**
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- t 5IFRVFTUJPOOBJSFBTLFEGPSJOGPSNBUJPOPOBOVNCFSPGUPQJDT
XJUIGPMMPXVQRVFTUJPOTFYQMPSJOHFBDIUPQJD JOGVSUIFSEFUBJM'PSNBOZUPQJDTSFTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUPTLJQfollow-up questions depending on their BOTXFSUPUIFUPQMFWFMRVFTUJPO\$POTFRVFOUMZ
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JGUIFTFRVFTUJPOTXFSFBOTXFSFEUIFSFTQPOTFTBSF SFDPSEFEJOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY
- t Road classifications JOQBSUJDVMBSUIFEFmOJUJPOPGBOVSCBOSPBE
BSVSBMSPBEBOEBIJHIXBZ WBSZHSFBUMZ GSPNDPVOUSZUPDPVOUSZ 3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUP SFQPSUPOUIF TQFFEMJNJUTPGEJGGFSFOULJOETPG SPBE according to the definitions used in the country concerned.
- t 3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFE
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UPSBUFUIFeffectiveness of enforcement of various elements of OBUJPOBMSPBETBGFUZMFHJTMBUJPOPOUIFCBTJTPGUIFJSQSPGFTTJPOBMPQJOJPOPSQFSDFQUJPO"TDBMFPGUP XBTVTFE
XIFSFXBTiOPUFGGFDUJWFwBOEXBTiIJHIMZFGGFDUJWFw5IFHSPVQPGSFTQPOEFOUTUIFOUSJFEUP reach consensus on an enforcement score. These scores are therefore subjective and should be seen only BTBOJOEJDBUJPOPGIPXFOGPSDFNFOUJTQFSDFJWFEJOUIFDPVOUSZ.BOZSFTQPOEFOUTFYQSFTTFEEJGmDVMUZJO BTTFTTJOHMBXFOGPSDFNFOUBUBOBUJPOBMMFWFMTJODFJUPGUFOWBSJFTGSPNSFHJPOUPSFHJPOXJUIJOBDPVOUSZBOE the intensity of the enforcement may vary at different times.
- t Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits refer to the maximum amount of alcohol that is legally acceptable JOUIFCMPPEPGBESJWFSPOUIFSPBEoJFUIFCMPPEBMDPIPMMFWFMBCPWFXIJDIBESJWFSNBZCFQVOJTIFECZ MBX'PSUIFQVSQPTFTPGUIJTSFQPSU
UIF#"\$MJNJUJODPVOUSJFTXIFSFBMDPIPMDPOTVNQUJPOJTQSPIJCJUFEIBT CFFOSFDPSEFEBT[FSPXJUIBOFYQMBOBUPSZGPPUOPUF
- t 8IFSFSFTQPOEFOUTQSPWJEFEFYQMBOBUPSZJOGPSNBUJPOPOrates of helmet wearing and/or seat-belt use oGPSJOTUBODF
BEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFNFUIPEPMPHZPSHFPHSBQIJDBMDPWFSBHFoUIJTJOGPSNBUJPOJTSFQPSUFEJO footnotes.
- t "motorcycle helmet lawJTBTTFTTFEBTiBQQMJFTUPBMMSJEFSToZFTwJGUIFMBXSFRVJSFTESJWFSTBOEQBTTFOHFST CPUIBEVMUTBOEDIJMESFO UPXFBSBIFMNFU-BXTXJUIFYDFQUJPOTPOUIFHSPVOETPGSFMJHJPO
NFEJDBMDPOEJUJPOT PSPUIFSSFBTPOTBSFJOEJDBUFEXJUIUIFGPPUOPUFiTPNFFYDFQUJPOTw
- t 3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUPSFQPSUPOvehicle standardsSFRVJSFEGPSDBSNBOVGBDUVSFSTPSBTTFNCMFSTJO UIFDPVOUSZ5IFSFGPSFOPJOGPSNBUJPOJTJODMVEFEPOWFIJDMFTUBOEBSETGPSDPVOUSJFTXIFSFNBOVGBDUVSFPS BTTFNCMZEPOPUUBLFQMBDF4PNFDPVOUSJFTBQQMZTUSJOHFOUTUBOEBSETUPJNQPSUFEWFIJDMFTCVUEBUBPOTVDI TUBOEBSETXFSFOPUDPMMFDUFEBTQBSUPGUIJTTVSWFZ
- t 7BSJBCMFTIBWFCFFODPEFEi%BUBOPUBWBJMBCMF o wJGUIFJOGPSNBUJPOXBTOPUQSPWJEFEUISPVHIUIFOBUJPOBM data collection process.
### **Presentation of data**
Country profiles contain dataPOSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFTBOEOPOGBUBMJOKVSJFTBTreportedCZDPVOUSJFTBSFBT
- t %BUBGSPNEJGGFSFOUDPVOUSJFTBSFOPUOFDFTTBSJMZDPNQBSBCMF
BTEJGGFSFOUEFmOJUJPOTBOEUJNFGSBNFTIBWF been used.
- t %VFUPTQBDFDPOTUSBJOUTJOGPPUOPUFT
UIFEBUBTPVSDFIBTCFFOTVNNBSJ[FEBT1PMJDF
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SFTQFDUJWFMZ
- t 5IFQSPQPSUJPOPGEFBUITXIFSFUIFTFYJTVOLOPXOIBTOPUCFFOSFQPSUFEJOUIFQSPmMFT
In the charts presenting data on deaths by road user categoryQSPQPSUJPOTNBZ OPU TVNUPEVFUP SPVOEJOH4PNFDPVOUSJFTDMBTTJGZSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFTBDDPSEJOHUPUIFWFIJDMFPSSPBEVTFSiBUGBVMUwSBUIFSUIBO BDDPSEJOHUPXIPEJFE
PSVTFDBUFHPSJFTEJGGFSFOUGSPNUIPTFSFRVFTUFEJOUIFRVFTUJPOOBJSF\*OUIFTFDPVOUSJFT EFBUITBNPOHWVMOFSBCMFSPBEVTFSTBSFFWFONPSFMJLFMZUPCFVOEFSSFQPSUFE
The standard colour coding of the pie charts VTFE UP SFQSFTFOU UIF SPBE VTFS DBUFHPSJFT SFRVFTUFE JO UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSFJTTIPXOCFMPX"EEJUJPOBMDBUFHPSJFTBSFSFQSFTFOUFECZOPOTUBOEBSEDPMPVST
- ●%SJWFSTPGXIFFMFEWFIJDMFT Cyclists
- ●1BTTFOHFSTPGXIFFMFEWFIJDMFT Pedestrians
- ●0DDVQBOUT ESJWFSTQBTTFOHFST XIFFMFEWFIJDMFT ●0UIFS
- ●3JEFST ESJWFSTQBTTFOHFST PGNPUPSJ[FEPSXIFFMFST ●6OTQFDJmFE
Trend graphsBSFTIPXOFJUIFSBTSPBEUSBGmDEFBUISBUFTQFSQPQVMBUJPO POBHSFFOCBDLHSPVOE PS BTBOBCTPMVUFOVNCFSPGSPBEUSBGmDEFBUIT POBCMVFCBDLHSPVOE EFQFOEJOHPOXIJDImHVSFTXFSFTVQQMJFE CZUIFDPVOUSZ%VFUPTQBDFDPOTUSBJOUT
BOBSCJUSBSZDVUPGGQPJOUPGXBTBQQMJFEUPUIFGFXDPVOUSJFTUIBU provided many decades of trend data.
Where the primary source of informationGPSCPUIUIFQJFBOEUSFOEHSBQITXBTOPUTUJQVMBUFE
UIFTPVSDFIBT CFFOSFQPSUFEBTA\$PVOUSZRVFTUJPOOBJSF
Information about the number of vehicles in the country includes only registered vehiclesBOEQSPQPSUJPOTPG WBSJPVTUZQFTPGTVDIWFIJDMFT5IFTFQSPQPSUJPOTNBZOPUTVNUPEVFUP SPVOEJOH\*OTPNFDPVOUSJFT respondents noted that a substantial proportion of the vehicle fleet may not be registered.
### **AFGHANISTAN**
**Population**: **27 145 275**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$319**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | Yes |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
10 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
Yes
—
10 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
1 835c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
3 212d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| 731 607 total (2008)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 59%
12%
20%
1%
8% |
### **ALBANIA**
**Population**: **3 190 012**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 290**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Interministerial Committee of Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-------------------------------|----|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
40 km/h
9 | |
| | | | | | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl | |
| Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints | | | | Yes | |
| Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5%b
8 | |
| Motorcycle helmet law | | | | Yes | |
| Applies to all riders | | | | Yes | |
| Helmet standards mandated | | | | Yes | |
| Helmet wearing rate | | | | — | |
| Enforcementa | | | | | 10 |
| Seat-belt law | | | | Yes | |
| Applies to all occupants | | | | Yes | |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | 30% Frontc | |
| Enforcementa | | | | 9 | |
| Child restraints law | | | | Yes | |
| Enforcementa | | | | 8 | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Internal Affairs Ministry (Directory of Road Police). 1996, Citizen Society of Road Safety, data from pilot cities.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | No |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
384d (77% males, 23% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
1 344e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defined as died at the crash scene.**
- **Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, Ministry of Transport
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (Road Police Directory) and Ministry of Transport (General Directory of Road Transport)
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 349 646 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 68% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 7% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 8% |
| Trucks | 12% |
| Buses | 5% |
### **ANGOLA**
**Population**: **17 024 084 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 560**
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
1 814c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries
— |
| Costing study available
No |
**Transport data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|----------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | —
—
—
—
—
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
Yes
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb
b | | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: National Directorate of Road Traffi c
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------|--|
| 671 060 total (2007) | |
| Registered vehicle types: data not available | |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
### **ARGENTINA**
**Population**: **39 531 115**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$6 050**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
40–60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | Yes
Yes
Yes
13%b |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
48%b, c |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2005, Argentina National Risk Factor survey.**
- **Front seats only.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
No |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
4 063d (75% males, 25% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
174 339e |
- **Health data, defined as died at the scene of the crash. National Registry**
- **of Transit Records (RENAT) reported 4 175 deaths in 2007. e**
- **Health data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Ministry of Health Argentina, 2006
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: The Health Statistics and Information Office, the Department of Policies, Regulation, and Institutes at the National Ministry of Health, Argentina
### **POST-CRASH CARE**
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number **Yes No** **REGISTERED VEHICLES 12 399 887** total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available
### **ARMENIA**
**Population**: **3 002 271 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 640**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|------------------------|-----------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 5 | 0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl | Yes
Yes
6%b | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | | Yes
Yes
No
— | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
Yes
— | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | 5 | | Yes | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
371c (75% males, 25% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
2 720d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, no specified time period.**
- **Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------|-----|
| 366 836 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 79% |
| Buses | 7% |
| Other | 15% |
### **AUSTRALIA**a
**Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).**
**Population**: **20 743 179**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$35 960**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|
| Lead agency | Department of Infrastructure, Transport,
Regional Development and Local Government | | | |
| Funded in national budget | Yes | | | |
| National road safety strategy | Yes | | | |
| Measurable targets | Yes | | | |
| Funded | Yes | | | |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | No (subnationally) |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | n/a |
| Maximum limit urban roads | n/a |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | No (subnational)
0.05 g/dlc
0.0–0.02 g/dld
n/a
30%e
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law | No (subnational) |
| Applies to all riders | Yesf |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yesf |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
| Seat-belt law | No (subnational) |
| Applies to all occupants | Yesg |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 97% Front, 92% Rearh |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
| Child restraints law | No (subnational) |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c No national limit, but all states and territories have a consistent BAC limit of 0.05 for general**
- **population. d For young provisional drivers, all states and territories have a zero BAC requirement, with exception**
- **of one territory with a BAC limit of 0.02 g/dl. e 1999–2003, Transport data.**
- **No national law, but all states and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and compliance with a helmet standard. g**
- **No national law, but all states and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants.**
| h | 2006, Transport data, national survey. |
|---|----------------------------------------|
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 616i (73% males, 27% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries
(2005–2006)
31 204j |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health and Transport data, hospitalized cases only.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government: "Monthly Road Death Series"
Source: 2008, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| 14 774 921 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 78%
4%
15%
3%
<1% |
### **AUSTRIA**
**Population**: **8 360 746**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$42 700**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Austrian Road Safety Council |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.01 g/dl
Yes
8%b
9 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
95%d
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
89% Front, 49% Reard
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
9 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Statistics Austria.**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2007, Austrian Road Safety Board survey.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
691e (77% males, 23% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
53 211f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Statistics Austria, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Statistics Austria.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs & Statistics Austria
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Statistics Austria
| 73% |
|-----|
| 11% |
| 14% |
| <1% |
| 2% |
| |
### **AZERBAIJAN**
**Population**: **8 467 167**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 550**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------|
| Lead agency | State Road Police |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
9 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
3%b
9 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Child restraints law | | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
**2007, State Road Police.**
Enforcementa
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 107c (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
3 432d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Azerbaijan Republic. Trend Data on Road Traffic Accidents in 1998–2006
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 784 018 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 77% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | <1% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 2% |
| Trucks | 16% |
| Buses | 4% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | <1% |
| Other | 1% |
**9**
### **BAHAMAS**
**Population**: **331 278**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$18 570**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Traffic Department |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|---------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
48 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
5%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
Yes
10–15%c |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes
Yes
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | 0 | | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, from hospital reports. Estimation by consensus group.**
**— Data not available.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
**Police data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Country questionnaire
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Ministry of Health
Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport.
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|---|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | — |
| National universal access number | — |
| | REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|--|---------------------|--|
| | | |
**27 058** total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available
**Health data.**
### **BAHRAIN**
**Population**: **752 648**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$20 610**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Lead agency | General Directorate of Traffic |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
No
8%c
4 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 5 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | No |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 22%d |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
| Child restraints law | No |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.**
- **2007, General Directorate of Traffic. 2008, Ministry of Works.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS |
|-------------------|
| |
No car manufacturers
Enforcementa
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
|--------------------|--|
| | |
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure **Yes Yes**
#### **PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT**
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation **No Yes**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
91e (91% males, 9% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
3 415f |
- **Police data, defined as any death caused directly by road traffic injury,**
- **regardless of time period. f General Directorate of Traffic data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, General Directorate of Traffic
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: 2007, General Directorate of Traffic
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 382 977 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 81% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 1% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 13% |
| Trucks | <1% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Other | 3% |
**n/a**
### **BANGLADESH**
**Population**: **158 664 959**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$470**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | National Road Safety Council
No |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets | Yes
Yes |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|--|----------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes
No
25 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 1 | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
No
— | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
| | | Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. |
|--|--|----------------------------------------|
| | | |
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
3 160c (89% males, 11% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2003)
403 000d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. Respondents concerned this figure greatly underestimates the true number of deaths, citing example of Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2003, which estimated the**
- **annual number of deaths to be 13 200. d 2003, Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: "National Road Traffic Accident Report 2006", Bangladesh Road Transport Authority
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: "National Road Safety Action Plan 2008–2010," National Road Safety Council
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| 1 054 057 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other | 15%
62%
10%
6%
3%
4% |
| | |
### **BARBADOS**
**Population**: **293 891 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$11 290**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|-----------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
60 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
— | |
| Enforcementa | | | | | 8 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | | Yes
Yes
— | |
| Enforcementa | | | | | 8 | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
7 | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
38c (62% males, 37% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
2 372d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **Actual data collected by Royal Barbados Police Force.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Royal Barbados Police Force
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 126 262 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 82% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 2% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 8% |
| Trucks | 4% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 4% |
### **BELARUS**
**Population**: **9 688 795 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$4 220**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
60 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
13%b
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
6 |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
**scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 517c (74% males, 26% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
7 991d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Ministry of Home Affairs, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Ministry of Home Affairs data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 3 147 625 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 74% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 12% |
| Trucks | 12% |
| Buses | 1% |
### **BELGIUM**
**Population**: **10 457 343**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$40 710**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
—
8 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
79% Front, 46% Rearc |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
6 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **Belgian Road Safety Institute: 2007 observational study (front seats), 2006 self-report survey (rear seats).**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 067d (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
65 850e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Statistics Belgium, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Statistics Belgium estimate.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|------|
| 6 362 161 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 79% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 6% |
| Buses | <1%% |
| Trucks | 10% |
| Other | 4% |
### **BELIZE**
**Population**: **287 699**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 800**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|--|-------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes
No
40 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
— | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
— | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | No |
| National policies to promote public transportation | No |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
68c (75% males, 25% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
652d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data**
- **reported 47 deaths in 2006. d Belize Institute of Statistics.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Belize Institute of Statistics
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Unit
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**REGISTERED VEHICLES 54 225** total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available
### **BENIN**
**Population**: **9 032 787**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$570**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|-------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
None
None
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No (subnational)
n/a
—
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
605b |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
3 251c |
| Costing study available
No |
**Transport data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Centre National de Sécurité Routière
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Road Safety Centre Database
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| 222 850 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 67%
7%
11%
5%
<1% |
| Other | 10% |
**Transport data.**
### **BHUTAN**
**Population**: **658 479 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 770**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Road Safety and Transport Authority
Yes |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | No
n/a
n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|--|------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
No
30 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|------|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | Yesb |
**For free ambulance transport to hospital.**
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006 – 2007)
111c (93% males, 7% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c
injuries (2006 – 2007)
724d |
| Costing study available |
**Police data for 12-month time period, defi ned as died within 30 days of**
**No**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 35 703 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 55% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 21% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 2% |
| Trucks | 13% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 9% |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
**the crash. d Police data for 12-month time period.**
### **BOLIVIA**
### **(Plurinational State of)**
**Population**: **9 524 568**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 260**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Inter-institutional Road Safety Council |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|----------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
No
40 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 4 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
No consensusc | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate | | | No
n/a
n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.**
Enforcementa
**Child restraints law** Enforcementa
**No consensus, but group agreed that enforcement is lax.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 073d |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
13 481e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **National Police data, defined as died at the crash scene.**
- **National Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, National Police data
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Police, National Statistics Institute
| 25% |
|------------|
| 5% |
| 56%
11% |
| 1% |
| —
2% |
| |
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Sports and the Bolivian National Police.
**n/a**
**No n/a**
### **BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA**
**Population**: **3 934 816 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 790**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Communication and Transport
of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yesa |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
**Formally approved in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only (not in the Republic of Srpska).**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
7%c
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | Yes
5 |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
**2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska (data for Republic of Srpska only).**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards ond
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
**Data for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only.**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
428e |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
11 647f |
| Costing study available
No |
**Institute for Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (defi ned as died at the crash scene), and Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska (defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash). f**
**Data from multiple sources.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska. Data for Republic of Srpska only
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 675 063 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 85% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 1% |
| Trucks | 9% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 5% |
### **BOTSWANA**
**Population**: **1 881 504**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 840**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Department of Road Transport and Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | | | | 8
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes |
| Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 1%b
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
75%c
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, National Road Traffic Crash Database, based on occasional, non-comprehensive surveys. 2007, National Road Traffic Crash Database, rate among drivers and rear-seat passengers involved in a crash.**
#### **VEHICLE STANDARDS**
No car manufacturers
#### **ROAD SAFETY AUDITS**
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure **Yes Yes**
#### **PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT**
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation **No No (subnational)**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
497d (72% males, 28% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
7 142e |
- **Transport data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **Transport data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, National Road Traffic Crash Database
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Road Traffic Crash Database
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| 293 755 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks | 39%
1%
44%
5% |
| Buses
Other | <1%
10% |
### **BRAZIL**
**Population**: **191 790 929**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 910**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60–80 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
—
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
88% Front, 11% Rear
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60%b
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Data from Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA | |
|-----------------------------------------|--|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) | |
**35 155**c (82% males, 18% females)
**Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries** (2006) **407 685**d
**Costing study available Yes** (deaths and injuries)
- **Health data (Mortality Information System), defined as died anytime after**
- **the crash. d State Traffic Departments, National Traffic Department, Ministry of Cities data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, Ministry of Health Mortality Information System
Source: Ministry of Health Mortality Information System
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 49 644 025 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 61% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 22% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | <1% |
| Trucks | 10% |
| Buses | 4% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 1% |
| Other | 2% |
### **BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS**a
**Non WHO member-area.**
**Population**: **23 000**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$43 686**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No (subnational) |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| Speed limits set nationally | | | | | Yes | |
|-------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|-----------|--|
| Local authorities can set lower limits | | | | | No | |
| Maximum limit urban roads | | | | | 32 km/h | |
| Enforcementb | | | | 6 | | |
| Drink–driving law | | | | | Yes | |
| BAC limit – general population | | | | | 0.08 g/dl | |
| BAC limit – young or novice drivers | | | | | 0.08 g/dl | |
| Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | | | | | Yes | |
| Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | | 4%c | |
| Enforcementb | | | | | — | |
| Motorcycle helmet law | | | | | Yes | |
| Applies to all riders | | | | | — | |
| Helmet standards mandated | | | | | No | |
| Helmet wearing rate | | | | | — | |
| Enforcementb | | 3 | | | | |
| Seat-belt law | | | | | Yes | |
| Applies to all occupants | | | | | Yes | |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | | 80%c | |
| Enforcementb | | | | | 7 | |
| Child restraints law | | | | | Yes | |
| | | | | | | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **2007, Police observational data.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | —
— |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
6d (67% males, 33% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
132e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.**
- **Police records.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Royal Virgin Islands Police Force
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**REGISTERED VEHICLES 14 505** total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available
### **BRUNEI DARUSSALAM**
**Population**: **390 056 Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$30 580**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Brunei Darussalam Road Safety Council
— |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | Multiple
n/a
n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|----------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
80 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
3.7%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
98%b
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
70% Frontb
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | 4 | Yes |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
**2007, Police data.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
— |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
**Yes** (deaths and injuries) **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
**Costing study available**
**Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Department of Investigations and Traffic Control, Royal Brunei Police Force
Source: Department of Investigations and Traffic Control, Royal Brunei Police Force
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 304 432 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 83% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 4% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 4% |
| Trucks | 1% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | <1% |
| Other | 7% |
### **BULGARIA**
**Population**: **7 638 831**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$4 590**
#### **INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency** Funded in national budget **Yes National road safety strategy** Measurable targets Funded **Yes Yes Yes State-Public Consultative Commission on the Problems of Road Safety**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
5%b
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Traffic Police Department, Ministry of Interior.**
#### **VEHICLE STANDARDS**
No car manufacturers
#### **ROAD SAFETY AUDITS**
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure **Yes Yes**
#### **PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT**
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation **Yes No (subnational)**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 006c (73% males, 27% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
9 827d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Traffic Police Department, Ministry of Interior
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Traffic Police Department, Ministry of Interior
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 2 628 680 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 75% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Trucks | 10% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 10% |
### **BURKINA FASO**
**Population**: **14 784 291**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$430**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Offi ce of Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
—
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
**Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
619c (84% males, 16% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
7 359d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Police and Health data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| 515 453 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks | 30%
31%
18%
9% |
| Other | 12% |
### **BURUNDI**
**Population**: **8 508 232**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$110**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|-----------------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
No
60 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
0.1 g/dl
0.1 g/dl
Yes
70%b | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
No
— | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No (subnational)
n/a
95% Front, 0% Rearc
8 | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2005, Police Spéciale de Roulage et de la Sécurité Routière. c Source and methodology not specifi ed.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006)
65d |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006)
2 718e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Health data, defi ned as died anytime after the crash.**
- **Health data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| 26% |
|-----|
| 19% |
| 31% |
| 5% |
| 19% |
| |
### **CAMBODIA**
**Population**: **14 443 679**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$540**
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|----------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | 1 | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
n/ac
—
n/ac |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | 2 | Yes
No
No
21%d |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | 1 | Yes
No
0%e |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | 0 | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c Regulations are in place, but not yet enforced.**
- **2006, Ministry of Health observational study in Phnom Penh.**
- **Estimation by consensus group.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 545f (79% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
25 858g |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Data from multiple sectors, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.**
- **Data from multiple sectors.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Road Traffic Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)
Source: 1995–2005, Ministry of Interior/Traffic Police; 2006–2007, Road Traffic Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 154 389 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 9% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 84% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 4% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Trucks | 2% |
### **CAMEROON**
**Population**: **18 549 176**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 050**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Transport |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | No |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|--|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 3 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 1 | | | | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 3 | | Yes
No
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
990b |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
2 471c |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Consensus group estimate, based on 2001 data
Data for 2002 not provided. Source: Ministry of Transport
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 312 259 total (2005) | |
| Motorcars | 56% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 21% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 9% |
| Trucks | 8% |
| Buses | 5% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 1% |
**Police data.**
### **CANADA**
**Population**: **32 876 047**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$39 420**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|--|--|--|--|
| Road Safety Directorate, Transport Canadaa
Lead agency
Funded in national budget
Yes | | | | | |
| National road safety strategy | Yes | | | | |
| Measurable targets | Yes | | | | |
| Funded | Yes | | | | |
**With support and collaboration by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators and its members.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | No (subnationally)
up to 70 km/h | Yes
n/a | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | 4 | 0.0–0.04 g/dl | Yes
0.08 g/dl
Yes
30%c | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated | | | | Yesd
Yesd | No (subnational) |
| Seat-belt law | No (subnational) |
|---------------------------|------------------|
| Enforcementb | n/a |
| Helmet wearing rate | 99%e |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yesd |
Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb **Yes**f **93% Front, 87% Rear**g **n/a**
**Child restraints law** Enforcementb **No (subnational) n/a**
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c 2006, Coroners data compiled by Traffic Injury Research Foundation.**
- **No national law, but all provinces and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and**
- **compliance with a national helmet standard. e 2006, Transport Canada's National Traffic Collision Data file, rate among drivers and passengers**
- **involved in crashes occurring on public roads. f**
- **No national law, but all provinces and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants. g 2006, Transport Canada, Average for Rural and Urban Roads Surveys.**
**PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--|--|--|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | | | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes | | | |
| | | | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | No (subnational) |
|----------------------------------------------------|------------------|
| National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational) |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) |
| 2 889h (68% males, 32% females) |
**Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries** (2006) **199 337**i
**Costing study available Yes** (deaths and injuries)
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Police-reported records of traffic collisions that occurred on public roads during 2006
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Source: Country questionnaire
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 20 065 000 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 52% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 43% |
| Trucks | 3% |
| Buses | <1% |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.**
### **CAPE VERDE**
**Population**: **530 437**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 430**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | General Directorate of Road Transport |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | No |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Nob
No
90%c
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
80%c
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Exceptions include children and the armed forces.**
- **Estimation by consensus group.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | —
— |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
#### **— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
49d (70% males, 30% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
899e |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| YEAR | NUMBER OF
DEATHS |
|------|---------------------|
| 2006 | 73 |
| 2007 | 49 |
Source: Direçao Geral dos Transportes Rodoviários
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 54 158 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 66% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 8% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 20% |
| Trucks | 5% |
| Buses | 1% |
### **CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC**
**Population**: **4 342 735**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$380**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Directorate of Transport and Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yesa |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|------------------|-------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | 4 | 40–60 km/h | Yes
Yes | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | 4 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
— | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
No
— | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | No (subnational) | n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **Some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
#### **— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
583d (70% males, 30% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
225e |
| Costing study available |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash, from capital**
- **(Bangui) only. e Transport data based on police reports.**
**No**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 5 834 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 21% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 77% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | <1% |
| Trucks | <1% |
### **CHAD**
**Population**: **10 780 571**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$540**
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementb | 2 |
| Drink–driving law | Yes |
| BAC limit – general population | 0.08 g/dl |
| BAC limit – young or novice drivers | 0.08 g/dl |
| Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | Yes |
| Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | — |
| Enforcementb | 0 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | 51%d |
| Enforcementb | 4 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 1% Front, <1% Rearc |
| Enforcementb | 1 |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **Estimation by consensus group.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
840d (70% males, 30% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
4 536e |
- **Transport and Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **Directorate General for Surface Transport.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 124 088 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 16% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 52% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 20% |
| Trucks | 9% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 3% |
### **CHILE**
**Population**: **16 634 760**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$8 350**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET) |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | No |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|--------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
0.5 g/dl
0.5 g/dl
Yes
21%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
100%c |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50% Front, 42% Reard |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b National Police of Chile data for 2007.**
- **National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2005 for greater Santiago only.**
- **National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2007 conducted in multiple cities.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
### **DATA Reported road traffic fatalities** (2006) **2 280**e (79% males, 21% females) **Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries** (2007) **50 010**f
**Costing study available Yes** (deaths and injuries)
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry
Source: National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| 2 824 570 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 61% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 2%
28% |
| Trucks | 5% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 2% |
| Other | <1% |
**Health data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash. Police data.**
### **CHINA**
**Population**: **1 336 317 116**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 360**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
30-50 km/h
8 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
4%b
8 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
16%c
No consensus |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50%d
No consensus |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Police data.**
- **Zhang J, Zhuo J, Chen NA. Study of motorcycle helmet use in Guangxi. Chinese Journal of Disease**
| | Control & Prevention, 2004, 8(6):512–515. |
|---|------------------------------------------------------|
| d | 2005–2006, Study in Guangzhou City and Nanning City. |
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No consensus |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
- **Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**REGISTERED VEHICLES 145 228 994** total (2006) Registered vehicle types: data not available
### **COLOMBIA**
**Population**: **46 155 958**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 250**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Transportation |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|---------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
0.04 g/dl
0.04 g/dl
Yes
3%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
97%c
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
82%c
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Ministry of Transportation (SIAT-RNAT).**
- **2007–2008 Road Prevention Fund. Use of helmets that meet a regulatory standard: 70%.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | — |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2001)
5 409d (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
38 727e |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, defined as**
- **died within 30 days of the crash. e National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences
Source: Ministry of Transportation, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Road Prevention Fund
| REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 951 225 total (2007)
Motorcars
36%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
39%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
17%
Trucks
4%
Buses
3%
Non-motorized vehicles
<1%
Other
<1% | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
### **COMOROS**
**Population**: **839 187**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$680**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Directorate for Road Safety, Circulation
and Regulation
Yes |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | No
n/a
n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 30 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Drink–driving law | Yes |
| BAC limit – general population | 0.0 g/dlb |
| BAC limit – young or novice drivers | 0.0 g/dlb |
| Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | Yes |
| Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | 4%c |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | No |
| Applies to all riders | n/a |
| Helmet standards mandated | n/a |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Seat-belt law | No |
| Applies to all occupants | n/a |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2007, National Military Police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
12d (70% males, 30% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) |
| 120e |
- **Military Police data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
- **Military Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Gendarmerie
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|
| 22 378 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks | 86%
6%
5%
3% |
### **CONGO**
**Population**: **3 768 086**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 540**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
40–60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
—
—
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 4 | Yes
Yes
Yes
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
No
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
214b (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
2 506c |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 100 000 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 56% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 31% |
| Trucks | 5% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 4% |
### **COOK ISLANDS**
**Population**: **13 325 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$13 098**
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
5b (80% males, 20% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
382c |
**Health data (Rarotonga only), defined as died at the crash scene.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Bulletin
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Country questionnaire, Rarotonga only
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
**REGISTERED VEHICLES 10 692** total (2006–2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available
**Police and health data.**
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
### **COSTA RICA**
**Population**: **4 467 625**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 560**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Council on Road Safety (COSEVI) |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
40 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
—
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
82%b
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | Yes
6 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
**National survey conducted in 2004.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
- **Judicial Branch data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **National Institute of Insurance.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Data for 2001 not provided. Source: Council on Road Safety (COSEVI). National Institute for Statistics and Census (Vital Statistics)
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------|--|
| 797 902 total (2007) | |
| Registered vehicle types: data not available | |
### **CROATIA**
**Population**: **4 555 398**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$10 460**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | Yes |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
30%b
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
45%c
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a | | | Yes
5 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Ministry of Interior. 2004, Ministry of Interior.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
619d |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
25 092e |
| Costing study available
— |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Ministry of Interior
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 1 949 936 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 77% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 8% |
| Trucks | 9% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 6% |
**Police data.**
### **CUBA**
**Population**: **11 267 883**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$4 571**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|--------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
30%c |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
95%d
8 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
70% Fronte
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.**
- **2007, Forensic Medicine Institute, Ministry of Public Health.**
- **2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs.**
- **2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs, only applies to cars with seatbelts or those manufactured after 2001.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
994f (79% males, 21% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
7 507g |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **National Transportation Directorate data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Health
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Statistics Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, 2006–2007
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| 658 003 total (2008)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks | 36%
33%
13%
13% |
| Buses | 3% |
| Other | 2% |
### **CYPRUS**
**Population**: **854 671 Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$24 940**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Safety Council |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
18%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
68% Driversd
5 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
81% Front, 9% Reare
7 |
| Child restraints law | | | Yes |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
**3**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Police records.**
Enforcementa
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2007, Police in cooperation with the Government Statistical Service, 56% passengers.**
- **2007, Police records, national observational study.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
89f (84% males, 16% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
2 119g |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Police records
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Country questionnaire
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 592 480 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 69% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 7% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 18% |
| Trucks | 2% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 4% |
**Police data.**
### **CZECH REPUBLIC**
**Population**: **10 186 330**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$14 450**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Transport |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
3%b
9 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
97% Driversc
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
90% Front, 80% Reard
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
7 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Czech Police.**
- **2007, Czech Police, 85% for passengers.**
- **2006, Transport Research Centre.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
No (subnational) |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 222e (77% males, 23% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
23 060f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Police Presidium of the Czech Republic, Directorate of Traffic Branch
Source: Country questionnaire
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 5 455 110 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 75% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 15% |
| Trucks | 9% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 1% |
**Police data.**
### **DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO**
**Population**: **62 635 723**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$140**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 60 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
—
5 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 7 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | No |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 80% Front, 40% Rearb |
| Enforcementa | 7 |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, estimated based on fi nes given out by the Road Traffi c Police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
281c (61% males, 31% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
3 478d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene, Kinshasa only.**
- **Police and health data, Kinshasa only.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Road Traffi c Police, National Road Safety Committee
| REGISTERED VEHICLES |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 311 781 total (2007)
Registered vehicle types: data not available |
### **DOMINICAN REPUBLIC**
**Population**: **9 759 664**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 550**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|-----------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
No
35 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
—
Yes
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
55–60% Frontc
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.**
- **2006, General Ground Travel Bureau, study involving drivers and front-seat passengers only.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 414d (83% males, 17% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
1 121e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **National Police and General Ground Travel Bureau data, defined as died**
- **at the crash scene. e Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, General Ground Travel Bureau
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| YEAR | DEATHS |
|------|--------|
| 2005 | 1 366 |
| 2006 | 1 386 |
| 2007 | 1 414 |
Source: Country questionnaire
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 2 121 244 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 28% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 44% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 8% |
| Trucks | 16% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Other | <1% |
### **ECUADOR**
**Population**: **13 341197 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 080**
#### **INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency** Funded in national budget **Yes National road safety strategy** Measurable targets Funded **— — — The National Commission of Ground Transit and Transportation**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | Yes
No
50 km/h
3 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
9%b |
| Enforcementa | 5 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Enforcementa | 2 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate | Yes
Yes
30% Front, 10% Rearb |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, National Directorate of Ground Transit and Transportation.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
1 801c (74% males, 26% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005)
9 511d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **National Institute of Statistics and Census data, defined as died within 24**
- **hours of the crash. d National Institute of Statistics and Census data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics and Census
No data supplied for 2002. Source: National Directorate of Transit, Department of Archives and Statistics; Guayas Transit Commission
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 961 556 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 38% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 9% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 43% |
| Trucks | 8% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | <1% |
### **EGYPT**
**Population**: **75 497 913**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 580**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Council for Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | No |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-----------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
60 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
No
70% Passengersc
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
70% Driversc
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
- **c 2003, Ministry of Interior.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--|--|--|--|--|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No | | | | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | | | | | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes | | | | | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
12 295d (70% males, 30% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
154 000e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Health data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.**
- **2007, Health data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2005, National Information Center for Health & Population
| 60% |
|-----|
| 19% |
| 18% |
| 2% |
| 1% |
| |
### **EL SALVADOR**
**Population**: **6 857 328 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 850**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|---------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
4%b |
| Enforcementa | | | | 5 | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Enforcementa | | | | | 6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | | Yes
No
— |
| Enforcementa | | | | | 7 |
| Child restraints law | | | | | Yes |
| Enforcementa | 0 | | | | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Assistant Director's Office of Ground Transportation, National Civil Police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--|--|--|--|--|
| No car manufacturers | | | | | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No | | | | | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No | | | | | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system
National universal access number | No
n/a |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 493c (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) |
| 11 655d |
- **Forensic Medicine, Police and Health data, defined as died anytime after**
- **the crash. d Health data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
2008, Institute of Forensic Medicine, compared with data of the National Civil Police and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Data for 1970 to 1998, General Bureau of Statistics and Census. Data for 1999 to 2007, Forensic Statistics Section of the Institute of Forensic Medicine.
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 630 638 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 45% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 7% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 38% |
| Trucks | 7% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 2% |
### **ERITREA**
**Population**: **4 850 763**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$230**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Transport and Communication |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|----------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
60 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
1.2%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesc
No
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Traffi c Police archive. c Some exceptions.**
| | | VEHICLE STANDARDS |
|--|--|-------------------|
| | | |
No car manufacturers
#### **ROAD SAFETY AUDITS**
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure
### **PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT**
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation **Yes No (subnational)**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
### **DATA**
**Reported road traffi c fatalities** (2007) **84**d (76% males, 24% females)
**Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries** (2007) **1 453**e
**Costing study available Yes** (deaths and injuries)
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Land and Transport Department
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|--|--|--|--|
| 60 849 total (2007) | | | | | |
| Motorcars | 51% | | | | |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 5% | | | | |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 21% | | | | |
| Trucks | 16% | | | | |
| Buses | 3% | | | | |
| Other | 5% | | | | |
**Yes Yes**
### **ESTONIA**
**Population**: **1 335 333**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$13 200**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | The Road Safety Committee of the Government
of the Republic of Estonia |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
48%b
8 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
90% Front, 68% Rearc
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
8 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Estonian National Road Administration.**
National policies to promote public transportation
**2007, "Traffic Behaviour Monitoring".**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
- **Estonian National Road Administration data, defined as died within**
- **30 days of the crash. e Estonian National Road Administration data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Estonian National Road Administration
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Estonian National Road Administration
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 708 794 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 74% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 2% |
| Trucks | 11% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 12% |
**Yes**
### **ETHIOPIA**
**Population**: **83 099 190**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$220**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Road Safety Committee |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|-----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
10%c |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
60%c
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No (subnational)
n/a
20%c
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
National policies to promote public transportation
**Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2007, Consensus group estimate.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
2 517d (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
24 792e |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **Police data adjusted by comparing with health data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Federal Police Commission Annual Report
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Country questionnaire
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 244 257 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 29% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 34% |
| Trucks | 27% |
| Buses | 7% |
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport and Communications.
**No**
### **FIJI**
**Population**: **838 698**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 800**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | Yes |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
50 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
27%b
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
90%c
10 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
95% Front, 70% Reard
9 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2006, Fiji Police.**
- **Estimation by consensus group.**
- **2007, Fiji Police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
59e (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
663f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Fiji Police
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Fiji Police
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| REGISTERED VEHICLES |
|----------------------------------------------|
| 78 833 total (2008) |
| Registered vehicle types: data not available |
**Police data.**
### **FINLAND**
**Population**: **5 276 892**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$44 400**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | | | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Transport and Communications
of Finland | | | | |
| Funded in national budget | Yes | | | | |
| National road safety strategy | Yes | | | | |
| Measurable targets | Yes | | | | |
| Funded | Yes | | | | |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
24%b
8 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
95% Driversd
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
89% Front, 80% Reard
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
7 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Road Traffic Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland.**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **Estimation by consensus group.**
- **2007, Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland, data for rear-seat passengers apply to urban areas only.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
- **"Road Traffic Accidents 2007," Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. g**
- **"Road Traffic Accidents 2007," Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: "Road Traffic Accidents 2007," Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland
Source: "Road Traffic Accidents 2007," Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 4 656 370 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 61% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 8% |
| Trucks | 2% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 29% |
### **FRANCE**
**Population**: **61 647 375**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$38 500**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | | | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|--|--|--|--|
| Lead agency | Interministerial Road Safety Task Force | | | | |
| Funded in national budget | Yes | | | | |
| National road safety strategy | Yes | | | | |
| Measurable targets | Yes | | | | |
| Funded | Yes | | | | |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
27%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
95%d
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
98% Front, 83% Rearb
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR). c**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2006, ONISR, Observational study, data apply to motorcyclists (99% for moped riders).**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
4 620e (76% males, 24% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) |
| 77 007f |
- **e Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR) data,**
- **defined as died within 30 days of the crash. f Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR) data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR)
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 39 926 000 total (2006–2008) | |
| Motorcars | 77% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 6% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 14% |
| Trucks | 1% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 1% |
### **GAMBIA**
**Population**: **1 708 681**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$320**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Roads Authority |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-----------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
Yes
— | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
— | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
56c (74% males, 26% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
387d |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police and health data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash. Actual data from the Gambia Police Force and Royal Victoria Teaching**
**Hospital.**
**DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 14 450 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 61% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 12% |
| Trucks | 6% |
| Buses | 7% |
| Other | 14% |
### **GEORGIA**
**Population**: **4 395 420**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 120**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------|
| Lead agency | Transport Commission |
| Funded in national budget | — |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
8 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
No
37%b |
| Enforcementa | | | | 9 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated | | | | Yes
Yes
No |
| Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | —
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
— |
| | | | | 8 |
| Child restraints law | | | | Yes |
| Enforcementa | | | | 7 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No (subnational) |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
737c (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
7 349d |
| Costing study available |
- **Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 20 days of the**
- **crash. d Ministry of Internal Affairs data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 567 900 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 83% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | <1% |
| Trucks | 10% |
| Buses | 7% |
### **GERMANY**a
**Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt (no consensus meeting).**
**Population**: **82 599 471**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$38 860**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Federal Ministry for Traffic, Building and Housing |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | No |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementb | — |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
12%c
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 97% Drivers, 96% Passengersd |
| Enforcementb | — |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 95–96% Front, 88% Reard |
| Enforcementb | — |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementb | — |
- **Enforcement score represents professional opinion of BASt, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not**
- **effective and 10 is highly effective. c 2006, Federal Statistics Office.**
- **2007, Federal Highway Research Institute.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
4 949e (73% males, 27% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
431 419f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Federal Statistics Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Federal Statistics Office data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Federal Statistics Office
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 55 511 374 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 84% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 7% |
| Trucks | 8% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 1% |
### **GHANA**
**Population**: **23 478 394**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$590**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 2 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
—
2 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 2 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | 0 |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
1 856b (73% males, 27% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
14 492c |
- **National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports), defined**
- **as died within 30 days of the crash. c National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports).**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: National Road Safety Commission, "Road Traffic Accident Statistics 2006"
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Building and Road Research Institute
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|
| 931 642 total (2007)
Motorcars
53%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
16%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
8%
Trucks
9%
Buses
13%
Other
1% | |
### **GREECE**
**Population**: **11 146 918**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$29 630**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
7.2%b
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yesc |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 58% Drivers, 32% Passengersd |
| Enforcementa | 7 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 75% Front, 42% Reard |
| Enforcementa | 7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | Yes
6 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2006, Road Traffic Police and Port Police Authorities, drivers involved in fatal crashes.**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2006, Road Traffic Police and Port Police Authorities, includes only people involved in reported road traffic crashes.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
— |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
1 657e (82% males, 18% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
20 675f |
| Costing study available
No |
- **National Statistical Service data, defined as died within 30 days of the**
- **crash. f Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, National Statistical Service
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Statistical Service
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 7 212 236 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 65% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 17% |
| Trucks | 17% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 1% |
### **GUATEMALA**
**Population**: **13 353 911**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 305**
#### **INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency** Funded in national budget **Yes National road safety strategy** Measurable targets Funded **No (subnational) n/a n/a Ministry of the Interior, Department of Transit of the National Civil Police**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
10–90 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
—
5 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | No
n/a |
| a | Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a |
|---|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. |
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | No |
National policies to promote public transportation
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2004)
581b (74% males, 25% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2004)
2 586c |
| |
- **National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records), defined as**
- **died at the crash scene. c National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records).**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2004, National Civil Police, Institute of National Statistics
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 1 613 796 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 28% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 24% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 11% |
| Trucks | 7% |
| Buses | 5% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | <1% |
| Other | 23% |
| Unspecified | 2% |
**No (subnational)**
### **GUINEA-BISSAU**
**Population**: **1 695 043**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$200**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
117c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
— |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|----------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 4 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
—
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 57 839 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 73% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 9% |
| Trucks | 17% |
| Buses | <1% |
**scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
### **GUYANA**
**Population**: **737 906**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 300**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Home Affairs |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|------------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
48 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
—
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yesb
No
— | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
—
7 | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes | |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
**scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
**Some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
207c (74% males, 25% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
1 356d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Police data, defined as death resulting from injuries due to a road**
- **accident event (time period not specified). d**
**Ministry of Home Affairs data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Guyana Police Force – Traffic Headquarters
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Traffic Headquarters
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 127 825 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 35% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 29% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 15% |
| Trucks | 7% |
| Other | 14% |
### **HONDURAS**
**Population**: **7 106 001**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 600**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 40 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.07 g/dl
0.07 g/dl
Yes
8%b
4 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | 60% Drivers, 40% Passengersc |
| Enforcementa | 5 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 80% Front, 10% Reard |
| Enforcementa | 7 |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, National Transit Bureau, proportion of fatal crashes due to alcohol.**
- **2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security.**
- **2007, National Transit Bureau.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | No |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
974e (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
3 156f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **National Transit Bureau data, defined as died within 24 hours**
- **of the crash. f Ministry of Security and Ministry of Health data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security
Source: Forensic Medicine Bureau/Public Ministry
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 786 682 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 62% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 12% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 11% |
| Trucks | 10% |
| Buses | 4% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 1% |
| Other | <1% |
### **HUNGARY**
**Population**: **10 029 683**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$11 570**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Interministerial Committee for Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
12%b
5 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 95%c |
| Enforcementa | 9 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 71% Front, 40% Reard |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2006, Central Statistical Office.**
- **Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers.**
- **2007, Observational study.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
No (subnational) |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 232e (74% males, 25% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
27 452f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths only) |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Traffic Accidents 2006 Yearbook
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 3 625 386 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 83% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 4% |
| Trucks | 12% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 1% |
### **ICELAND**
**Population**: **301 006 Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$54 100**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
20%b
7 | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
95%c
8 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
88% Front, 68% Reard
8 | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
8 | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, The Road Traffic Directorate.**
- **Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers.**
- **2007, National telephone survey conducted by Capacent Gallup.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
No (subnational) |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
- **Statistics Iceland Mortality Coding Register data, defined as died within**
- **30 days of the crash. f Icelandic Accident Register data.**
**Yes** (deaths and injuries)
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: The Road Traffic Directorate yearly report 1998–2007
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 293 299 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 71% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 5% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 7% |
| Trucks | 3% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 14% |
| | |
### **INDIA**
**Population**: **1 169 015 509**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$950**
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | No (subnationally) |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | n/a |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
| Drink–driving law | Yes |
| BAC limit – general population | 0.03 g/dl |
| BAC limit – young or novice drivers | 0.03 g/dl |
| Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | Yes |
| Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | — |
| Enforcementb | 3 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yesc |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementb | 2 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementb | 2 |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
**scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c Some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
105 725d (84% males, 16% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) |
| 452 922e |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: "Road Accidents in India 2006." Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways
Source: National Crime Records Bureau
| 3% |
|-----|
| 5% |
| |
| 1% |
| 71% |
| 13% |
| 6% |
| 1% |
| |
**Police data.**
### **INDONESIA**
**Population**: **231 626 978**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 650**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|-------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
70 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
93%c
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
85%d
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2007, National rate estimated from study of helmet wearing in 31 cities in 10 provinces.**
- **2005, Jakarta survey.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2008, National Police. Based on data collected in 3 provinces, deaths at the crash scene only
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Police
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 63 318 522 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 15% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 73% |
| Trucks | 8% |
| Buses | 4% |
| | |
**Police data.**
### **IRAN (Islamic Republic of)**
**Population**: **71 208 384 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 470**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Headquarter for Transportation and Fuel Management | Yes |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | | Multiple
n/a
n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|--|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
50 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
13–15%c
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
75–80%d
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.**
- **2008, Traffi c Police, 20–25% drivers, 3–4% passengers.**
- **2007, Traffi c Police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--|--|--|--|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | | | | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | | | | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes | | | | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities
(2007–2008 Iranian Calendar)
22 918e (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries
(2007–2008 Iranian Calendar)
685 611f |
| Costing study available |
**Forensic Medicine data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data.**
**Yes** (deaths and injuries)
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 1998, Forensic Medicine Organization
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|--|--|--|
| 17 000 000 total (2008)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 48%
37% | | | |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other | <1%
5%
<1%
9% | | | |
### **IRAQ**
**Population**: **28 993 374**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 646**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Lead agency | Supreme Council Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | No (subnational) |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
100 km/h
5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No
—
5 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
—
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--|--|--|
| No car manufacturers | | | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | | | | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes | | | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2005)
1 789b (83% males, 17% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2005)
7 467c |
| Costing study available |
**Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police Statistics, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash, excludes Kurdistan**
**No**
**region. c Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police Statistics, excludes Kurdistan region.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, data since 1990 exclude Kurdistan region
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| 2 242 269 total (2006)
Motorcars
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 35%
53%
7%
5% |
### **IRELAND**
**Population**: **4 300 902**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$48 140**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Safety Authority |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | — |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
37%b
No consensus |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | — |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 86% Front, 63% Rearc |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Based on Bedford D, McKeown N, Vellinga A, Howell F (2006) "Alcohol in fatal road crashes in Ireland in**
- **2003" Population Health Directorate, Health Service Executive. c 2006, Road Safety Authority Seat Belt Wearing Survey.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system
National universal access number | Yes
Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
365d (72% males, 27% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) |
| 8 575e |
- **Road Safety Authority data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Road Safety Authority data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: "Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006"
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: "Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006"
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| 2 444 159 total (2006)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 76%
2%
16%
2%
<1% |
| Other | 4% |
### **ISRAEL**
**Population**: **6 927 677**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$21 900**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Road Safety Authority |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
8%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
95%c
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
94% Drivers, 88% Front passengers, 45% Reard
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
8 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Israeli Police.**
**Child restraints law** Enforcementa
- **2006, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority, drivers and passengers.**
- **2007, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 2 283 634 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 78% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 4% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 14% |
| Trucks | 2% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 1% |
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.
**Yes**
**5**
**Police data.**
### **ITALY**
**Population**: **58 876 834**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$33 540**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | General Directorate for Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
No consensus
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
60%c
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
65% Front, 10% Rearc
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
7 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Some exceptions.**
- **2007, SISTEMA ULISSE Monitoraggio Nazionale sull'uso dei dispositivi di sicurezza.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
5 669d (77% males, 23% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) |
| 332 995e |
- **ISTAT (National Statistics Office) and ACI (Automobile Club d'Italia) data,**
- **defined as died within 30 days of the crash. e**
- **ISTAT and ACI data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Office) and ACI (Automobile Club d'Italia)
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Office) and ACI (Automobile Club d'Italia)
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|--------------------------------------|-----------|
| 43 262 992 total (2008)
Motorcars | 83% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 13% |
| Trucks
Buses | 3%
<1% |
### **JAMAICA**
**Population**: **2 713 779**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 710**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Road Safety Council |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No
—
2 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 7% Drivers, 6% Passengersb |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 69% Drivers, 62% Passengersb |
| Enforcementa | 5 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2000, Healthy Lifestyle Survey.**
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Police Traffic Headquarters, Jamaica Constabulary Force
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
### **REGISTERED VEHICLES 320 000** total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available
**Yes Yes**
**Health data.**
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
### **JAPAN**
**Population**: **127 966 709**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$37 670**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Central Traffic Safety Policy Council |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | n/aa |
| Enforcementb | No consensus |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
8%c
No consensus |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementb | No consensus |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 95%–99% Driversd |
| Enforcementb | No consensus |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementb | No consensus |
- **Different system of road classification used.**
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **2007, Police data.**
- **2007, National Police Agency/Japan Automobile Foundation.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Noe
Noe |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No consensus
Yes |
**Some irregular or informal safety checks are conducted.**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
6 639f (68% males, 32% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
1 034 445g |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Vital statistics data (2006): 8 195 deaths, defined using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. g**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, Police data
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| | |
| 63% | |
| | |
| | |
| <1% | |
| Other | 5% |
| 91 378 636 total (2006h
& 2008i
)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
14%
Trucks
18%
Buses | |
- **Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (data on motor-driven**
- **cycles and small-sized special motor vehicles). i Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.**
### **JORDAN**
**Population**: **5 924 245**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 850**
| | INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------|
| Lead agency | Funded in national budget | Road Safety Council
No |
| Measurable targets
Funded | National road safety strategy | Yesa
n/a
n/a |
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50–80 km/h |
| Enforcementb | 6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
police checkpoints
—
—
3 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementb | 4 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | No |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 65% Drivers, 10% Front passengersc |
| Enforcementb | 5 |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **2006, Jordan Traffic Institute.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
992d (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
17 969e |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Public Security Directorate/Jordan Traffic Institute data, defined as died**
- **within 30 days of the crash. e Public Security Directorate/Jordan Traffic Institute data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Country questionnaire
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Country questionnaire
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| 841 933 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 65%
<1%
12%
18%
2% |
| Other | 3% |
### **KAZAKHSTAN**a
**Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).**
**Population**: **15 421 861**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 060**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Police Department |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | No |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
No
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
3%c |
| Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | 10
Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a
Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not | | | | Yes
7 |
- **Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not**
- **effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
- **2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
4 365d (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
32 988e |
| Costing study available
— |
- **Ministry of Internal Affairs, Health Ministry and Statistics Agency, defi ned**
- **as died within 7 days of the crash. e**
**Health data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 3 105 954 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 79% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 2% |
| Trucks | 13% |
| Buses | 3% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 4% |
### **KENYA**
**Population**: **37 537 716**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$680**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Transport |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|----------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | Yes
Yes
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
2 893c (72% males, 28% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
12 470d |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police data, defined as died at the crash scene.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Traffic Police
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Kenya Traffic Police Department
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| 1 004 243 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 56%
18%
11%
10%
2% |
| Other | 3% |
**Police data.**
### **KIRIBATI**
**Population**: **95 067 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 170**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Kiribati Police Service
No |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 40 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
30%b
2 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | No |
| Applies to all riders | n/a |
| Helmet standards mandated | n/a |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 1 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | 0 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2003–2008, Kiribati Police Service.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
7c (84% males, 16% females)d |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries
— |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.**
- **1999–2006, health data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Emergency Accident Record Book, Ministry of Health and Medical Services
Source: Kiribati Police Service, data for South Tarawa, Betio and referral cases from other islands
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 16 000 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 60% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 13% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 22% |
| Trucks | 5% |
| Buses | 1% |
### **KUWAIT**
**Population**: **2 851 144**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$40 114**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
45 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
Yes
—
9 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
No
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006)
482c (62% males, 38% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
8 584d |
| Costing study available |
- **Health data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Health data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| 1 364 790 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other | 55%
<1%
35%
7%
2%
<1% |
### **KYRGYZSTAN**
**Population**: **5 316 543**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$590**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Commission of Traffic Accident Prevention
to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | Multiple
n/a
n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|-----------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
7 | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
7 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
— | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 252c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
6 223d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 1 year**
- **of the crash. d Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Central Administration of Road Safety to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republican Medical Information Center to the Ministry of Public Health of the Kyrgyz Republic
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| YEAR | NUMBER OF
DEATHS |
|------|---------------------|
| 2006 | 1 051 |
| 2007 | 1 252 |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**REGISTERED VEHICLES**
**318 581** total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available
### **LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC**
**Population**: **5 859 393 Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$580**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Public Works and Transport |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 40 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
police checkpoints
Yes
48%b
3 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yesc |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | 77% Drivers, 87% Passengersd |
| Enforcementa | 6 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | n/ae |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2000–2007, Police data.**
- **Some exceptions. 2007, Handicap International Belgium, survey conducted in Vientiane.**
- **Law not yet enforced.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA | |
|--------------------------------------------------|--|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
608f | |
**Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries** (2007) **8 714**g
**Costing study available Yes** (deaths and injuries)
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.**
- **g Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 641 081 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 2% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 79% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 14% |
| Trucks | 3% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 2% |
### **LATVIA**
**Population**: **2 277 040**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$9 930**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Traffic Safety Council |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
21%b
7 | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
No
93%c
6 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
77% Front, 32% Reard
7 | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | Yes
6 | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2006, "Statistics of road accidents in Latvia," Road Traffic Safety Directorate.**
- **2006, research by Road Traffic Research, LTD. Drivers and passengers of motorcycles in Riga and Riga**
- **region. d 2006, Observational studies by Road Traffic Research, LTD and Data Serviss, LTD.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--|
| No car manufacturers | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
No (subnational) | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
407e (76% males, 24% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) |
| 5 404f |
**Road Safety Directorate data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Road Safety Directorate data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, Road Safety Directorate, "Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Latvia 2007"
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
**REGISTERED VEHICLES 1 062 935** total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other **77% 4% 11% 1% 7%**
### **LEBANON**
**Population**: **4 099 115**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 770**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | Yesa |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
100 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | 1 | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 2 | | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | 4 | Yes
No
15%c |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
| | | | 2007, Internal Security Forces. | |
|--|--|--|---------------------------------|--|
|--|--|--|---------------------------------|--|
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
497d (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
6 266e |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Internal Security Forces data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.**
- **Internal Security Forces data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
### **POST-CRASH CARE**
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number **No n/a**
**— Data not available.**
**n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
Registered vehicle types: data not available **Estimation by consensus group.**
**REGISTERED VEHICLES 1 400 000**f total (2007)
Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.
### **LESOTHO**
**Population**: **2 007 833 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 000**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Safety Department |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yesa |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | Yes
No
50 km/h
5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | Yes
0.10 g/dl
0.10 g/dl
Yes
—
5 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | Yes
No
—
5 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | —
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
**Road Safety Department data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: "Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007," Road Safety Department
Source: "Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007," Road Safety Department
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
**Police data.**
### **LIBERIA**
**Population**: **3 750 261**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$150**
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities
— |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries
— |
| Costing study available
No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Nob
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Nob
No
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b No laws but national regulations enforced by Liberia National Police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 11 086 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 67% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 18% |
| Trucks | 7% |
| Buses | 5% |
| Other | <1% |
| | |
### **LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA (the)**
**Population**: **6 160 483**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$9 010**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|--------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
No
2%c |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
No
—
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
5%c |
| Child restraints law | | | | | No |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2007, General Traffic Department.**
Enforcementa
#### **VEHICLE STANDARDS**
**ROAD SAFETY AUDITS**
### No car manufacturers
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure
#### **PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT**
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation **No No (subnational)**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | No |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
2 138d (65% males, 35% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
6 850e |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **General Traffic Department data, defined as died within 30 days of the**
- **crash. e General Traffic Department data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2008, General Traffic Department
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: General Traffic Department
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 1 826 533 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 76% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 2% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 12% |
| Trucks | 5% |
| Buses | 5% |
**n/a**
**No No**
### **LITHUANIA**
**Population**: **3 389 937**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$9 920**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | State Traffic Safety Commission
No |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | Yes
0.04 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
12%b |
| Enforcementa | | | 6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Enforcementa | | | 6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 |
| Child restraints law | | | Yes |
| Enforcementa | | | 5 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior).**
National policies to promote public transportation
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
759c (72% males, 26% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
8 254d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior)
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
**REGISTERED VEHICLES 1 781 686** total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other **89% 1% 8% 1% 1%**
**— Data not available.** Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.
**No (subnational)**
### **MADAGASCAR**
**Population**: **19 683 358**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$320**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
— |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
—
5 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
—
Yes
—
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
—
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006)
550b |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006)
5 190c |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| 197 981 total (2006)
Motorcars
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 52%
23%
16%
9% |
**Police data.**
### **MALAWI**
**Population**: **13 925 070**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$250**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | National Road Safety Council
Yes |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | No
n/a
n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
45%b
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Data source not available.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
#### **— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
839c (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
2 130d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Malawi Traffi c Police and Road Safety Council data, defi ned as died within**
- **30 days of the crash. d Malawi Traffi c Police & Road Safety Council data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, National Road Council/ Malawi Traffi c Police
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 130 000 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 41% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 8% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 30% |
| Trucks | 16% |
| Buses | 5% |
### **MALAYSIA**
**Population**: **26 571 879**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$6 540**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Cabinet Committee on Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
police checkpoints
Yes
—
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yesb |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 90% Drivers, 70% Passengersc |
| Enforcementa | 6 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | No |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 70% Frontd |
| Enforcementa | 6 |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2007, Malaysian Institute on Road Safety Research.**
- **2003, International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences Research Vol 28 No. 1 (published 2004).**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
6 282e (84% males, 16% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
21 363f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Royal Malaysian Police
Source: Road Safety Department Malaysia
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| 16 825 150 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Trucks
Other | 45%
47%
5%
3% |
**Police data.**
### **MALDIVES**
**Population**: **305 556 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 200**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
30 km/h
5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
—
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system
National universal access number | No
n/a |
| DATA | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
8b (88% males, 12% females) | |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries
— | |
| Costing study available
No | |
**Police data, defi ned as died at the scene of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Maldives Police Service
| 8% |
|-----|
| 79% |
| 7% |
| 1% |
| 5% |
| |
### **MALI**
**Population**: **12 336 799**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$500**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
—
3 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 2 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 5 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | 2 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
| | | | Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit. | |
|--|--|--|------------------------------------------|--|
| | | | | |
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
659c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries
— |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police and Health data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Yeard Data for 2002 not provided Source: Direction de la Régulation de la Circulation et des Transports Urbains
du District de Bamako, data for Bamako district only
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 167 245 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 52% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 6% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 9% |
| Trucks | 7% |
| Other | 26% |
### **MALTA**
**Population**: **406 582**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$14 575**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------|
| Lead agency | Malta Transport Authority |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
96% Front, 21% Rearb
8 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Malta Transport Authority survey.**
**Child restraints law** Enforcementa
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
14c (79% males, 21% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
1 195d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data (defined as died within 30 days of the crash) and Health data**
- **(using ICD-10 codes). d Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Malta Police, published by the National Statistics Office
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
**REGISTERED VEHICLES 346 118** total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other **76% 6% <1% 17% <1% 1%**
**Yes**
**6**
### **MARSHALL ISLANDS**
**Population**: **59 286 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 070**
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | Yes
No
40 km/h
5 | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | Yes
Nonec
Nonec
Yes
70%d
6 | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | Yes
Yese
No
95%d
7 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | No
n/a
5% Front, 0% Reard
n/a | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | No
n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
- **Police estimate for average year.**
- **Some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
1f (male) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
35g |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| YEAR | DEATHS |
|------|-------------------------------|
| 2007 | 1 driver of 4-wheeled vehicle |
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 2 487 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 63% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 1% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 27% |
| Trucks | 4% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Other | 3% |
**Police data.**
### **MAURITANIA**
**Population**: **3 123 813**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$840**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------|
| Lead agency | Department of Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|-----------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
80 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
—
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
No
50% Driversc | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes
Yes
— | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | 1 | | | | Yes | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. Estimation by consensus group.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
202d |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
7 838e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.**
- **Police data supplemented with a study (not referenced).**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Direction des Transports et de la sécurité routière
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
**REGISTERED VEHICLES**
**350 000** total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
### **MAURITIUS**
**Population**: **1 261 641**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 450**
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 4 | | Yes
No
40–80 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | 5 | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
24%c |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Yes
94% Front, 10% Reard
8 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c 2007, Forensic Science Laboratory.**
**Child restraints law** Enforcementb
**2004, Survey conducted by the Traffic Management and Road Safety Unit.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
140e (86% males, 14% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
2 915f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Central Statistics Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Central Statistics Office data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Traffic Management and Road Safety Unit and the Police Road Safety Unit
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: "Road Transport and Road Traffic Accident Statistics, 2007"
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 334 125 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 43% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 43% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 7% |
| Trucks | 5% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | <1% |
| Other | <1% |
**No n/a**
### **MEXICO**
**Population**: **106 534 880**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$8 340**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Council of Injury Prevention (CONAPRA) |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
40–80 km/h
4 | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
n/ab
n/ab
Yes
—
3 | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
3 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
—
5 | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | Yes
1 | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
| BAC limits are set at the subnational level (0.08 g/dl in the Federal District and most cities). |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
No (subnational) |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
- **National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information data, defined**
- **as died at the crash scene. d**
- **Health data.**
**No**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Vital Statistics
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 24 970 879 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 66% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Trucks | 30% |
| Buses | 1% |
### **MICRONESIA (Federated States of)**
**Population**: **111 117 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 470**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No (subnational) |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | No (subnationally) |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | n/a |
| Maximum limit urban roads | n/a |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Drink–driving law | No (subnational) |
| BAC limit – general population | n/a |
| BAC limit – young or novice drivers | n/a |
| Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | n/a |
| Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | 90%b |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law | No (subnational) |
| Applies to all riders | n/a |
| Helmet standards mandated | n/a |
| Helmet wearing rate | 100%b |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Seat-belt law | No |
| Applies to all occupants | n/a |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 10%c |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Police and Transport data. Police estimate for average year.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
1–2d |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries
50e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
- **Police, estimate for an average year.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Police estimate that 10% of road traffi c deaths are pedestrians, 30% are drivers of motorcars, and 60% are passengers in motorcars.
Source: Country questionnaire
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 4 217 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 42% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | <1% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 48% |
| Trucks | 3% |
| Buses | 4% |
| Other | 3% |
### **MONGOLIA**
**Population**: **2 628 840**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 290**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Committee of Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
4%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
70–80% Driversc
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007 Police data, proportion of road traffic deaths involving drunk drivers.**
- **2008, Police estimate, 10–20% front-seat passengers, 5–10% rear-seat passengers.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
562d (84% males, 16% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
932e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Health data, time period not specified in definition.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health
Source: National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| 161 989 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 68%
1%
2%
21%
8% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | <1% |
### **MONTENEGRO**
**Population**: **597 983**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 180**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law | | | 6 |
| Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Enforcementa | | | 6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
122b (82% males, 18% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
2 796c |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control
Source: Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|
| 199 014 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 90%
2%
<1% |
| Trucks
Buses
Other | 6%
<1%
2% |
**Police data.**
### **MOROCCO**
**Population**: **31 224 137**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 250**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Interministerial Committee of Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-----------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Nob
n/a
n/a
n/a
3%c
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
Yes
67% Driversd
4 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
75% Front, 19% Reard
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Alcohol consumption is prohibited.**
- **2007, National Road Administration, Ministry of Equipment and Transport.**
- **2007, National Committee of Prevention from Traffic Accidents, urban areas only.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
3 838e (81% males, 18% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
89 264f |
| Costing study available
No |
**Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, National Road Administration
Source: National Road Administration, and National Statistic Administration
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 2 284 060 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 72% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 1% |
| Trucks | 23% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 3% |
**Transport data.**
### **MOZAMBIQUE**
**Population**: **21 396 916**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$320**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Institute of Traffic |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
9 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
0.06 g/dl
0.06 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Enforcementa | | | | 7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
—
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 502b (74% males, 26% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
7 065c |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Ministry of Interior
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 258 680 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 60% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 15% |
| Trucks | 22% |
| Other | 3% |
**Police data.**
### **MYANMAR**
**Population**: **48 798 212**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$281**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
40 km/h
5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.07 g/dl
0.07 g/dl
Yes
—
5 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
60%c
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | —
—
—
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | —
— |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2007, Road Transport Administration Department.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | No |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 638d (75% males, 25% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
12 358e |
| Costing study available |
- **Police, Transport and Health data, defined as died within 30 days of the**
- **crash. e Police and Transport data.**
**Yes** (deaths and injuries)
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Road Traffic Administration Department
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Country questionnaire
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 1 045 105 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 26% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 65% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 2% |
| Trucks | 3% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Other | 2% |
### **NAMIBIA**
**Population**: **2 074 146 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 360**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
8 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
55% Front, 1% Rearb
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, study on seat belt compliance by Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP Namibia).**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
368c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
6 137d |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Road Safety Council, "Road Collision Statistical Report 2005"
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| 239 612 total (2008)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 45%
2%
43%
6%
1% |
| Other | 2% |
**Health data.**
### **NAURU**
**Population**: **10 152 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$7 842**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 40 km/h |
| Enforcementa | — |
| Drink–driving law | Yes |
| BAC limit – general population | 0.05 g/dl |
| BAC limit – young or novice drivers | 0.05 g/dl |
| Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | Yes |
| Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | — |
| Enforcementa | — |
| Motorcycle helmet law | No |
| Applies to all riders | n/a |
| Helmet standards mandated | n/a |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Seat-belt law | No |
| Applies to all occupants | n/a |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
No |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
1b (male) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
9c |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police and Health data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**REGISTERED VEHICLES** Data not available
**Police and Health data.**
### **NEPAL**
**Population**: **28 195 994**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$340**
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|-----------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | 5 | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Nonec
Nonec
Yes
—d
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | 4 | | Yes
No
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
- **No data on deaths, but proportion of annual road traffi c crashes caused by alcohol estimated at 11%.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
962e (80% males, 20% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
2 653f |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 35 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Data collected by fi nancial year Source: Country questionnaire
| 14%
69%
2%
5%
3%
7% |
|------------------------------------|
| |
### **NETHERLANDS**
**Population**: **16 418 824**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$45 820**
| Lead agency | INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management
Directorate-General Passenger Transport, Road Safety Division | |
|---------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Funded in national budget | | Yes |
| | National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | | Yes |
| Funded | | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
breath testing
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
25%b
No consensus |
| Motorcycle helmet law c | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yesc |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 92% Drivers,72% Passengersd |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 94% Front, 73% Reare |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Case-control study in Tilburg police district.**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **Applies to mopeds only.**
- **2006 data, "Road Safety in the Netherlands. Key Figures 2008."**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
- **Defined as died within 30 days of the crash, "Road Safety in the**
- **Netherlands. Key Figures 2008." g**
- **Transport data. Hospitalized cases.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research and Statistics Netherlands
Source: Statistics Netherlands/Ministry of Transport, 2007
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 8 862 935 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 82% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 6% |
| Trucks | 2% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 10% |
### **NEW ZEALAND**
**Population**: **4 178 525**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$28 780**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Ministry of Transport
Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
police checkpoints
Yes
31%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yesc |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 9 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 95% Front, 87% Rearb |
| Enforcementa | 9 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | 8 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Transport data. Some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
423d (67% males, 33% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
16 013e |
- **Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Transport data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport
Source: Country questionnaire
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
**REGISTERED VEHICLES 3 189 131** total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Buses Trucks **82% 3% 1% 15%**
### **NICARAGUA**
**Population**: **5 603 190**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$980**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--------|---|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
45 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
12%b |
| Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3
3 | | Yes
—
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
No
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **National Police, year not specified.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
- **Police data, definition not specified.**
- **2006 Police data.**
- **Police and Health data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: National Police, Statistical Yearbook 2007
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Police
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 382 707 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 31% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 16% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 39% |
| Trucks | 8% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Other | 4% |
### **NIGER**
**Population**: **14 225 521**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$280**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Road Safety Commission |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| Speed limits set nationally | | | | Yes | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|---------|--|
| Local authorities can set lower limits | | | | Yes | |
| Maximum limit urban roads | | | | 50 km/h | |
| Enforcementa | | 2 | | | |
| Drink–driving law | | | | Yes | |
| BAC limit – general population | | | | Noneb | |
| BAC limit – young or novice drivers | | | | Noneb | |
| Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints | | | | No | |
| Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | 1%c | |
| Enforcementa | | | 3 | | |
| Motorcycle helmet law | | | | Yes | |
| Applies to all riders | | | | Yes | |
| Helmet standards mandated | | | | No | |
| Helmet wearing rate | | | | — | |
| Enforcementa | 1 | | | | |
| Seat-belt law | | | | No | |
| Applies to all occupants | | | | n/a | |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | — | |
| Enforcementa | | | | n/a | |
| Child restraints law | | | | No | |
| Enforcementa | | | | n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2007, Ministry of Transport.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
528d (72% males, 28% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) |
| 9 094e |
- **Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.**
- **Police data from urban areas.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------------------------|-----------|
| 76 061 total (2005) | |
| Motorcars | 76% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks | 15%
1% |
| Buses | 3% |
| Other | 4% |
### **NIGERIA**
**Population**: **148 092 542**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$930**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
<10%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
<5%b |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
70% Frontb
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Source not specifi ed.**
- **Some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | No |
| DATA | |
|------------------------------------------|--|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) | |
**4 673**d (66% males, 33% females) **Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries** (2007)
**Costing study available Yes** (deaths and injuries)
**17 794**e
- **Federal Road Safety Commission data, defi ned as died within 1 year of**
- **the crash. e Federal Road Safety Commission data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|------------------------|-----|
| 7 600 000 total (2007) | |
| Motorized 4-wheelers | 60 |
| Motorized 2-wheelers | 40 |
| Trucks | <1% |
### **NORWAY**
**Population**: **4 698 097**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$76 450**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
20–30%b
4 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 100% Drivers and passengersb |
| Enforcementa | 9 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 93% Front, 85% Rearb |
| Enforcementa | 6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a | Yes
9 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Norwegian Public Roads Administration.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
233c (70% males, 30% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
11 755d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Statistics Norway data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Statistics Norway data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Statistics Norway
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Statistics Norway
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 2 599 712 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 80% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 16% |
| Trucks | 3% |
| Buses | 1% |
### **OMAN**
**Population**: **2 595 133**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$11 275**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | Yes |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
120 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
95% Front, 1% Rearb
9 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Estimation by consensus group, based on 4% of traffi c offences relating to seat-belts.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
798c (84% males, 16% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
8 531d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Directorate General of Traffi c Services of the Royal Oman Police
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| 629 670 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other | 72%
1%
12%
6%
4%
6% |
### **PAKISTAN**
**Population**: **163 902 405**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$870**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Road Safety Secretariat |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 70 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
police checkpoints
Yes
—
4 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | No |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 4 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | No |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
**Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
5 565c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
12 990d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene or anytime after the**
- **crash. d Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 5 287 152 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 27% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 51% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 11% |
| Trucks | 4% |
| Buses | 5% |
| Unspecifi ed | 2% |
### **PALAU**
**Population**: **20 314**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$8 210**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Patrol Division, Ministry of Justice |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.10 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
100%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
—
8 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Country questionnaire.**
- **Some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
3d (100% males) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006)
91e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Justice data, defi ned as died from injuries or complications resulting from a**
- **crash. e Health data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 5 530 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 33% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 14% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 24% |
| Trucks | 29% |
### **PANAMA**
**Population**: **3 343 374 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 510**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
80 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.01 g/dl
0.01 g/dl
Yes
—
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | No |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
425b (82% males, 18% females)c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005)
11 383d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Comptroller General of the Republic data, defined as died within 30 days**
- **of the crash. c 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic data.**
- **Comptroller General of the Republic data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic
Source: Comptroller General of the Republic
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| 671 085 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 65%
3%
17%
9%
3% |
| Non-motorized vehicles
Other | 3%
<1% |
### **PAPUA NEW GUINEA**
**Population**: **6 331 010**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$850**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---|--------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 1 | | | Yes
No
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
66%c |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | No |
| a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a | | | | | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.**
- **1988, Traffic police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | —
— |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
237d |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
1 210e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Motor Vehicle Insurance LTD
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Traffic Directorate, Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| 59 645 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks | 64%
2%
1%
18% |
| Buses
Other | 11%
4% |
### **PARAGUAY**
**Population**: **6 127 077**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 670**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
31% Frontb
5 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Journal of the Paraguayan Touring and Automobile Club. No. 103/2007, Asunción only.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | No |
National policies to promote public transportation
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | No |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
845c (83% males, 17% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
11 806d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, time period not specified in definition.**
- **Health data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, Database of the Vital Statistics Subsystem, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare; National Police (Statistics Department)
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 576 167 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 38% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 19% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 28% |
| Trucks | 8% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Unspecified | 5% |
**No (subnational)**
### **PERU**
**Population**: **27 902 760**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 450**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | Yes
No
60 km/h
1 | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
11%b
2 | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
1 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
85% Front, 25% Rearc
7 | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | No
n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, National Police.**
- **2007, National Council for Road Safety.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | |
|-------------------|--|--|
|-------------------|--|--|
No car manufacturers
#### **ROAD SAFETY AUDITS**
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure
### **PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT**
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation **No No (subnational)**
#### **POST-CRASH CARE** Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number **No n/a**
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Institute of Legal Medicine
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Police
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 1 442 387 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 64% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 23% |
| Trucks | 10% |
| Buses | 3% |
**No No**
**Police data.**
### **PHILIPPINES**
**Population**: **87 960 117**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 620**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|-----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | 3 | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | No
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
34%b
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | 3 | Yes
Yes
52% Driversb |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2000, Health data, survey.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | No |
|--|
**Reported road traffi c fatalities** (2006) **1 185**c
**Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries** (2006) **5 870**d
**Costing study available Yes** (deaths and injuries)
- **Transport data, national roads only, defi ned as died within 30 days of the**
- **crash. d Transport data, national roads only.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS IN METRO MANILA,
2006 | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| 371 Deaths total
Drivers (of mechanically propelled
vehicle or pedal cycle) | 37% |
| Passengers (of mechanically
propelled vehicle)
Pedestrians | 12%
51% |
Source: 2006, Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 5 515 576 total (2007)
Motorcars | 17% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 48% |
| Minibus, van, etc. (seating <20) | 29% |
| Trucks | 5% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | <1% |
### **POLAND**
**Population**: **38 081 971 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$9 840**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Lead agency | The National Road Safety Council |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---------------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
14%b
7 | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
—
8 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
74% Front, 45% Reard
7 | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
6 | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Police. BAC is measured in all fatal and injury crashes.**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2006, National Road Safety Council observational study.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
No (subnational) |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
5 583e (76% males, 24% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
63 224f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Police, Motor Transport Institute
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 18 035 047 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 75% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 4% |
| Trucks | 13% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 7% |
169 **— Data not available.** Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure.
**Police data.**
### **PORTUGAL**
**Population**: **10 623 031**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$18 950**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Authority for Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
8 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
31%b
8 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
86% Front, 28% Rearc
9 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
8 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine.**
- **2004, Prevenção Rodoviária Portuguesa, urban roads (2005 PRP data estimate 93% and 64% on motorways).**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
854d (81% males, 19% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) |
| 46 318e |
- **National Authority for Road Safety data, defined as died at the crash**
- **scene or on the way to health services. e National Authority for Road Safety data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, National Authority for Road Safety
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: The National Statistics Institute (INE)
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 5 948 269 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 88% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 9% |
| Trucks | 2% |
| Buses | <1% |
### **PUERTO RICO**a,b
- **Associate WHO Member State.**
- **b Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).**
**Population**: **3 991 000**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$14 720**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Department of Transportation and Public Works |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 40 km/h |
| Enforcementc | — |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementc | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
42%d
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementc | — |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 93%e |
| Enforcementc | — |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementc | — |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. d 2007, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS).**
- **2006, US Department of Transportation/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
452f (81% males, 19% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries
39 888g (July 2007–July 2008) |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Automobile Accident Compensation Administration data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007 Annual Report, Traffic Department, Puerto Rico Police
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Institute of Forensic Science of Puerto Rico; Age-adjusted death rates per 100 000 population, Puerto Rico 2000 Census population
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------------------|-----|
| 3 165 543 total (July 2006 – July 2007) | |
| Motorcars | 90% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 4% |
| Trucks | 2% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 3% |
### **QATAR**
**Population**: **840 635**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$66 063**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | No
n/a |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | No
n/a
n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
100 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.00 g/dl
0.00 g/dl
No
—
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
No
90%b |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
50% Frontc
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Traffic and Patrols Department. 2008, Traffic and Patrols Department study.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
199d (93% males, 7% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
1 053e |
- **Hamad Medical Corporation and Police data, defined as died within**
- **30 days of the crash. e**
#### **Hamad Medical Corporation data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Traffic and Patrols Department
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Traffic and Patrols Department
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
### **REGISTERED VEHICLES**
**605 699** total (2007)
Registered vehicle types: data not available
### **REPUBLIC OF KOREA**
**Population**: **48 223 853**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$19 690**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--|
| Lead agency | Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs | |
| Funded in national budget | Yes | |
| National road safety strategy | Yes | |
| Measurable targets | Yes | |
| Funded | Yes | |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
16%b
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law c
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
85%c
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
77% Frontd
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Traffic Accidents in Korea 2007, Road Traffic Authority.**
- **2007, National Police Agency. Observational study in 33 cities, drivers and passengers.**
- **2005, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Yes
Seat-belt installation for all seats
Yes | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
6 166e (73% males, 27% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
335 906f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: "Road Traffic Accidents in Korea 2007," Road Traffic Authority
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Road Traffic Authority
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|
| 18 213 228 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 66%
10% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses | 6%
17%
<1% |
**Transport data.**
### **REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA**
**Population**: **3 793 604 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 260**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Traffic Safety Board |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | Yes
No
60 km/h
No consensus |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 2 | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
17%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | Yes
Yes
—
No consensus |
| Child restraints law | | No |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
Enforcementa
**scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Traffic police database (traffic deaths with alcohol detected / number of road traffic deaths per year).**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|--|
| No car manufacturers | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Yes
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure
Yes | | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
589c (74% males, 26% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
2 985d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **National Bureau for Statistics (compiles Police and Health data), defined**
- **as died within 1 year of the crash. d National Bureau for Statistics data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 448 202 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 74% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 6% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 3% |
| Trucks | 16% |
| Buses | 1% |
**n/a**
### **ROMANIA**
**Population**: **21 437 887**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$6 150**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|--|
| Lead agency | The Interministerial Council for Road Safety | |
| Funded in national budget | Yes | |
| National road safety strategy | Yesa | |
| Measurable targets | n/a | |
| Funded | n/a | |
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementb | 5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | Yes
0.00 g/dl
0.00 g/dl
Yes
2%c
8 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 90% Drivers, 65% Passengersd |
| Enforcementb | 6 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 80% Front, 20% Rearc |
| Enforcementb | 5 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementb | 3 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **2007, National Road Traffic Police Directorate.**
- **2007/2008, Unofficial Road Traffic Police estimation for motorcycle riders.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system
National universal access number | Yes
Yes |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.**
**Yes** (deaths and injuries)
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, National Road Traffic Police Directorate
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: National Road Traffic Police Directorate
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| 4 611 362 total (2008)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 79%
1% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 11% |
| Trucks | 3% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 4% |
| Other | 2% |
### **RUSSIAN FEDERATION**
**Population**: **142 498 532**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$7 560**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | The Commission of the Government of
Russian Federation for Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets | Yes
Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
10%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
No consensus
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
33% Frontb
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | Yes
8 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
33 308c (74% males, 26% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
292 206d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 7 days**
- **of the crash. d Ministry of Internal Affairs data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 38 695 996 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 72% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 8% |
| Trucks | 13% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Other | 5% |
### **RWANDA**
**Population**: **9 724 577**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$320**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Road Safety Commission |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
30–40 km/h
9 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
—
8 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Nob
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
80%c
9 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **No law, but a police directive requires helmet use by all drivers and passengers of motorized**
- **2-wheeled vehicles. c Estimation by consensus group.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
308d |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
2 158e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Traffic Police
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Service de Sécurité Routière
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| 61 000 total (2008)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other | 35%
37%
22%
4%
1%
1% |
| | |
### **SAINT LUCIA**
**Population**: **164 924 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 349**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Transport Board |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|--|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes
No
32 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 1 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
—
—
8 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
—
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
30b (83% males, 17% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006)
590c |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Traffi c Department (Police), defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 49 700 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 60% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 2% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 13% |
| Trucks | 23% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 2% |
**Traffi c Police.**
### **SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES**a
**a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).**
**Population**: **120 402 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$4 210**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Ministry of National Security |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 4 | Yes
No
32 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Nonec
Nonec
—
—
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
No
90%d
9 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
6 |
- **Enforcement score based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where**
- **0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.**
- **Estimated by respondents.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|--|--|--|
| No car manufacturers | | | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No | | | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No | | | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
9e (86% males, 14% females) |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
168f |
| Costing study available
No |
**Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.**
**DATA**
**Police Force, Traffic Department, Health Planning Unit, Statistical Unit.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Police Force, Traffic Department
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Traffic Department, Police Headquarters
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 24 334 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 38% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 5% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 44% |
| Trucks | 9% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 3% |
### **SAMOA**
**Population**: **187 023 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 430**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------|
| Lead agency | Land Transport Authority |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | No |
| Funded | No |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---|------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes
—
—
Yes
50%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
No
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2004-2007, Accident Compensation Corporation.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (average year)
20c (76% males, 24% females, 2004–2007) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries
(2006–2007)
178d |
| Costing study available
No |
**Accident Compensation Corporation data, defi nition unknown. Health data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Accident Compensation Corporation
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|--|
| 15 903 total (2008)
Registered vehicle types: data not available | |
### **SAN MARINO**
**Population**: **30 926**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$41 044**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------|
| Lead agency | Yes |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
50 km/h
5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
—
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | Yes
6 |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
1b |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
431c |
| Costing study available
No |
**Health data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2004–2007 (5 deaths), Emergency Service
| 66% |
|-----|
| 22% |
| 7% |
| <1% |
| 5% |
| |
**Health data.**
### **SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE**
**Population**: **157 638 Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$870**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Department of Land Transport |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 30–40 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | No
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | —b |
| Seat-belt law | No |
| Applies to all occupants | n/a |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | <1%c |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
National policies to promote public transportation
- **Law entered into force July 1, 2008, therefore enforcement could not be assessed at the time of the**
- **consensus meeting. c Estimation by consensus group.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
20d (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
408e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police and Health data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Ministério da Defesa e Ordem Interna
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 1 219 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 25% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 66% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 2% |
| Trucks | 1% |
| Other | 6% |
**Yes**
### **SAUDI ARABIA**
**Population**: **24 734 533**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$15 440**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------|
| Lead agency | High Council for Traffi c |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|---------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
80 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
No
—
7 | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes
No
No
— | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
— | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes | |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
6 358b (86% males, 14% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
36 025c |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| YEAR | NUMBER OF
DEATHS |
|------|---------------------|
| 2006 | 5 883 |
| 2007 | 6 358 |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**REGISTERED VEHICLES**
**7 398 600** total (2007)
Registered vehicle types: data not available
**Police data.**
### **SENEGAL**
**Population**: **12 378 532**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$820**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Directorate of Land Transport |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|---------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes
—
—
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
—
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
320b |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries
— |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Directorate of Land Transport data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Directorate of Land Transport
| 67% |
|-----|
| 4% |
| 12% |
| 6% |
| 5% |
| 6% |
| |
### **SERBIA**
**Population**: **9 858 424**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$4 730**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
6%b
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
50–60% Front, 4–5% Rearc |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No (subnational)
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior. 2006, Pilot research of the Academy for Crime Prevention and Police Affairs, observational study.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
962d (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
22 201e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior (data from 1999 to 2007 exclude Kosovo)
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| 2 235 389 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other | 68%
1%
1%
8%
<1%
22% |
### **SEYCHELLES**
**Population**: **86 606 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$8 960**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
80%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
95%b
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
65%b
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
**2007, Police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
14c (69% males, 31% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006)
370d |
| |
**Police and Health data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Seychelles Police Department and Ministry of Health
| 59% |
|-----|
| 1% |
| 29% |
| 10% |
| 1% |
| |
**Police and Transport data.**
### **SIERRA LEONE**
**Population**: **5 865 872**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$260**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
70 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Nob
Yes
—
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
Yesc
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | 1 | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **No provision in law for child riders. Occupants over the age of 18 years.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
71d (65% males, 35% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
298e |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Sierra Leone Police Annual Statistical Analysis
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 39 038 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 42% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 21% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 32% |
| Trucks | 4% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 1% |
Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Aviation.
### **SINGAPORE**a
**Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).**
**Population**: **4 436 281**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$32 470**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Land Transport Authority/Traffic Police
Yes |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | Yes
Yes
Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
No
40–70 km/h
8 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
7%c
8 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yesd
Yes
56%e
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
50%e
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
7 |
- **Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not**
- **effective and 10 is highly effective. c 2007, Police data.**
- **With some exceptions.**
- **Source not specified.**
| | VEHICLE STANDARDS |
|--|-------------------|
| | |
No car manufacturers
#### **ROAD SAFETY AUDITS**
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure **Yes Yes**
#### **PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT**
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation **Yes No (subnational)**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
214f (80% males, 20% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
10 352g |
| |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Traffic Police Department
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: "Monthly Digest of Statistics Singapore," May 2008
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 851 336 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 61% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 17% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Other | 21% |
**Police data.**
### **SLOVAKIA**
**Population**: **5 390 035**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$11 730**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Safety Council |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
4%b
9 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
8 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
8 |
| Child restraints law | | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
Enforcementa
| | | | | | | 2007, Vehicle Register in the Slovak Republic, Ministry of Interior (SR). | | | | |
|--|--|--|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--|
|--|--|--|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--|
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--|--|--|--|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes | | | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | | | | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No | | | | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
627c (76% males, 24% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
11 310d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Statistical-evidence system of road traffic accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Statistical-evidence system of road traffic accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 2 039 745 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 72% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 1% |
| Trucks | 11% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 12% |
| | |
**9**
## **SLOVENIA**
**Population**: **2 001 506**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$20 960**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Interministerial Working Group on Road Traffic Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
38%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
85% Front, 50% Rearc
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
6 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Ministry of Interior, Police.**
- **2007, Ministry of Transport, Slovenian Roads Agency, observational study.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
293d (79% males, 21% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
16 449e |
| |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2008, Ministry of Interior, Police
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 1 286 903 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 79% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 6% |
| Trucks | 6% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 9% |
## **SOLOMON ISLANDS**
**Population**: **495 662**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$730**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Police – Traffi c Division
— |
| National road safety strategy | — |
| Measurable targets | — |
| Funded | — |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 60 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
55%c
3 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 100%d |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Seat-belt law | No |
| Applies to all occupants | n/a |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
- **Traffi c Police estimate. Year and source not specifi ed.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
No |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
19e (74% males, 26% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
606f |
| Costing study available |
- **Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene or during (hospital)**
- **admission. f**
**No**
**Data for Honiara only, source not specifi ed.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
#### **POST-CRASH CARE** Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number **No n/a**
### **REGISTERED VEHICLES 10 000** total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available
**— Data not available.**
## **SOUTH AFRICA**
**Population**: **48 576 763**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$5 760**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Traffic Management Corporation |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 60 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
police checkpoints
Yes
60%b
2 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yesc |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 95% Drivers, 90% Passengersd |
| Enforcementa | 6 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 50% Front, 8% Reare |
| Enforcementa | 2 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
**2**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2006, Department of Transport.**
Enforcementa
- **BMW C1 motorcycle exempt due to design. 2008, Road Traffic Management Corporation.**
- **2007, Road Traffic Management Corporation, observational study.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
14 920f (76% males, 24% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
219 978g |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Road Traffic Management Corporation data, defined as died within 7 days**
- **of the crash. g Road Traffic Management Corporation and Medical Research Council data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 9 237 574 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 63% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 4% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 26% |
| Trucks | 4% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 3% |
## **SPAIN**
**Population**: **44 279 180**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$29 450**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | General Directorate of Traffic
Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 8 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
—
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yesb |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 98% Drivers, 92% Passengersc |
| Enforcementa | 8 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 89% Front, 69% Rearc |
| Enforcementa | 8 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | 7 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Some exceptions.**
- **2007, General Directorate of Traffic, observational study.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
4 104d (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
143 450e |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **General Directorate of Traffic estimate, defined as died within 30 days of**
- **the crash. e General Directorate of Traffic data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, General Directorate of Traffic database
Source: General Directorate of Traffic database
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| 31 441 152 total (2006)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other | 67%
14%
7%
9%
<1%
2% |
## **SRI LANKA**
**Population**: **19 299 190 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 540**
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 5 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | 6 | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
—
7 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a | |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
**With some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
2 334d (82% males, 18% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
31 688e |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Traffic Police, 2006
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 3 125 794 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 12% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 63% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 6% |
| Trucks | 8% |
| Buses | 3% |
| Other | 8% |
**scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
**Police data.**
## **SUDAN**
**Population**: **38 560 488**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$960**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No (subnational) |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
No
—
10 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
—
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
| | Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. | |
|--|----------------------------------------|--|
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
2 227c (76% males, 24% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
21 329d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Police data, defi ned as doctor report states that death was due to the**
- **crash. Data exclude South Sudan states. d Police data, exclude South Sudan states.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 1 200 000 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 64% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 13% |
| Trucks | 12% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 7% |
### **SURINAME**
**Population**: **457 964 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$4 730**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
90%b
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
70% Front, 30% Rearb
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Observational studies conducted by Ministry of Justice and Police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
90c (75% males, 25% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries
— |
| Costing study available
No |
**Ministry of Justice and Police and Department of Health data, defined as died anytime after the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of Traffic Information Education and Statistics)
Source: Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of Traffic Information Education and Statistics)
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| 151 441 total (2006)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Buses | 54%
27%
17%
2% |
## **SWAZILAND**
**Population**: **1 141 427 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 580**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Swaziland Road Safety Council |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | No |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
6 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
3%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
No
80%b |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Royal Swaziland Police.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
235c (72% males, 28% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
4 584d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police
Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 116 050 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 45% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 30% |
| Trucks | 6% |
| Buses | 7% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 4% |
| Unspecified | 5% |
| | |
**Police data.**
### **SWEDEN**
**Population**: **9 118 955**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$46 060**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Lead agency | Swedish Road Administration |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|---|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
20%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
95%d |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
96% Front, 90% Reare |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Estimate based on autopsies of drivers killed in crashes.**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2007, Estimate provided by consensus group.**
- **2006, Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute observational studies.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system
National universal access number | Yes
Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
471f (75% males, 25% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
26 636g |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses, Road Traffic Injuries 2006 (Vägtrafikskador 2006)
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses, Road Traffic Injuries 2007 (Vägtrafikskador 2007)
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 5 500 000 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 77% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 8% |
| Trucks | 9% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 6% |
## **SWITZERLAND**
**Population**: **7 483 973**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$59 880**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------|
| Lead agency | Federal Roads Agency |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yesa |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
16%c
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yesd
Yes
100%e
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
86% Front, 61% Rearf
7 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
8 |
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **2007, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention.**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2006, Sinus-Report 2007 der bfu, motorcycle drivers. f**
- **2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|--|--|--|--|
| No car manufacturers | | | | | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | | | | | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
Yes | | | | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention
Source: Unfallgeschehen in der Schweiz, bfu-Statistik 2007
| 72% |
|-----|
| 14% |
| 10% |
| 1% |
| 3% |
| |
**Swiss Council for Accident Prevention data.**
## **SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC**
**Population**: **19 928 516**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 760**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Committee for Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
45–60 km/h
8 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
No
—
8 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
81% Frontb
9 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
**2007, Syrian Society for Road Accident Prevention.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
2 818c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
16 145d |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene or in hospital.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 1 389 346 total (2007)
Motorcars | 55% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 9% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 25% |
| Trucks | 7% |
| Buses | 3% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 1% |
**Police data.**
## **TAJIKISTAN**
**Population**: **6 735 996**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$460**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Department of the State Automobile Inspection
(Ministry of Internal Affairs) |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
8 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
5%b |
| Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 9
Yes
Yes
No
—
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2007, Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | No |
National policies to promote public transportation
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
464c (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
2 048d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal**
- **Affairs data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. d Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
**Affairs data.**
Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 268 018 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 72% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 4% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 7% |
| Trucks | 15% |
| Buses | 2% |
**No (subnational)**
### **THAILAND**
**Population**: **63 883 662**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 400**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Road Safety Operation Center
Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yes
80 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
4%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yesc
Yes
27%d |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
No
56% Front, 3% Reare |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
National policies to promote walking or cycling
- **2007, Based on sentinel surveillance. Deaths in hospital only, does not include deaths at the crash**
- **scene. c Some exceptions.**
- **2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System.**
National universal access number
**2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (data for front-seat occupants); 2005, Asian Institute of Technology (data for rear-seat occupants).**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
National policies to promote public transportation **Yes**
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
12 492f (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
973 104g |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defined as died at the crash scene.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Injury Surveillance (sentinel sites), Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Police Information System Center, Royal Thai Police
| 14%
63%
19% |
|-------------------|
| 3%
<1%
1% |
| |
**No (subnational)**
**Yes**
**Health data.**
## **THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA**
**Population**: **2 038 464 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 460**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Republic's Council for Road Traffic Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
No
60 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
5%b
6 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yes
No
2%c |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
16%d
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Analysis, Research and Documentation.**
- **2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Information Technology, data relate to motorcycle riders involved in a crash. d**
- **2002, PhD thesis by F. Tozija, survey of injured drivers and passengers treated in hospital.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| Yes
Yes |
|------------|
| |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
140e (83% males, 17% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
6 133f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**State Statistical Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, State Statistical Office
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 259 421 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 86% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 2% |
| Trucks | 8% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 3% |
203 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. **n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
### **TIMOR-LESTE**
**Population**: **1 154 775 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 510**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 50 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 0 |
| Drink–driving law | Yes |
| BAC limit – general population | 0.05 g/dl |
| BAC limit – young or novice drivers | 0.05 g/dl |
| Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | Yes |
| Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | — |
| Enforcementa | 0 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | 70% Drivers, 30% Passengersb |
| Enforcementa | 5 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 5–10% Front, <1% Rearc |
| Enforcementa | 0 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | 0 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **70% drivers, 30% passengers, consensus group estimate, 2007. Consensus group estimate, 2007.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
46d |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
1 686e |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police data, defi ned as died as a result of injuries sustained in crash. Health data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| 6% |
|-----|
| 72% |
| 14% |
| <1% |
| 8% |
| |
## **TOGO**
**Population**: **6 585 147**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$360**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Nob
Yes
No
1%c |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
0%d
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **No law, but there is a regulation that is enforced.**
- **1998, Road Safety Togo.**
- **Estimation by consensus group.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
472e |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
1 824f |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.**
- **Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 48 234 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 22% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 71% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 4% |
| Trucks | <1% |
| Buses | <1% |
| Other | 2% |
### **TONGA**
**Population**: **100 336**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 320**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Traffic Department, Ministry of Police |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | No |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
40 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
25%c |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
7 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
<1%d
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.**
- **2007 Police data.**
- **2003, Ministry of Health and World Health Organization observational study.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
8e (75% males, 25% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries
— |
| Costing study available
No |
**Police data, defined as died within 1 year and one day of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Report by Dr G. Anthony Ryan: WHO STC to Tonga, 1995
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| 2 226 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks | 36%
1%
57%
<1% |
| Buses
Other | <1%
5% |
## **TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO**
**Population**: **1 333 272**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$14 100**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------|
| Lead agency | — |
| Funded in national budget | — |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|--|-------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
—
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
6 |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| DATA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
214b (77% males, 23% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
2 918c |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service,**
- **defined as died within 1 year of the crash. c Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Source: Traffic and Highway, Patrol Branch
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------|--|
| 490 987 total (2007) | |
| Registered vehicle types: data not available | |
### **TUNISIA**
**Population**: **10 327 285**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$3 200**
#### **INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency** Funded in national budget **Yes National road safety strategy** Measurable targets Funded **Yes Yes Yes National Observatory for Information, Training, Documentation and Study on Road Safety**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
5 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
1%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | 3 | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
5 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants | | Yes
No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|
| a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a | |
**scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development.**
Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa
**Child restraints law**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 497c (82% males, 18% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) |
| 14 559d |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: "Statitiscs of Road Accidents", Ministry of Interior and Local Development
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| 1 244 918 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Non-motorized vehicles
Other | 62%
1%
24%
4%
1%
8%
1% |
| | |
**—**
**2**
**No**
**Lead Agency and Police data.**
### **TURKEY**
**Population**: **74 876 695**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$8 020**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Board of Road Traffic Safety |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
8 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
2%b
9 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
Yes
12% Driversb |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
70%c
8 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
7 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b**
- **2005–2007, Security Directorate.**
- **2007, Security Directorate, intercity (rural) roads only. For urban roads, 20%.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|--|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
Yes | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
4 633d (77% males, 23% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
169 080e |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Turkish Statistical Institute data, defined as died at the crash scene.**
- **Turkish Statistical Institute data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, "Traffic Accident Statistics (Road) 2007"
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 13 311 000 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 50% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 15% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 18% |
| Trucks | 6% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 1% |
| Other | 9% |
## **TURKMENISTAN**
**Population**: **4 965 278**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 234**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 60 km/h |
| Enforcementa | 9 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
police checkpoints
Yes
7%b
10 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 8 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | No |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | 7 |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2008, Department of Road Police Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | —
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006)
650c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006)
1 606d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of**
- **Internal Affairs, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash. d Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------|-----|
| 651 564 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 62% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 18% |
| Trucks | 16% |
| Buses | 4% |
## **TUVALU**
**Population**: **10 530**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 441**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---|-----------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
No
64 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a
n/a
0%c
n/a |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a
0%c
n/a |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.**
- **2000–2007, Police data.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2003–2006)
1 per yeard (all males) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries
12 per yeare
˜ |
| Costing study available
No |
**Health data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| DEATHS |
|--------------|
| 1 pedestrian |
| 1 pedestrian |
| 1 pedestrian |
| 1 pedestrian |
| |
Source: Princess Margaret Hospital, Ministry of Health
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Country questionnaire
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 906 total (2005–2008) | |
| Motorcars | 7% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 66% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 5% |
| Trucks | 4% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | 17% |
**Police estimate.**
## **UGANDA**
**Population**: **30 883 805**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$340**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Road Safety Council |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------|------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 3 | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | Yes
Yes
No
— | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yes
— | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | n/a | No (subnational) |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Data collected by financial year. c**
- **Police data, collected by financial year.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006-2007 (financial year), Uganda Police
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Methodology for data collection changed in 2006 Source: Uganda Police
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|----------------------------------------------|--|
| 363 658 total (2007) | |
| Registered vehicle types: data not available | |
## **UKRAINE**a
**Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).**
**Population**: **46 205 382**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$2 550**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Ministry of Public Health
Yes |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | Multiple
n/a
n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 60 km/h |
| Enforcementb | — |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
—
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law | No |
| Applies to all riders | n/a |
| Helmet standards mandated | n/a |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | No |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementb | — |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementb | n/a |
**Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No (subnational) |
- **Health data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Data source not specified.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: State Medical Statistics Centre
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: State Medical Statistics Centre
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**REGISTERED VEHICLES** Data not available
## **UNITED ARAB EMIRATES**
**Population**: **4 380 439**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$41 082**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | |
|------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | Ministry of Interior and National Transport Authority | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | | Yes |
| Measurable targets
Funded | | Yes
Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.10 g/dl
0.10 g/dl
Yes
—
8 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
8 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
61% Frontb |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Abu Dhabi National Campaign for seat-belt use.**
National policies to promote public transportation
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
1 056c (87% males, 13% females) |
| |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
11 155d |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior
### **7 TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Ministry of Interior
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 1 754 420 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 86% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 1% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 2% |
| Trucks | 7% |
| Buses | 2% |
| Other | 3% |
**Yes**
### **UNITED KINGDOM**
**Population**: **60 768 946**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$42 740**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|-----|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 48 km/h |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No
17%b
No consensus |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yesc |
| Helmet standards mandated | Yes |
| Helmet wearing rate | 98%d |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 91% Front, 84–90% Reare |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementa | No consensus |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b "Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report."**
- **Some exceptions.**
- **2006 Estimation by Department for Transport.**
- **2006–2007, Department for Transport, observational studies.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
3 298f (76% males, 24% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
264 288g |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
- **Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **g Police data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: "Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report" "Road Traffic Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006"
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: "Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report" "Road Traffic Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006"
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 34 327 520 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 84% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 4% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 9% |
| Trucks | 1% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Other | 2% |
## **UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA**
**Population**: **40 453 513**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$400**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | National Road Safety Council of Tanzania |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Yesa |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 3 | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | 2 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
2%c |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | 4 | Yes
No
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | 3 | Yes
No
30% Front, 5% Rearc |
| Child restraints law | | | | No |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **2007, Tanzania Police.**
Enforcementb
**Estimation by consensus group.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2007)
2 595e (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
16 308f |
| Costing study available
Yes (deaths and injuries) |
**Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Tanzania Police
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| 577 949 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other | 14%
9%
57%
7%
4%
9% |
**n/a**
**Police data.**
## **UNITED STATES OF AMERICA**
**Population**: **305 826 246**
**Income group: High**
**Gross national income per capita: \$46 040**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|
| Lead agency | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(US DOT/NHTSA) | | |
| Funded in national budget | Yes | | |
| National road safety strategy | Yes | | |
| Measurable targets | Yes | | |
| Funded | Yes | | |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | No (subnationally) |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | n/a |
| Maximum limit urban roads | n/a |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | No (subnational)
0.08 g/dlb
0.0–0.02 g/dlc
n/a
32%d
n/a |
| Motorcycle helmet law | No (subnational) |
| Applies to all riders | n/a |
| Helmet standards mandated | n/a |
| Helmet wearing rate | 58%e |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Seat-belt law | No (subnational) |
| Applies to all occupants | n/a |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | 82% Front, 76% Reare |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Child restraints law | No (subnational) |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia have a BAC limit of 0.08 for general population. c**
- **No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia specify BAC limits of 0.02 or less for young/novice drivers. d**
- **2006, US DOT/NHTSA study.**
- **2007, US DOT/NHTSA National Occupant Protection Use Survey.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
42 642f (70% males, 30% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
3 305 237g |
| Costing study available |
- **US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System, defined as died within**
- **30 days of the crash. g Health data.**
**Yes** (deaths and injuries)
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 251 422 509 total (2006) | |
| Motorcars | 54% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 3% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 39% |
| Trucks | 4% |
| Buses | <1% |
## **URUGUAY**
**Population**: **3 339 700**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$6 380**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--|
| Lead agency | National Road Safety Agency (UNASEV) | |
| Funded in national budget | Yes | |
| National road safety strategy | Yesa | |
| Measurable targets | n/a | |
| Funded | n/a | |
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | No |
| Maximum limit urban roads | 45–75 km/h |
| Enforcementb | 1 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
38%c
1 |
| Motorcycle helmet law | Yes |
| Applies to all riders | Yes |
| Helmet standards mandated | No |
| Helmet wearing rate | 50%d |
| Enforcementb | 5 |
| Seat-belt law | Yes |
| Applies to all occupants | Yes |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementb | 3 |
| Child restraints law | Yes |
| Enforcementb | 1 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **2006, Faculty of Humanities Technical Forensics Institute.**
| | | | Study by Advanced Trauma Life Support Course in Uruguay. | |
|--|--|--|----------------------------------------------------------|--|
| | | | | |
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | No |
| National universal access number | n/a |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006)
427e (78% males, 22% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
20 729f |
| Costing study available |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Police and Health data.**
**Yes** (deaths and injuries)
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: National Highway Administration Directorate, based on information from Departmental Police Headquarters
| 48% |
|-----|
| 44% |
| 1% |
| 7% |
| |
## **UZBEKISTAN**a
**Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).**
**Population**: **27 372 260**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$730**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | The State Motor-Vehicle Inspectorate,
Ministry of Internal Affairs |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets | Yes
Yes |
| Funded | — |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
No
70 km/h
7 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
None
None
Yes
—
9 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
—
10 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb
b | | | | —
— |
**Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| | |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006)
2 034c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries
— |
| Costing study available
No |
**Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
| REGISTERED VEHICLES |
|---------------------|
| Data not available |
### **VANUATU**
**Population**: **226 180 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 840**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---|-----------------------------------|--|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
Yes
35–60 km/h | |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
8 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes
No
— | |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a | |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| DATA |
|---------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
8c |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2005)
52d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **Health data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
### **REGISTERED VEHICLES**
**15 461** total (2008)
Registered vehicle types: data not available
### **VENEZUELA (Bolivarian Republic of)**
**Population**: **27 656 832 Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$7 320**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| Lead agency
Funded in national budget | People's Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA)
Yes |
| National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded | Multiple
n/a
n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|------------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
40 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
—
7 |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
55%b
6 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, People's Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA).**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
6 218c (79% males, 21% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
40 968d |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.**
- **People's Ministry of Infrastructure.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, People's Ministry of Infrastructure
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: People's Ministry of Health
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 4 044 013 total (2007) | |
| Motorcars | 73% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 7% |
| Trucks | 19% |
| Buses | 1% |
## **VIET NAM**
**Population**: **87 375 196**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$790**
**Not formally endorsed by government.**
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | 6 | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
34%c |
| Enforcementb | | 3 | | | |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
85%d |
| Enforcementb | | | | 7 | |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | | Yes
No
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
- **2001, Forensic Medicine data.**
- **2008, National Traffi c Safety Committee estimate.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
12 800e (79% males, 21% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
10 266f |
| Costing study available |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
- **Police data. Health data reports 445 048 non-fatal road traffi c injuries in 2007.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: 2007, National Traffi c Safety Committee
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|--------------------------------------|-----|
| 22 926 230 total (2007)
Motorcars | 5% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 95% |
## **WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP**a
**Non WHO member-area.**
**Population**: **4 018 000**
**Income group: Middle**
**Gross national income per capita: \$1 422**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------|
| Lead agency | No |
| Funded in national budget | n/a |
| National road safety strategy | No (subnational) |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
No
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | 1 | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
No
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
Yesc
No
— |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementb
b | 1 | | | Yes |
**Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c**
**Some exceptions.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006)
188d (76% males, 23% females)e |
| Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006)
5 838f |
| Costing study available
No |
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.**
- **Health data 2007.**
- **Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Palestine.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: General Commissariat of the Palestinian Police, data for remaining West Bank and Gaza Strip
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-------------------------------------|-----|
| 78 609 total (2008) | |
| Motorcars | 76% |
| Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | <1% |
| Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 6% |
| Trucks | 15% |
| Buses | 1% |
| Non-motorized vehicles | <1% |
| Other | 1% |
## **YEMEN**
**Population**: **22 389 169**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$870**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | The National Committee for Road Safety |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally | Yes |
| Local authorities can set lower limits | Yes |
| Maximum limit urban roads | — |
| Enforcementa | 3 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
—
—
— |
| Motorcycle helmet law | No |
| Applies to all riders | n/a |
| Helmet standards mandated | n/a |
| Helmet wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Seat-belt law | No |
| Applies to all occupants | n/a |
| Seat-belt wearing rate | — |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
| Child restraints law | No |
| Enforcementa | n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
| No car manufacturers | |
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No |
### **DATA Reported road traffi c fatalities** (2007) **2 781**c (86% males, 14% females) **Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries** (2007) **19 253**d **Costing study available No**
- **Police data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.**
- **Police data.**
#### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Country questionnaire
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
### **REGISTERED VEHICLES**
**777 734** total (2007)
Registered vehicle types: data not available
## **ZAMBIA**
**Population**: **11 921 999**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$800**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Road Transport and Safety Agency |
| Funded in national budget | Yes |
| National road safety strategy | Yes |
| Measurable targets | Yes |
| Funded | Yes |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
50%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
100%c
10 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
— |
| Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Zambia Police Service and Road Transport and Safety Agency.**
- **2007, Zambia Road Transport and Safety Agency.**
| VEHICLE STANDARDS | |
|-------------------|--|
| | |
No car manufacturers
### **ROAD SAFETY AUDITS**
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure **Yes Yes**
### **PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT**
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation **— No**
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system | Yes |
| National universal access number | Yes |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
**REGISTERED VEHICLES**
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
**222 188** total (2007) Motorcars
Trucks Buses Other
**Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2007, Zambia Police Service
#### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Zambia Police Service
**59% 3% 21% 13% 2%**
| | | 2% |
|--|--|----|
| | | |
| | | |
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.
**Police data.**
### **ZIMBABWE**
**Population**: **13 349 434**
**Income group: Low**
**Gross national income per capita: \$131**
| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| Lead agency | Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe |
| Funded in national budget | No |
| National road safety strategy | Multiple |
| Measurable targets | n/a |
| Funded | n/a |
| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|----------------------------------------------|
| Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
8 |
| Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
<1%b |
| Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
—
9 |
| Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
—
8 |
- **Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a**
- **scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Zimbabwe Republic Police.**
### **VEHICLE STANDARDS**
**Child restraints law** Enforcementa
| Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | |
| Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes |
| PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | |
| National policies to promote walking or cycling | |
|----------------------------------------------------|--|
| National policies to promote public transportation | |
| POST-CRASH CARE | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system
National universal access number | Yes
Yes |
**— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.**
| DATA |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
1 037c (71% males, 29% females) |
| Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) |
| 13 819d |
- **Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.**
- **Police and Health data.**
### **DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY**
Source: 2006, Zimbabwe Police
### **TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS**
Source: Zimbabwe Police General Headquarters, Planning and Development Statistics Bureau
| REGISTERED VEHICLES | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| 1 556 586 total (2007)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 78%
7%
5% |
| Trucks
Buses
Other | 7%
1%
2% |
**No No**
**No n/a**
# Statistical annex
- 1. Explanatory notes
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### **Background**
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### **Data processing**
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### **Types of data utilized**
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1PQVMBUJPOBOEJODPNFEBUBGSPNUIF6OJUFE/BUJPOT1PQVMBUJPO%JWJTJPO*!*BOEUIF8PSME#BOL*"*XFSFVTFE GPSUIJTBOBMZTJT
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### **Adjusted data**
"TEJTDVTTFEJOUIFmSTUTFDUJPOPGUIJTSFQPSU TFFQBHF VOEFSSFQPSUJOHIBTCFFOBDLOPXMFEHFEGPSNBOZ ZFBSTBTBOJNQPSUBOUSFBTPOGPSUIFEJGmDVMUZJODPNQBSJOHSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIEBUBCFUXFFODPVOUSJFT"EEJUJPOBMMZ UIFMBDLPGIBSNPOJ[FEEFmOJUJPOTGPSSPBEUSBGmDEFBUIT
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- t BNPEFMVTJOHOFHBUJWFCJOPNJBMSFHSFTTJPO TFFQBHF
5IFiSFQPSUFEwEBUBJO5BCMF"IBWFCFFOBEKVTUFEUPUIJTEBZEFmOJUJPO TFF5BCMFGPSBEKVTUNFOUGBDUPST BOEUIFOFXBEKVTUFEOVNCFSJTUIFSFGPSFVTFEJOUIFDPSSFTQPOEJOHNPEFMBOEJUTSFTVMUJTQSFTFOUFEJO5BCMF A.2.
Table 1. ECMT standardized 30-day road crash fatality adjustment factors
### **Modelled data**
### *Developing a model*
#FGPSFUIFNPEFMMJOHFYFSDJTF
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UPJEFOUJGZQPUFOUJBMPVUMJFSTBOEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFFYUFOUPGNJTTJOHEBUB%FDJTJPOTBTUPXIFUIFSUPJODMVEF UIFTFPVUMJFSTJOUIFBOBMZTFT
PSXIFUIFSUPFYDMVEFUIFN
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### *Completeness of data*
)BWJOHBEKVTUFEUIFSFQPSUFEEBUBUPBEBZEFmOJUJPOUPGBDJMJUBUFDPNQBSBCJMJUZ
UIFOFYUTUFQJOUIFQSPDFTT XBTUPFYQMPSFUIFDPNQMFUFOFTTPGUIFSFQPSUFEEFBUIEBUBPOUIFCBTJTPGSFQPSUFEWJUBMSFHJTUSBUJPO 73 EBUB \*OGPSNBUJPOPOUIFDPNQMFUFOFTTPG73EBUBXBTPCUBJOFEGSPNQSFWJPVT8)0QVCMJTIFESFQPSUT*%&*BOEXBT VQEBUFEXJUIUIFMBUFTUJOGPSNBUJPOGSPNUIF8)0NPSUBMJUZEBUBCBTF5IJTJOGPSNBUJPOXBTUIFOVTFEUPDMBTTJGZ DPVOUSJFTJOUPUXPHSPVQT
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Group 1DPVOUSJFTJODMVEFIJHIJODPNF
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Group 2DPVOUSJFTJODMVEFIJHIJODPNF
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5BCMF"HJWFTUIFEBZBEKVTUFEOVNCFSPGEFBUITGPSBMMDPVOUSJFT
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Table 2. Countries/areas in Group 1
| COUNTRY/AREA | INCOME LEVEL |
|------------------------|--------------|
| Argentina | MIC |
| Australia | HIC |
| Austria | HIC |
| Bahamas | HIC |
| Bahrain | HIC |
| Barbados | MIC |
| Belarus | MIC |
| Belgium | HIC |
| Belize | MIC |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | MIC |
| Brazil | MIC |
| Brunei Darussalam | HIC |
| Bulgaria | MIC |
| Canada | HIC |
| Chile | MIC |
| Colombia | MIC |
| Costa Rica | MIC |
| Croatia | MIC |
| Cuba | MIC |
| Cyprus | HIC |
| Czech Republic | HIC |
| Estonia | HIC |
| Fiji | MIC |
| Finland | HIC |
| France | HIC |
| Georgia | MIC |
| Germany | HIC |
| Greece | HIC |
| Hungary | HIC |
| Iceland | HIC |
| Ireland | HIC |
| Israel | HIC |
| Italy | HIC |
| Japan | HIC |
| Kazakhstan | MIC |
| Kuwait | HIC |
| Kyrgyzstan | LIC |
| | |
| Latvia | MIC |
| Lithuania | MIC |
| Malaysia | MIC |
| Malta | HIC |
| Mauritius | MIC |
| Mexico | MIC |
| Montenegro | MIC |
| Netherlands | HIC |
| New Zealand | HIC |
| Norway | HIC |
| COUNTRY/AREA | INCOME LEVEL |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Panama | MIC |
| Poland | MIC |
| Portugal | HIC |
| Qatar | HIC |
| Republic of Korea | HIC |
| Republic of Moldova | MIC |
| Romania | MIC |
| Russian Federation | MIC |
| Saint Lucia | MIC |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | MIC |
| Serbia | MIC |
| Singapore | HIC |
| Slovakia | HIC |
| Slovenia | HIC |
| South Africa | MIC |
| Spain | HIC |
| Sweden | HIC |
| Switzerland | HIC |
| Thailand | MIC |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | MIC |
| Tonga | MIC |
| Trinidad and Tobago | HIC |
| Ukraine | MIC |
| United Kingdom | HIC |
| United States of America | HIC |
| Uruguay | MIC |
| Uzbekistan | LIC |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | MIC |
LIC = low-income countries
Table 3. Countries/areas with population size less than 100 000
| COUNTRY/AREA | INCOME LEVEL |
|-------------------------|--------------|
| British Virgin Islandsa | HIC |
| Cook Islands | HIC |
| Kiribati | MIC |
| Marshall Islands | MIC |
| Nauru | MIC |
| Palau | MIC |
| San Marino | HIC |
| Seychelles | MIC |
| Tuvalu | MIC |
Non-member area. MIC = middle-income countries
MIC = middle-income countries HIC = high-income countries
HIC = high-income countries
### *Variables used in the model*
5BCMFTVNNBSJ[FTUIFJOEFQFOEFOUWBSJBCMFTVTFEJOUIFNPEFMBOEUIFEBUBTPVSDF
Table 4. Independent variables used in modelling process
GSRRS = Global Status Report on Road Safety GNI = Gross National Income per capita
### *Estimation method*
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Figure 1. Framework for determinants of road traffic mortality
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### **References**
- 1FEFO.FUBM
FETWorld report on road traffic injury prevention(FOFWB
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- 2. STATA Data analysis and statistical software IUUQXXXTUBUBDPN
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- 3. World population prospects: the 2006 Revision. Highlights/FX:PSL
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- 4. World development indicators8BTIJOHUPO
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- 5. GNI per capita 2007: Atlas method and PPP8BTIJOHUPO
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- 7. Global Burden of Disease, 2004 update(FOFWB
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- World road statistics 2008(FOFWB
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Table A.1: National data coordinators by country/area and WHO region
| COUNTRY/AREA | WHO REGION | NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S) |
|----------------------------------------|-----------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Afghanistan | Eastern Mediterranean | Qarizadah, Wassima |
| Albania | Europe | Bozo, Maksim |
| Angola | Africa | Chicola, Felix |
| Argentina | Americas | Abriata, Graciela |
| Armenia | Europe | Avetisyan, Lilit |
| Australia | Western Pacific | Goldsworthy, John |
| Austria | Europe | Kisser, Rupert |
| Azerbaijan | Europe | Talishinskiy, Rustam |
| Bahamas (the) | Americas | Rolle, Garlon |
| Bahrain | Eastern Mediterranean | Obeid, Amjad |
| Bangladesh | South-East Asia | Rahman, AKM Fazlur |
| Barbados | Americas | Taylor, Denise Carter |
| Belarus | Europe | Pikirenia, Ivan |
| Belgium | Europe | Meerkens, Anne |
| Belize | Americas | Andrewin, Aisha |
| Benin | Africa | Imorou Karimou, Yacoubou |
| Bhutan | South-East Asia | Karma, Doma |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Americas | Angulo Martinez, Augusto |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Europe | Kovacevic, Jasminka; Seranic, Alen |
| Botswana | Africa | Mmutle, Marvin Golekoamang |
| Brazil | Americas | Alves da Silva, Marta Maria |
| British Virgin Islandsa | Americas | George, Ivy |
| Brunei Darussalam | Western Pacific | Saidon, Rozaly |
| Bulgaria | Europe | Kovacheva, Irina |
| Burkina Faso | Africa | Cisse, Ahmad Nassourou |
| Burundi | Africa | Nzeyimana, Claire |
| Cambodia | Western Pacific | Raingsey, Prak Piseth |
| Cameroon | Africa | Missimikim, Martial |
| Canada | Americas | Jonah, Brian |
| Cape Verde | Africa | Santos, Antonio |
| Central African Republic (the) | Africa | Gondamovo, Paul |
| Chad | Africa | Gocké, Mahamat |
| Chile | Americas | Rajs, Danuta |
| China | Western Pacific | Duan, Leilei |
| Colombia | Americas | Gaitán Rodríguez, Yazmín |
| Comoros (the) | Africa | Yahaia, Mohamed |
| Congo (the) | Africa | Kouni-Okogna, Jean Roger |
| Cook Islands | Western Pacific | Herman, Josephine |
| Costa Rica | Americas | Guzmán Duarte, Teresita |
| Croatia | Europe | Brkic Biloš, Ivana |
| Cuba | Americas | Valdés Lazo, Francisco |
| Cyprus | Europe | Antoniades, Costas; Kalakouta, Olga |
| Czech Republic (the) | Europe | Benesova, Veronika |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | Africa | Musafiri, Masuga |
| Dominican Republic | Americas | Pérez, Simon Luis |
| Ecuador | Americas | Naranjo, Sara |
| Egypt | Eastern Mediterranean | Saad, Rania |
| COUNTRY/AREA | WHO REGION | NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S) |
|----------------------------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------------------|
| El Salvador | Americas | Morán de García, Silvia |
| Eritrea | Africa | Abraham Tesfamichael, Ghirmay |
| Estonia | Europe | Kedars, Ursel |
| Ethiopia | Africa | Asrat, Abebe |
| Fiji | Western Pacific | Tuiketei, Timaima |
| Finland | Europe | Jääskeläinen, Petri |
| France | Europe | Laumon, Bernard |
| Gambia (the) | Africa | Camara, Abdoulie |
| Georgia | Europe | Kheladze, Kakha |
| Germany | Europe | Schleh, Rosemarieb |
| Ghana | Africa | Afukaar, Francis |
| Greece | Europe | Efthymiadis, Dimitrios |
| Guatemala | Americas | Morales Sandoval, Salvador |
| Guinea-Bissau | Africa | Vera Cruz De Oliveira, Golda Sayonara |
| Guyana | Americas | Anderson, Lucy |
| Honduras | Americas | Cerrato Cruz, Orlin Javier |
| Hungary | Europe | Bényi, Mária |
| Iceland | Europe | Thorsteinsdóttir, Rósa |
| India | South-East Asia | Kumar, Ashok |
| Indonesia | South-East Asia | Yusharmen |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Eastern Mediterranean | Moghisi, Alireza |
| Iraq | Eastern Mediterranean | Khalil, Sundus Shoki |
| Ireland | Europe | Hayes, Declan |
| Israel | Europe | Peleg, Kobi; Levi, Sarit |
| Italy | Europe | Lecce, Maria Giuseppina |
| Jamaica | Americas | Grant, Andriene |
| Japan | Western Pacific | Nakahara, Shinji |
| Jordan | Eastern Mediterranean | Mujahed, Jamil |
| Kazakhstan | Europe | Batpenov, Nurlan |
| Kenya | Africa | Githinji, Wilfred Mwai |
| Kiribati | Western Pacific | Rubeiariki, Mweritonga |
| Kuwait | Eastern Mediterranean | Al-Otaibi, Hamed |
| Kyrgyzstan | Europe | Toimatov, Samatbek |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | Western Pacific | Phoutsavath, Phisith |
| Latvia | Europe | Feldmane, Jana |
| Lebanon | Eastern Mediterranean | Akl, Ziad |
| Lesotho | Africa | Rangoako, Thabiso |
| Liberia | Africa | Kekula, Joseph |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | Eastern Mediterranean | Jabeal, Ibrahim Ali |
| Lithuania | Europe | Meižiene, Ramune |
| Madagascar | Africa | Rasamilalao, Désiré |
| Malawi | Africa | Chirwa, James Mathewes |
| Malaysia | Western Pacific | Ramly, Rosnah |
| Maldives | South-East Asia | Naaz, Aishath |
| Mali | Africa | Sylla, Assa |
| Malta | Europe | Calleja, Neville; Galea, Audrey |
| Marshall Islands (the) | Western Pacific | Edwards, Russell |
| | | |
| COUNTRY/AREA | WHO REGION | NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S) |
|----------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| Mauritania | Africa | Traoré, Abdallah Mohamed Khairou |
| Mauritius | Africa | Jewon, Mahmad Saeed |
| Mexico | Americas | Rosas Osuna, Rodrigo |
| Micronesia (Federated States of) | Western Pacific | Skilling, Vita |
| Mongolia | Western Pacific | Sakhiya, Ariuntuya |
| Montenegro | Europe | Stojanovic, Svetlana |
| Morocco | Eastern Mediterranean | Boulaajoul, Benaceur |
| Mozambique | Africa | Sithoe, Paulo Jorge |
| Myanmar | South-East Asia | Lwin, Thit |
| Namibia | Africa | Shigwedha, Laina |
| Nauru | Western Pacific | Dowiyogo, David |
| Nepal | South-East Asia | Baral, Prabha |
| Netherlands (the) | Europe | Vis, Martijn |
| New Zealand | Western Pacific | Brown, Jennifer |
| Nicaragua | Americas | Torres Araica, Francisca |
| Niger (the) | Africa | Bagoudou, Chekarao |
| Nigeria | Africa | Labinjo, Mariam |
| Norway | Europe | Linhave, Jakob; Vind, Signe |
| Oman | Eastern Mediterranean | Al-Wahaibi, Salim |
| Pakistan | Eastern Mediterranean | Khan, Shahzad Ali |
| Palau | Western Pacific | Aguon, Ismael |
| Panama | Americas | Castañedas, Enrique |
| Papua New Guinea | Western Pacific | Kanguma, Peri |
| Paraguay | Americas | Maldonado de González Cabello, Mercedes |
| Peru | Americas | Loayza, Manuel |
| Philippines (the) | Western Pacific | Magturo, Theodora Cecile |
| Poland | Europe | Król, Barbara |
| Portugal | Europe | Amann, Gregória Paixão von |
| Puerto Ricoc | Americas | Lopez Charneco, Magdalena |
| Qatar | Eastern Mediterranean | Almusleh, Abdulwahab |
| Republic of Korea (the) | Western Pacific | Kim, Young-Taek |
| Republic of Moldova (the) | Europe | Gornea, Filip |
| Romania | Europe | Arafat, Raed |
| Russian Federation (the) | Europe | Kipor, Gennady |
| Rwanda | Africa | Rurangirwa, Dominique |
| Saint Lucia | Americas | Jaime, Alina |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Americas | Duncan, Roger |
| Samoa | Western Pacific | Vasa, Ponifasio |
| San Marino | Europe | Gualtieri, Andrea |
| Sao Tome and Principe | Africa | Lima, Antonio |
| Saudi Arabia | Eastern Mediterranean | Al Enizy, Faisal |
| Senegal | Africa | Coulibaly, Siaka |
| Serbia | Europe | Paunovic, Milena |
| Seychelles | Africa | André, Patrick |
| Sierra Leone | Africa | Yansaneh, Ahmed |
| Singapore | Western Pacific | Ho, Seng Tim; Lee, Alvin |
| Slovakia | Europe | Smrek, Martin |
| Slovenia | Europe | Košir, Matej |
| Solomon Islands | Western Pacific | Ogaoga, Divinol |
| South Africa | Africa | Mosako, Magdeline |
| | | |
| COUNTRY/AREA | WHO REGION | NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S) |
|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Spain | Europe | Lizarbe, Vicenta |
| Sri Lanka | South-East Asia | Jayatillaka, Jayalath Pushpakumara |
| Sudan (the) | Eastern Mediterranean | Idries, Amjad |
| Suriname | Americas | Forster, Allan |
| Swaziland | Africa | Maphanga, Muzi |
| Sweden | Europe | Lekander, Thomas |
| Switzerland | Europe | Graz, Bertrand |
| Syrian Arab Republic (the) | Eastern Mediterranean | Hamdan, Ahmad |
| Tajikistan | Europe | Razzakov, Abduvali |
| Thailand | South-East Asia | Siriphanich, Tairjing |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | Europe | Tozija, Fimka |
| Timor-Leste | South-East Asia | Ximenes, Rafael dos Santos |
| Togo | Africa | Fatonzoun, Innocent Mawutoe |
| Tonga | Western Pacific | Akau'ola, Siale |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Americas | Ruiz, Carla |
| Tunisia | Eastern Mediterranean | Somrani, Naoufel; Frigui, Afif |
| Turkey | Europe | Inan, Huseyin Fazil |
| Turkmenistan | Europe | Ovezklichev, Begklich |
| Tuvalu | Western Pacific | Kaitu, Kakee Pese |
| Uganda | Africa | Kwamusi, Paul |
| Ukraine | Europe | Fedenko, Irina |
| United Arab Emirates (the) | Eastern Mediterranean | Altair, Yousef |
| United Kingdom (the) | Europe | Bellis, Mark; Hughes, Sara |
| United Republic of Tanzania (the) | Africa | Mang'enya, Rosa |
| United States of America (the) | Americas | Dellinger, Ann |
| Uruguay | Americas | Borba, Norberto |
| Uzbekistan | Europe | Azizov, Mirhakim; Kasimova, Gulnora |
| Vanuatu | Western Pacific | Taura, Ben |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | Americas | Hernández, Fedor |
| Viet Nam | Western Pacific | Nguyen, Thi Hong Tu |
| West Bank and Gaza Stripa | Eastern Mediterranean | Naji, Basem |
| Yemen | Eastern Mediterranean | Alraiby, Jamila |
| Zambia | Africa | Mwali, Mutaba |
| Zimbabwe | Africa | Magirigide, Nyasha |
Non member-area.
Associate WHO Member State.
Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt).
Table A.2: Vehicles, road traffic deaths and proportion of road users by country/area
| | | GENERAL INFORMATION | | | |
|----------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------------------|--|
| COUNTRY/AREA | Population
numbersa
for 2007 | GNI per capitab
for
2007 in US dollars | Income levelc | Number of
registered vehicles | |
| Afghanistan | 27 145 275 | 319f | Low | 731 607 | |
| Albania | 3 190 012 | 3 290 | Middle | 349 646 | |
| Angola | 17 024 084 | 2 560 | Middle | 671 060 | |
| Argentina | 39 531 115 | 6 050 | Middle | 12 399 887 | |
| Armenia | 3 002 271 | 2 640 | Middle | 366 836 | |
| Australia | 20 743 179 | 35 960 | High | 14 774 921 | |
| Austria | 8 360 746 | 42 700 | High | 5 796 973 | |
| Azerbaijan | 8 467 167 | 2 550 | Middle | 784 018 | |
| Bahamas (the) | 331 278 | 18 570f | High | 27 058 | |
| Bahrain | 752 648 | 20 610f | High | 382 977 | |
| Bangladesh | 158 664 959 | 470 | Low | 1 054 057 | |
| Barbados | 293 891 | 11 290f | Middle | 126 262 | |
| Belarus | 9 688 795 | 4 220 | Middle | 3 147 625 | |
| Belgium | 10 457 343 | 40 710 | High | 6 362 161 | |
| Belize | 287 699 | 3 800 | Middle | 54 225 | |
| Benin | 9 032 787 | 570 | Low | 222 850 | |
| Bhutan | 658 479 | 1 770 | Middle | 35 703 | |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 9 524 568 | 1 260 | Middle | 699 646 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 934 816 | 3 790 | Middle | 675 063 | |
| Botswana | 1 881 504 | 5 840 | Middle | 293 755 | |
| Brazil | 191 790 929 | 5 910 | Middle | 49 644 025 | |
| British Virgin Islandsh | 23 000f | 43 686f | High | 14 505 | |
| Brunei Darussalam | 390 056 | 30 580f | High | 304 432 | |
| Bulgaria | 7 638 831 | 4 590 | Middle | 2 628 680 | |
| Burkina Faso | 14 784 291 | 430 | Low | 515 453 | |
| Burundi | 8 508 232 | 110 | Low | 59 486 | |
| Cambodia | 14 443 679 | 540 | Low | 154 389 | |
| Cameroon | 18 549 176 | 1 050 | Middle | 312 259 | |
| Canada | 32 876 047 | 39 420 | High | 20 065 000 | |
| Cape Verde | 530 437 | 2 430 | Middle | 54 158 | |
| Central African Republic (the) | 4 342 735 | 380 | Low | 5 834 | |
| Chad | 10 780 571 | 540 | Low | 124 088 | |
| Chile | 16 634 760 | 8 350 | Middle | 2 824 570 | |
| China | 1 336 317 116 | 2 360 | Middle | 145 228 994 | |
| Colombia | 46 155 958 | 3 250 | Middle | 4 951 225 | |
| Comoros (the) | 839 187 | 680 | Low | 22 378 | |
| Congo (the) | 3 768 086 | 1 540 | Middle | 100 000 | |
| Cook Islands | 13 325 | 13 098f | Middle | 10 692 | |
| Costa Rica | 4 467 625 | 5 560 | Middle | 797 902 | |
| Croatia | 4 555 398 | 10 460 | Middle | 1 949 936 | |
| Cuba | 11 267 883 | 4 571f | Middle | 658 003 | |
| Cyprus | 854 671 | 24 940 | High | 592 480 | |
| Czech Republic (the) | 10 186 330 | 14 450 | High | 5 455 110 | |
| ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS | | | ROAD USER DEATHS (%) | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------|------------|--------------|----------------------|
| | Modelled number of road traffic deathse | | Estimated road
traffic death | Drivers/
passengers | Drivers/
passengers of | | | Other or |
| Reported number of
traffic deathsd | Point estimate | 90% Confidence
interval | rate per 100 000
populatione | of 4-wheeled
vehicles | motorized
2- or 3-wheelers | Cyclists | Pedestrians | unspecified
users |
| 1 779 | 10 593 | 6 234–22 894 | 39.0 | | | | | |
| 499 | 445 | 366–522 | 13.9 | 45.3 | 9.0 | 5.7 | 40.0 | |
| 2 358 | 6 425 | 4 376–9 803 | 37.7 | | | | | |
| 5 281 | 5 427 | | 13.7 | 41.7 | 9.5 | 6.2 | 19.4 | 23.2 |
| 371 | 417 | 352–489 | 13.9 | 60.3 | | 0.3 | 39.4 | |
| 1 616 | 1 616 | | 7.8 | 70.2 | 14.8 | 2.5 | 12.5 | |
| 691 | 691 | | 8.3 | 59.0 | 17.4 | 5.4 | 15.6 | 2.6 |
| 1 195 | 1 099 | 900–1 319 | 13.0 | 59.7 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 38.1 | 0.1 |
| 48 | 48 | | 14.5 | 64.0 | 14.0 | 22.0 | 0.0 | |
| 91 | 91 | | 12.1 | 59.4 | 5.5 | 6.6 | 28.6 | |
| 4 108 | 20 038 | 14 882–29 155 | 12.6 | 26.2 | 8.2 | 2.6 | 53.7 | 9.3 |
| 36 | 36 | | 12.2 | 73.7 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 18.4 | |
| 1 517 | 1 517 | | 15.7 | 47.3 | 3.8 | 9.1 | 39.8 | |
| 1 067 | 1 067 | | 10.2 | 56.0 | 15.2 | 8.2 | 9.7 | 11.0 |
| 65 | 45 | | 15.6 | 63.8g | 0.0 | 12.8 | 23.4 | |
| 653 | 2 815 | 2 080–3 871 | 31.2 | 35.0 | 37.0 | 3.0 | 25.0 | |
| 111 | 95 | 72–115 | 14.4 | | | | | |
| 1 394
428 | 1 594
428 | 1 214–2 348 | 16.7
10.9 | 59.0
61.0 | 4.0
4.7 | 1.0
5.8 | 35.0
23.7 | 1.0
4.8 |
| 482 | 636 | 425–968 | 33.8 | 70.9 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 26.0 | 0.7 |
| 35 155 | 35 155 | | 18.3 | 9.8 | 20.0 | 4.6 | 27.9 | 37.7 |
| 5 | 5 | | 21.7 | 83.0 | 17.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| 54 | 54 | | 13.8 | 75.8 | 11.1 | 1.9 | 9.2 | 2.1 |
| 1 006 | 1 006 | | 13.2 | 65.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 26.3 | 4.2 |
| 804 | 4 595 | 3 241–5 937 | 31.1 | 53.0 | | | 34.0 | 13.0 |
| 63 | 1 989 | 1 425–2 898 | 23.4 | | | | | |
| 1 668 | 1 749 | 1 385–2 410 | 12.1 | 14.9 | 62.8 | 4.7 | 13.3 | 4.2 |
| 1 069 | 5 206 | 4 060–6 880 | 28.1 | 55.0 | 17.0 | 18.0 | 10.0 | |
| 2 889 | 2 889 | | 8.8 | 76.3 | 7.3 | 2.5 | 13.2 | 0.7 |
| 49 | 133 | 96–187 | 25.1 | | | | | |
| 565j | 1 399 | 975–2 091 | 32.2 | | | | | |
| 814 | 3 696 | 2 549–5 482 | 34.3 | | | | | |
| 2 280 | 2 280 | | 13.7 | 24.3 | 2.6 | 6.5 | 40.1 | 26.6 |
| 96 611 | 220 783 | 183 428–333 623 | 16.5 | 22.6 | 28.1 | 9.5 | 26.0 | 13.8 |
| 5 409 | 5 409 | | 11.7 | 17.2 | 36.1 | 7.7 | 33.6 | 5.5 |
| 15 | 254 | 163–602 | 30.3 | 75.0 | 8.0 | | 17.0 | |
| 207 | 1 084 | 752–1 575 | 28.8 | | | | | |
| 6 | 6 | | 45.0 | | 60.0 | | 40.0 | |
| 688 | 688 | | 15.4 | 38.3 | 20.0 | 8.6 | 33.1 | |
| 619 | 619 | | 13.6 | 49.9 | 18.8 | 4.5 | 20.0 | 6.8 |
| 964 | 964 | | 8.6 | 18.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 33.0 | 23.0 |
| 89
1 222 | 89
1 222 | | 10.4
12.0 | 50.6
59.4 | 28.1
11.4 | 3.4
9.5 | 18.0
19.2 | 0.5 |
| (Table A.2 continued) | | GENERAL INFORMATION | | VEHICLES |
|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | Population
numbersa
for 2007 | GNI per capitab
for
2007 in US dollars | Income levelc | Number of
registered vehicles |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | 62 635 723 | 140 | Low | 311 781 |
| Dominican Republic | 9 759 664 | 3 550 | Middle | 2 121 244 |
| Ecuador | 13 341 197 | 3 080 | Middle | 961 556 |
| Egypt | 75 497 913 | 1 580 | Middle | 4 300 000 |
| El Salvador | 6 857 328 | 2 850 | Middle | 630 638 |
| Eritrea | 4 850 763 | 230 | Low | |
| Estonia | 1 335 333 | 13 200 | High | |
| Ethiopia | 83 099 190 | 220 | Low | |
| Fiji | 838 698 | 3 800 | Middle | |
| Finland | 5 276 892 | 44 400 | High | 4 656 370 |
| France | 61 647 375 | 38 500 | High | 39 926 000 |
| Gambia (the) | 1 708 681 | 320 | Low | |
| Georgia | 4 395 420 | 2 120 | Middle | 567 900 |
| Germany | 82 599 471 | 38 860 | High | 55 511 374 |
| Ghana | 23 478 394 | 590 | Low | |
| Greece | 11 146 918 | 29 630 | High | 7 212 236 |
| Guatemala | 13 353 911 | 2 305f | Middle | 1 613 796 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 1 695 043 | 200 | Low | |
| Guyana | 737 906 | 1 300 | Middle | |
| Honduras | 7 106 001 | 1 600 | Middle | |
| Hungary | 10 029 683 | 11 570 | High | 3 625 386 |
| Iceland | 301 006 | 54 100 | High | |
| India | 1 169 015 509 | 950 | Low | 72 718 000 |
| Indonesia | 231 626 978 | 1 650 | Middle | 63 318 522 |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 71 208 384 | 3 470 | Middle | 17 000 000 |
| Iraq | 28 993 374 | 1 646f | Middle | 2 242 269 |
| Ireland | 4 300 902 | 48 140 | High | 2 444 159 |
| Israel | 6 927 677 | 21 900 | High | 2 283 634 |
| Italy | 58 876 834 | 33 540 | High | 43 262 992 |
| Jamaica | 2 713 779 | 3 710 | Middle | |
| Japan | 127 966 709 | 37 670 | High | 91 378 636 |
| Jordan | 5 924 245 | 2 850 | Middle | |
| Kazakhstan | 15 421 861 | 5 060 | Middle | 3 105 954 |
| Kenya | 37 537 716 | 680 | Low | 1 004 243 |
| Kiribati | 95 067 | 1 170 | Middle | |
| Kuwait | 2 851 144 | 40 114f | High | 1 364 790 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 5 316 543 | 590 | Low | |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | 5 859 393 | 580 | Low | |
| Latvia | 2 277 040 | 9 930 | Middle | 1 062 935 |
| Lebanon | 4 099 115 | 5 770 | Middle | 1 400 000 |
| Lesotho | 2 007 833 | 1 000 | Middle | |
| Liberia | 3 750 261 | 150 | Low | |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | 6 160 483 | 9 010 | Middle | 1 826 533 |
| Lithuania | 3 389 937 | 9 920 | Middle | 1 781 686 |
| Madagascar | 19 683 358 | 320 | Low | |
| Malawi | 13 925 070 | 250 | Low | 197 981
130 000 |
| Malaysia | 26 571 879 | 6 540 | Middle | 16 825 150 |
| | ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS | | | | ROAD USER DEATHS (%) | | | |
|---------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|----------|-------------|----------------------------------|
| | | Modelled number of road traffic deathse | Estimated road | Drivers/ | Drivers/ | | | |
| Reported number of
traffic deathsd | Point estimate | 90% Confidence
interval | traffic death
rate per 100 000
populatione | passengers
of 4-wheeled
vehicles | passengers of
motorized
2- or 3-wheelers | Cyclists | Pedestrians | Other or
unspecified
users |
| 365 | 20 183 | 14 263–29 458 | 32.2 | 40.0 | | | 59.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 838 | 1 691 | 1 375–2 058 | 17.3 | 87.0 | 8.0 | | 5.0 | |
| 2 341 | 1 559 | 1 198–2 119 | 11.7 | 13.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 43.2 | 42.0 |
| 15 983 | 31 439 | 19 411–47 668 | 41.6 | 47.5 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 20.1 | 30.4 |
| 1 493 | 865 | 727–1 051 | 12.6 | 26.4 | 2.5 | 4.2 | 63.1 | 3.8 |
| 81 | 2 350 | 1 301–3 961 | 48.4 | | | | | |
| 196 | 196 | | 14.7 | 66.0 | 6.0 | 9.0 | 19.0 | |
| 2 441 | 29 114 | 19 562–44 710 | 35.0 | 42.8 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 54.8 | 0.6 |
| 59 | 59 | | 7.0 | 75.0 | | | 25.0 | |
| 380 | 380 | | 7.2 | 70.3 | 10.8 | 5.8 | 12.6 | 0.5 |
| 4 620 | 4 620 | | 7.5 | 59.2 | 25.0 | 3.1 | 12.1 | 0.6 |
| 54 | 625 | 420–897 | 36.6 | | | | | |
| 737 | 737 | | 16.8 | | 0.0 | 0.3 | 27.7 | 72.0 |
| 4 949 | 4 949 | | 6.0 | 58.0 | 18.0 | 10.0 | 14.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 856 | 6 942 | 5 129–9 892 | 29.6 | 46.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 42.0 | 2.5 |
| 1 657 | 1 657 | | 14.9 | 50.3 | 30.2 | 1.3 | 16.1 | 2.1 |
| 755 | 1 968 | 1 701–2 446 | 14.7 | 77.5g | | 0.0 | 22.6 | |
| 152 | 583 | 383–1 209 | 34.4 | | | | | |
| 207 | 147 | 104–198 | 19.9 | 34.7 | 15.9 | 15.9 | 30.0 | 3.4 |
| 1 266 | 959 | 794–1 187 | 13.5 | 72.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 |
| 1 232 | 1 232 | | 12.3 | 54.4 | 10.1 | 11.7 | 22.7 | 1.1 |
| 30 | 30 | | 10.0 | 85.0 | 5.0 | | 10.0 | |
| 105 725 | 196 445 | 155 727–266 999 | 16.8 | 15.1 | 27.4 | 4.3 | 12.6 | 40.5 |
| 16 548 | 37 438 | 29 785–65 158 | 16.2 | 7.0 | 61.0 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 4.0 |
| 22 918 | 25 491 | 18 726–34 337 | 35.8 | 44.9 | 11.4 | | 33.3 | 11.0 |
| 1 932 | 11 059 | 6 933–21 500 | 38.1 | | | | | |
| 365 | 365 | | 8.5 | 61.9 | 7.9 | 2.5 | 20.0 | 7.7 |
| 398 | 398 | | 5.7 | 57.6 | 9.3 | 1.5 | 31.6 | |
| 5 669 | 5 669 | | 9.6 | 49.0 | 26.0 | 5.5 | 13.4 | 6.1 |
| 350 | 334 | 270–397 | 12.3 | 52.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 31.0 | |
| 6 639 | 6 639 | | 5.0 | 37.1 | 17.6 | 12.8 | 32.3 | 0.2 |
| 992 | 2 027 | 1 407–3 188 | 34.2 | 75.2 | 0.1 | | 24.7 | |
| 4 714 | 4 714 | | 30.6 | | | | 16.2 | 83.8 |
| 3 760 | 12 918 | 7 459–29 191 | 34.4 | 42.8 | 1.2 | 9.0 | 47.0 | |
| 7 | 7 | | 7.4 | 51.0 | 44.0 | | 6.0 | |
| 482 | 482 | | 16.9 | | | | | |
| 1 214 | 1 214 | | 22.8 | 55.0g | | 1.0 | 43.0 | 1.0 |
| 656 | 1 075 | 864–1 328 | 18.3 | | | | | |
| 407 | 407 | | 17.9 | 50.4 | 4.2 | 8.1 | 37.3 | |
| 536 | 1 170 | 837–1 625 | 28.5 | | | | | |
| 402 | 537 | 407–728 | 26.7 | 17.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 34.0 | 48.2 |
| — | 1 235 | 770–2 668 | 32.9 | | | | | |
| 2 138 | 2 497 | 1 518–3 760 | 40.5 | 60.0 | | 5.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 |
| 759 | 759 | | 22.4 | 53.7 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 31.9 | 3.0 |
| 594 | 6 641 | 4 680–9 859 | 33.7 | | | | | |
| 839 | 3 614 | 2 599–5 064 | 26.0 | 36.0 | 0.8 | 18.0 | 45.0 | 0.2 |
| 6 282 | 6 282 | | 23.6 | 23.3 | 58.0 | 3.0 | 10.1 | 5.6 |
| (Table A.2 continued) | | GENERAL INFORMATION | | VEHICLES |
|----------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | Population
numbersa
for 2007 | GNI per capitab
for
2007 in US dollars | Income levelc | Number of
registered vehicles |
| Maldives | 305 556 | 3 200 | Middle | |
| Mali | 12 336 799 | 500 | Low | |
| Malta | 406 582 | 14 575f | High | |
| Marshall Islands (the) | 59 286 | 3 070 | Middle | |
| Mauritania | 3 123 813 | 840 | Low | |
| Mauritius | 1 261 641 | 5 450 | Middle | |
| Mexico | 106 534 880 | 8 340 | Middle | 24 970 879 |
| Micronesia (Federated States of) | 111 117 | 2 470 | Middle | |
| Mongolia | 2 628 840 | 1 290 | Middle | |
| Montenegro | 597 983 | 5 180 | Middle | |
| Morocco | 31 224 137 | 2 250 | Middle | 2 284 060 |
| Mozambique | 21 396 916 | 320 | Low | |
| Myanmar | 48 798 212 | 281f | Low | 1 045 105 |
| Namibia | 2 074 146 | 3 360 | Middle | |
| Nauru | 10 152 | 7 842f | Middle | |
| Nepal | 28 195 994 | 340 | Low | |
| Netherlands (the) | 16 418 824 | 45 820 | High | 8 862 935 |
| New Zealand | 4 178 525 | 28 780 | High | 3 189 131 |
| Nicaragua | 5 603 190 | 980 | Middle | |
| Niger (the) | 14 225 521 | 280 | Low | |
| Nigeria | 148 092 542 | 930 | Low | 7 600 000 |
| Norway | 4 698 097 | 76 450 | High | 2 599 712 |
| Oman | 2 595 133 | 11 275f | Middle | |
| Pakistan | 163 902 405 | 870 | Low | 5 287 152 |
| Palau | 20 314 | 8 210 | Middle | |
| Panama | 3 343 374 | 5 510 | Middle | |
| Papua New Guinea | 6 331 010 | 850 | Low | |
| Paraguay | 6 127 077 | 1 670 | Middle | |
| Peru | 27 902 760 | 3 450 | Middle | 1 442 387 |
| Philippines (the) | 87 960 117 | 1 620 | Middle | 5 515 576 |
| Poland | 38 081 971 | 9 840 | Middle | 18 035 047 |
| Portugal | 10 623 031 | 18 950 | High | 5 948 269 |
| Puerto Ricoj | 3 991 000f | 14 720 | High | 3 165 543 |
| Qatar | 840 635 | 66 063f | High | |
| Republic of Korea (the) | 48 223 853 | 19 690 | High | 18 213 228 |
| Republic of Moldova (the) | 3 793 604 | 1 260 | Middle | |
| Romania | 21 437 887 | 6 150 | Middle | 4 611 362 |
| Russian Federation (the) | 142 498 532 | 7 560 | Middle | 38 695 996 |
| Rwanda | 9 724 577 | 320 | Low | |
| Saint Lucia | 164 924 | 5 349f | Middle | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 120 402 | 4 210 | Middle | |
| Samoa | 187 023 | 2 430 | Middle | |
| San Marino | 30 926 | 41 044f | High | |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 157 638 | 870 | Low | |
| Saudi Arabia | 24 734 533 | 15 440 | High | 7 398 600 |
| Senegal | 12 378 532 | 820 | Low | |
| Serbia | 9 858 424 | 4 730 | Middle | 2 235 389 |
| | ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS | | | ROAD USER DEATHS (%) | | | | |
|--------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|----------|-------------|-------------------------|
| | | Modelled number of road traffic deathse | Estimated road | Drivers/ | Drivers/ | | | |
| Reported number of | | 90% Confidence | traffic death
rate per 100 000 | passengers
of 4-wheeled | passengers of
motorized | | | Other or
unspecified |
| traffic deathsd | Point estimate | interval | populatione | vehicles | 2- or 3-wheelers | Cyclists | Pedestrians | users |
| 10 | 56 | 37–105 | 18.3 | 0.0 | 75.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | |
| 711 | 3 959 | 2 695–5 936 | 32.1 | | | | | |
| 14 | 14 | | 3.4 | 35.7 | 28.6 | 0.0 | 35.7 | |
| 1 | 1 | | 1.7 | 100.0 | | | | |
| 262 | 1 109 | 760–1 595 | 35.5 | | | | | |
| 140 | 140 | | 11.1 | 25.0 | | 36.4 | 9.3 | 29.3 |
| 22 103 | 22 103 | | 20.7 | 67.9 | 5.5 | 4.4 | 21.2 | 1.1 |
| 2 | 16 | 12–20 | 14.4 | 90.0 | | | 10.0 | |
| 562 | 507 | 366–719 | 19.3 | 64.9 | 16.7 | 0.4 | 17.9 | |
| 122 | 122 | | 20.4 | 75.4 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 20.5 | 0.1 |
| 3 838 | 8 850 | 6 273–12 783 | 28.3 | 45.7 | 16.3 | 7.1 | 27.9 | 3.0 |
| 1 952 | 7 432 | 5 161–10 872 | 34.7 | 31.9 | | | 68.1 | |
| 1 638 | 11 422 | 6 905–16 883 | 23.4 | 46.7 | 9.6 | 11.5 | 30.3 | 1.9 |
| 368 | 594 | 424–667 | 28.6 | | | | | |
| 1 | 1 | | 9.9 | | | | | |
| 962 | 4 245 | 3 453–5 288 | 15.1 | | | | | |
| 791 | 791 | | 4.8 | 46.0 | 18.0 | 24.0 | 12.0 | |
| 423 | 423 | | 10.1 | 76.0 | 9.0 | 2.0 | 10.0 | 3.0 |
| 506 | 797 | 627–1 004 | 14.2 | 44.0 | 13.0 | 8.0 | 35.0 | |
| 570 | 5 357 | 3 645–8 074 | 37.7 | 67.0g | | | 33.0 | |
| 4 532 | 47 865 | 34 165–78 249 | 32.3 | | | | | |
| 233 | 233 | | 5.0 | 67.0 | 17.0 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 3.0 |
| 798 | 553 | 347–920 | 21.3 | | | | | |
| 7 234 | 41 494 | 28 379–76 695 | 25.3 | | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | | 14.8 | 66.7 | | | 33.3 | |
| 425 | 425 | | 12.7 | 48.3 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 46.1 | 0.5 |
| 308 | 901 | 684–1 249 | 14.2 | 59.9 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 39.3 | |
| 854 | 1 206 | 896–1 710 | 19.7 | 2.8 | 24.2 | 1.1 | 36.9 | 35.0 |
| 3 510 | 6 001 | 3 872–8 672 | 21.5 | 18.0 | | 3.0 | 78.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 185 | 17 557 | 12 457–33 741 | 20.0 | | | | | |
| 5 583 | 5 583 | | 14.7 | 51.0 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 35.0 | |
| 1 110 | 1 110 | | 10.4 | 54.6 | 22.1 | 3.5 | 16.1 | 3.7 |
| 452 | 511 | 404–665 | 12.8 | 48.2 | 17.3 | 1.6 | 31.9 | 1.1 |
| 199 | 199 | | 23.7 | 69.0g | 4.0 | 27.0k | | |
| 6 166 | 6 166 | | 12.8 | 36.6 | 20.7 | 4.9 | 37.4 | 0.5 |
| 571 | 571 | | 15.1 | 57.3 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 34.3 | 1.9 |
| 2 712 | 2 712 | | 12.7 | 74.5 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 10.8 | |
| 35 972 | 35 972 | | 25.2 | 62.0 | 2.1 | | 35.9 | |
| 308 | 3 077 | 1 972–7 079 | 31.6 | 16.0 | 15.8 | 18.5 | 40.0 | 9.7 |
| 29 | 29 | | 17.6 | 89.3 | | | 10.7 | |
| 8 | 8 | | 6.6 | 44.0 | 0.0 | 22.0 | 33.0 | 1.0 |
| 19 | 24 | 20–29 | 12.8 | | | | | |
| 1 | 1 | | 3.2 | 60.0 | 20.0 | | 20.0 | |
| 20 | 52 | 34–72 | 33.0 | | | | | |
| 6 358 | 7 166 | 5 535–9 544 | 29.0 | | | | | |
| 345 | 4 023 | 2 797–6 034 | 32.5 | 65.3g | | | 34.7 | |
| 962 | 962 | | 9.8 | 58.6 | 5.6 | 9.2 | 25.1 | 1.5 |
| (Table A.2 continued) | | GENERAL INFORMATION | | VEHICLES |
|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | Population
numbersa
for 2007 | GNI per capitab
for
2007 in US dollars | Income levelc | Number of
registered vehicles |
| Seychelles | 86 606 | 8 960 | Middle | 14 880 |
| Sierra Leone | 5 865 872 | 260 | Low | 39 038 |
| Singapore | 4 436 281 | 32 470 | High | 851 336 |
| Slovakia | 5 390 035 | 11 730 | High | 2 039 745 |
| Slovenia | 2 001 506 | 20 960 | High | 1 286 903 |
| Solomon Islands | 495 662 | 730 | Low | 10 000 |
| South Africa | 48 576 763 | 5 760 | Middle | 9 237 574 |
| Spain | 44 279 180 | 29 450 | High | 31 441 152 |
| Sri Lanka | 19 299 190 | 1 540 | Middle | 3 125 794 |
| Sudan (the) | 38 560 488 | 960 | Middle | 1 200 000 |
| Suriname | 457 964 | 4 730 | Middle | 151 441 |
| Swaziland | 1 141 427 | 2 580 | Middle | 116 050 |
| Sweden | 9 118 955 | 46 060 | High | 5 500 000 |
| Switzerland | 7 483 973 | 59 880 | High | 5 356 000 |
| Syrian Arab Republic (the) | 19 928 516 | 1 760 | Middle | 1 389 346 |
| Tajikistan | 6 735 996 | 460 | Low | 268 018 |
| Thailand | 63 883 662 | 3 400 | Middle | 25 618 447 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | 2 038 464 | 3 460 | Middle | 259 421 |
| Timor-Leste | 1 154 775 | 1 510 | Middle | 26 649 |
| Togo | 6 585 147 | 360 | Low | 48 234 |
| Tonga | 100 336 | 2 320 | Middle | 2 226 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 1 333 272 | 14 100 | High | 490 987 |
| Tunisia | 10 327 285 | 3 200 | Middle | 1 244 918 |
| Turkey | 74 876 695 | 8 020 | Middle | 13 311 000 |
| Turkmenistan | 4 965 278 | 1 234f | Middle | 651 564 |
| Tuvalu | 10 530 | 2 441f | Middle | |
| Uganda | 30 883 805 | 340 | Low | 363 658 |
| Ukraine | 46 205 382 | 2 550 | Middle | |
| United Arab Emirates (the) | 4 380 439 | 41 082f | High | 1 754 420 |
| United Kingdom (the) | 60 768 946 | 42 740 | High | 34 327 520 |
| United Republic of Tanzania (the) | 40 453 513 | 400 | Low | 577 949 |
| United States of America (the) | 305 826 246 | 46 040 | High | 251 422 509 |
| Uruguay | 3 339 700 | 6 380 | Middle | 952 000 |
| Uzbekistan | 27 372 260 | 730 | Low | |
| Vanuatu | 226 180 | 1 840 | Middle | 15 461 |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 27 656 832 | 7 320 | Middle | 4 044 013 |
| Viet Nam | 87 375 196 | 790 | Low | 22 926 230 |
| West Bank and Gaza Striph | 4 018 000f | 1 422f | Middle | 78 609 |
| | | | | |
| Yemen | 22 389 169 | 870 | Low | 777 734 |
| Zambia
Zimbabwe | 11 921 999
13 349 434 | 800
131f | Low
Low | 222 188
1 556 586 |
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2007). *E]`ZR^]^cZObW]\^`]a^SQba(BVS \$`SdWaW]\VWUVZWUVba*. New York: United Nations.
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is the dollar value of a country's final income in a year divided by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, revised 17 October 2008.
World Development Indicators database: Low-income is \$935 or less, middle-income is \$936 to \$11 455, high-income is \$11 456 or more.
Adjusted for 30-day definition of a road traffic death.
Modelled using negative binomial regression. Data from countries with complete vital registration and countries with a population of less than 100 000 were not included in the model (see explanatory notes on page 231).
2007 data not available. Latest available used from http://data.un.org/
Passengers and drivers of any motorized vehicle; includes category "unspecified".
Non-member area.
For capital city only. Associate WHO Member State.
Cyclists and pedestrians.
— Data not available.
| | ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS | | | ROAD USER DEATHS (%) | | | | | |
|--------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------|-------------|-------------------------|--|
| Reported number of | | Modelled number of road traffic deathse
90% Confidence | Estimated road
traffic death
rate per 100 000 | Drivers/
passengers
of 4-wheeled | Drivers/
passengers of
motorized | | | Other or
unspecified | |
| traffic deathsd | Point estimate | interval | populatione | vehicles | 2- or 3-wheelers | Cyclists | Pedestrians | users | |
| 16 | 16 | | 18.5 | 65.0 | | 7.0 | 28.0 | | |
| 68 | 1 661 | 1 207–2 441 | 28.3 | 65.0 | 20.0 | | 15.0 | | |
| 214 | 214 | | 4.8 | 14.9 | 47.7 | 10.3 | 27.1 | | |
| 815 | 815 | | 15.1 | 49.6 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 33.9 | | |
| 293 | 293 | | 14.6 | 64.5g | 18.1 | 5.8 | 11.3 | 0.3 | |
| 19 | 84 | 64–118 | 16.9 | | | | | | |
| 16 113 | 16 113 | | 33.2 | 56.8 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 39.1 | | |
| 4 104 | 4 104 | | 9.3 | 62.0 | 19.0 | 2.0 | 15.0 | 1.0 | |
| 2 334 | 2 603 | 2 185–3 097 | 13.5 | | 65.2 | | 32.8 | 2.0 | |
| 2 227 | 13 362 | 8 820–19 143 | 34.7 | 31.5 | | | 12.7 | 55.8 | |
| 90 | 84 | 63–120 | 18.3 | 43.3 | 31.1 | 3.3 | 22.2 | 0.1 | |
| 235 | 300 | 218–405 | 26.3 | 62.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 35.0 | | |
| 471 | 471 | | 5.2 | 65.0 | 16.0 | 6.0 | 12.0 | 1.0 | |
| 370 | 370 | | 4.9 | 48.0 | 22.0 | 9.0 | 21.0 | | |
| 3 663 | 6 552 | 5 024–8 684 | 32.9 | | | | | | |
| 464 | 951 | 767–1 196 | 14.1 | 48.7 | 1.1 | 6.0 | 43.6 | 0.7 | |
| 12 492 | 12 492 | | 19.6 | 11.0 | 69.7 | 2.8 | 8.3 | 8.2 | |
| 140 | 140 | | 6.9 | 41.4 | 10.7 | 3.6 | 34.3 | 10.0 | |
| 49 | 186 | 143–255 | 16.1 | | | | | | |
| 613 | 1 851 | 1 298–2 557 | 28.1 | | | | | | |
| 7 | 7 | | 7.0 | 50.0 | | 6.3 | 43.8 | | |
| 207 | 207 | | 15.5 | 62.2 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 32.2 | | |
| 1 497 | 3 568 | 2 555–4 948 | 34.5 | 50.8 | 14.4 | 2.6 | 32.0 | 0.3 | |
| 6 022 | 10 066 | 8 394–11 839 | 13.4 | 55.0 | 8.0 | 1.8 | 18.9 | 16.3 | |
| 702 | 926 | 694–1 343 | 18.6 | | | 4.6 | 28.9 | 66.5 | |
| 1 | 1 | | 9.5 | | | | | | |
| 2 838 | 7 634 | 5 578–11 007 | 24.7 | 47.2 | 7.0 | 10.4 | 35.3 | 0.1 | |
| 9 921 | 9 921 | | 21.5 | 44.3 | | | 55.7 | | |
| 1 056 | 1 626 | 912–2 570 | 37.1 | 70.0 | 1.5 | | 28.5 | | |
| 3 298 | 3 298 | | 5.4 | 55.0 | 19.0 | 4.0 | 21.0 | 1.0 | |
| 2 595 | 13 886 | 9 596–21 504 | 34.3 | 38.3 | 7.2 | 16.8 | 36.8 | 0.9 | |
| 42 642 | 42 642 | | 13.9 | 71.6 | 11.3 | 1.8 | 11.2 | 4.1 | |
| 145 | 145 | | 4.3 | | | | | | |
| 2 644 | 2 644 | | 9.7 | | | | | | |
| 7 | 42 | 29–58 | 18.6 | | | | | | |
| 6 031 | 6 031 | | 21.8 | 74.7 | | | 24.6 | 0.7 | |
| 12 800 | 14 104 | 11 987–16 387 | 16.1 | | | | | | |
| 188 | 896 | 627–1 287 | 4.9 | | | | | | |
| 3 003 | 6 553 | 4 021–15 797 | 29.3 | | | | | | |
| 1 645 | 3 056 | 2 194–4 291 | 25.6 | 35.4 | 4.2 | 10.6 | 49.8 | | |
| 1 348 | 3 669 | 2 749–5 127 | 27.5 | 62.8g | 1.0 | 5.3 | 26.0 | 4.9 | |
Table A.3: Drinking and driving laws, enforcement and road traffic deaths attributed to alcohol by country/area
| | | | HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED | | | |
|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------|----------------|--|--|
| COUNTRY/AREA | NATIONAL
DRINK–DRIVING
LAW | Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) | Physician
certificate | Breath content | | |
| Afghanistan | Yesa | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |
| Albania | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Angola | — | n/a | n/a | n/a | | |
| Argentina | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Armenia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Australia | Subnationalb | Yes | — | — | | |
| Austria | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Azerbaijan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |
| Bahamas (the) | Yes | — | — | Yes | | |
| Bahrain | Yesa | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Bangladesh | Yesa | — | Yes | — | | |
| Barbados | Yesc | — | Yes | — | | |
| Belarus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |
| Belgium | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Belize | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Benin | Yesc | — | — | Yes | | |
| Bhutan | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Yesc | — | — | — | | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |
| Botswana | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Brazil | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |
| British Virgin Islandsd | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | | |
| Brunei Darussalam | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |
| Burkina Faso | Yesc | — | — | — | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Burundi | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Cambodia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Cameroon | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Canada | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Cape Verde | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Central African Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Chad | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Chile | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| China | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Colombia | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Comoros (the) | Yesa | — | Yes | — | | |
| Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Cook Islands | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |
| Costa Rica | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Croatia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |
| Cuba | Yesc | — | Yes | — | | |
| Cyprus | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | |
| Czech Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |
| | | NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| RANDOM BREATH TESTING
OR POLICE CHECK POINTS
USED FOR ENFORCEMENT | EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) | For the general
population
(g/dl) | For young or
novice drivers
(g/dl) | For professional
or commercial
drivers
(g/dl) | PROPORTION OF
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO
ALCOHOL (%) |
| Yes | 10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — |
| Yes | 8 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 5.2 |
| — | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| Yes | 3 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | — |
| Yes | 5 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 6.1 |
| Yes | n/a | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 30.0 |
| Yes | 9 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 8.1 |
| Yes | 9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.7 |
| Yes | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 5.0 |
| No | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.7 |
| — | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — |
| Yes | 2 | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 7 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 12.9 |
| Yes | 3 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — |
| Yes | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| Yes | 5 | — | — | — | — |
| No | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| Yes | 4 | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 6 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.7 |
| Yes | 7 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.8 |
| Yes | 6 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | — |
| Yes | — | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 4.0 |
| Yes | 6 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 3.7 |
| Yes | 7 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 4.7 |
| — | 1 | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 1 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 70.0 |
| — | — | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — |
| Yes | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| Yes | 4 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 30.0 |
| Yes | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| Yes | 4 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| Yes | 0 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| Yes | 3 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 20.9 |
| Yes | 8 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 4.2 |
| Yes | 5 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 2.6 |
| Yes | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.0 |
| — | — | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| — | 4 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | — |
| Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — |
| Yes | 7 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 30.0 |
| Yes | 4 | — | — | — | 30.0 |
| Yes | 4 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 18.0 |
| Yes | 9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.4 |
| Yes | 5 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — |
| (Table A.3 continued) | | | HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED | |
|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------|----------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | NATIONAL
DRINK–DRIVING
LAW | Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) | Physician
certificate | Breath content |
| Dominican Republic | Yesc | — | Yes | Yes |
| Ecuador | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Egypt | Yesc | — | — | — |
| El Salvador | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Eritrea | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Estonia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ethiopia | Yesc | — | — | — |
| Fiji | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Finland | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| France | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Gambia (the) | Yesc | — | — | — |
| Georgia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Germany | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Ghana | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Greece | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Guatemala | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Guinea-Bissau | Yesc | — | Yes | — |
| Guyana | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Honduras | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Hungary | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Iceland | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| India | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Indonesia | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Yesa | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Iraq | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Ireland | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Israel | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Italy | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Jamaica | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Japan | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Jordan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kazakhstan | Yesc | — | Yes | — |
| Kenya | Yesc | — | Yes | — |
| Kiribati | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kuwait | Yesa | Yes | Yes | — |
| Kyrgyzstan | Yesc | — | Yes | Yes |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Latvia | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Lebanon | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Lesotho | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Liberia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | Yesa | Yes | — | — |
| Lithuania | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Madagascar | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Malawi | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Malaysia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Maldives | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
For professional
PROPORTION OF
For the general
RANDOM BREATH TESTING
(RESPONDENT
For young or
or commercial
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
OR POLICE CHECK POINTS
CONSENSUS)
population
novice drivers
drivers
USED FOR ENFORCEMENT
(SCALE 0–10)
(g/dl)
(g/dl)
(g/dl)
ALCOHOL (%)
Yes
2
—
—
—
—
Yes
5
0.08
0.08
0.08
9.1
No
4
—
—
—
—
Yes
5
0.05
0.05
0.05
3.5
Yes
6
0.05
0.05
0.03
1.2
Yes
8
0.02
0.02
0.02
48.0
No
1
—
—
—
10.0
Yes
7
0.08
0.00
0.00
27.0
Yes
8
0.05
0.05
0.05
23.9
Yes
4
0.05
0.05
0.05
27.0
Yes
4
—
—
—
—
No
9
0.02
0.02
0.02
37.0
Yes
—
0.05
0.00
0.05
12.0
Yes
2
0.08
0.00
0.08
—
Yes
7
0.05
0.02
0.02
7.2
n/a
n/a
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
—
No
3
—
—
—
—
Yes
—
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
4
0.07
0.07
0.07
8.0
Yes
5
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.0
Yes
7
0.05
0.05
0.05
20.0
Yes
3
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
Yes
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
—
No
5
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
No consensus
0.08
0.08
0.08
37.0
Yes
6
0.05
0.05
0.05
7.5
Yes
7
0.05
0.05
0.05
No consensus
No
2
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
No consensus
0.03
0.03
0.03
8.3
—
3
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
10
—
—
—
3.2
No
2
—
—
—
—
Yes
2
0.08
0.08
0.08
30.0
Yes
9
0.00
0.00
0.00
—
Yes
4
—
—
—
—
Yes
3
0.08
0.08
0.08
48.0
Yes
7
0.05
0.02
0.05
20.6
Yes
1
0.05
0.05
0.05
—
Yes
5
0.10
0.10
0.10
—
Yes
3
0.05
0.05
0.05
—
No
5
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.0
Yes
6
0.04
0.02
0.02
11.7
Yes
5
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
4
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
6
0.08
0.08
0.08
— | | NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|-----------------------------------|--------------------------|
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| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| —
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
— | | | |
| (Table A.3 continued) | | HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED | | | |
|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------|----------------|--|
| COUNTRY/AREA | NATIONAL
DRINK–DRIVING
LAW | Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) | Physician
certificate | Breath content | |
| Mali | Yesc | — | Yes | Yes | |
| Malta | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Marshall Islands (the) | Yesc | — | — | — | |
| Mauritania | Yesa | — | — | — | |
| Mauritius | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Mexico | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Micronesia (Federated States of) | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| | | | | | |
| Mongolia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Montenegro | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Morocco | Noa | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Mozambique | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Myanmar | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Namibia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Nauru | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Nepal | Yesc | — | — | — | |
| Netherlands (the) | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| New Zealand | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Nicaragua | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Niger (the) | Yesc | — | — | — | |
| Nigeria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Norway | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Oman | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Pakistan | Yesa | — | Yes | — | |
| Palau | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Panama | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Papua New Guinea | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Paraguay | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Peru | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Philippines (the) | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Poland | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Portugal | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Puerto Ricof | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Qatar | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Republic of Korea (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Republic of Moldova (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Romania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Russian Federation (the) | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Rwanda | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Saint Lucia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Yesc | — | — | — | |
| Samoa | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | |
| San Marino | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Sao Tome and Principe | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Saudi Arabia | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | |
| Senegal | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Serbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Seychelles | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| | | NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS | | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|
| RANDOM BREATH TESTING
OR POLICE CHECK POINTS
USED FOR ENFORCEMENT | EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) | For the general
population
(g/dl) | For young or
novice drivers
(g/dl) | For professional
or commercial
drivers
(g/dl) | PROPORTION OF
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO
ALCOHOL (%) | | |
| Yes | 3 | — | — | — | — | | |
| No | 4 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | |
| Yes | 6 | — | — | — | 70.0 | | |
| — | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | | |
| Yes | 5 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 24.3 | | |
| Yes | 3 | Subnational | Subnational | Subnational | — | | |
| n/a | n/a | Subnational | Subnational | Subnational | 90.0 | | |
| Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 3.7 | | |
| Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | — | | |
| — | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 3.0 | | |
| Yes | 7 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | — | | |
| Yes | 5 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | — | | |
| Yes | 5 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | |
| Yes | — | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — | | |
| Yes | 6 | — | — | — | — | | |
| Yes | No consensus | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 25.0 | | |
| Yes | 6 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 31.0 | | |
| Yes | 3 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 12.0 | | |
| No | 3 | — | — | — | 1.0 | | |
| Yes | 2 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | <10.0 | | |
| Yes | 4 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 20.0–30.0 | | |
| Yes | 4 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | |
| Yes | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | | |
| Yes | 4 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.0e | | |
| Yes | 6 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | — | | |
| Yes | 5 | — | — | — | 66.0 | | |
| n/a | 3 | Subnational | Subnational | Subnational | — | | |
| Yes | 2 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 10.8 | | |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — | | |
| Yes | 7 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 14.0 | | |
| Yes | 8 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 31.4 | | |
| Yes | — | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 41.7 | | |
| No | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | | |
| Yes | 7 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 16.1 | | |
| Yes | 2 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 17.0 | | |
| Yes | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.5 | | |
| Yes | 6 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 9.7 | | |
| Yes | 8 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | |
| Yes | 1 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | | |
| Yes | 1 | — | — | — | 50.0 | | |
| Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — | | |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — | | |
| No | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | | |
| Yes | 0 | — | — | — | — | | |
| Yes | 7 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 6.0 | | |
| Yes | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 80.0 | | |
| (Table A.3 continued) | | | HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED | |
|-------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------|----------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | NATIONAL
DRINK–DRIVING
LAW | Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) | Physician
certificate | Breath content |
| Sierra Leone | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Singapore | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Slovakia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Slovenia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Solomon Islands | Yesc | — | — | — |
| South Africa | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Spain | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Sri Lanka | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sudan (the) | Yesa | — | Yes | Yes |
| Suriname | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Swaziland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sweden | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Switzerland | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Syrian Arab Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Tajikistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Thailand | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Timor-Leste | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Togo | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Tonga | Yesc | — | Yes | — |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Yes | Yes | Yes | — |
| Tunisia | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Turkey | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Turkmenistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Tuvalu | Yesc | — | — | — |
| Uganda | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Ukraine | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| United Arab Emirates (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | — |
| United Kingdom (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| United Republic of Tanzania (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| United States of America (the) | Subnationalb | Yes | — | — |
| Uruguay | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Uzbekistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Vanuatu | Yesc | — | — | — |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Viet Nam | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| West Bank and Gaza Stripd | Yes | Yes | Yes | — |
| Yemen | Yesa | — | Yes | — |
| Zambia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Zimbabwe | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
Alcohol is prohibited.
Laws set subnationally, but they all have the same limits.
Not defined by BAC or no standardized definition.
Non-member area.
Refers to only 3 deaths.
Associate WHO Member State.
— Data not available.
n/a Data not applicable.
| | | | NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| RANDOM BREATH TESTING
OR POLICE CHECK POINTS
USED FOR ENFORCEMENT | EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) | For the general
population
(g/dl) | For young or
novice drivers
(g/dl) | For professional
or commercial
drivers
(g/dl) | PROPORTION OF
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO
ALCOHOL (%) |
| Yes | 2 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| Yes | 8 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 7.0 |
| Yes | 9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.3 |
| Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 38.4 |
| Yes | 3 | — | — | — | 55.0 |
| Yes | 2 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 60.0 |
| Yes | 7 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | — |
| Yes | 6 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| No | 10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — |
| Yes | 4 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — |
| Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 3.0 |
| Yes | 6 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 20.0 |
| Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 16.0 |
| No | 8 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — |
| Yes | 9 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 5.0 |
| Yes | 5 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 4.0 |
| Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.6 |
| Yes | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| Yes | 5 | — | — | — | 25.0 |
| Yes | 2 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| Yes | 3 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.7 |
| Yes | 9 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 2.0 |
| Yes | 10 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 7.4 |
| Yes | 6 | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 | — |
| Yes | — | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — |
| Yes | 8 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | — |
| Yes | No consensus | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 17.0 |
| Yes | 2 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 1.8 |
| Yes | — | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 32.0 |
| Yes | 1 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 38.0 |
| Yes | 9 | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 6 | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 7 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — |
| Yes | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 34.0 |
| No | 1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — |
| — | — | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — |
| Yes | 1 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 50.0 |
| Yes | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.2 |
Table A.4: Seat-belt and child restraint laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area
| | | SEAT-BELTS | | | | | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--|
| COUNTRY/AREA | There is a national
seat-belt law | The law applies to all
occupants | Enforcement is applied to
the following occupants | | | | |
| Afghanistan | No | n/a | n/a | | | | |
| Albania | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Angola | No | n/a | n/a | | | | |
| Argentina | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Armenia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Australia | Subnational | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Austria | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Azerbaijan | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Bahamas (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Bahrain | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| Bangladesh | No | n/a | n/a | | | | |
| Barbados | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Belarus | Yes | Yes | — | | | | |
| Belgium | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Belize | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| Benin | Subnational | n/a | n/a | | | | |
| Bhutan | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | No | n/a | n/a | | | | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Botswana | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| Brazil | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| British Virgin Islandsa | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Brunei Darussalam | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Burkina Faso | No | n/a | n/a | | | | |
| Burundi | Subnational | n/a | n/a | | | | |
| Cambodia | Yes | No | — | | | | |
| Cameroon | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| Canada | Subnational | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Cape Verde | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| Central African Republic (the) | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| Chad | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Chile | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| China | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Colombia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Comoros (the) | No | n/a | n/a | | | | |
| Congo (the) | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| Cook Islands | No | n/a | n/a | | | | |
| Costa Rica | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Croatia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Cuba | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| Cyprus | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | |
| Czech Republic (the)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | Yes
Yes | Yes
No | All occupants
Front seat occupants only | | | | |
| | SEAT-BELTS | | CHILD RESTRAINTS |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Effectiveness of
seat-belt law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | National seat-belt wearing rate | There is a national child
restraint law | Effectiveness of child
restraint law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 9 | 30% front seats | Yes | 8 |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 3 | 48% | No | n/a |
| 3 | — | Yes | 5 |
| n/a | 97% front seats, 92% rear seats | Subnational | n/a |
| 7 | 89% front seats, 49% rear seats | Yes | 9 |
| 9 | — | Yes | 9 |
| 0 | — | Yes | 0 |
| 4 | 22% | No | n/a |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 8 | — | Yes | 7 |
| 7 | — | Yes | 6 |
| 3 | 79% drivers, 46% rear seats | Yes | 6 |
| 4 | — | No | n/a |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 4 | — | No | n/a |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 7 | — | Yes | 5 |
| 7 | 74% drivers, 79% rear seats | No | n/a |
| 6 | 88% front seats, 11% rear seats | Yes | 4 |
| 7 | 80% | Yes | 5 |
| 7 | 70% front seats | Yes | 4 |
| 8 | — | Yes | 4 |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 8 | 95% front seats, 0% rear seats | No | n/a |
| 1 | 0% | Yes | 0 |
| 3 | — | No | n/a |
| 7 | 93% front seats, 87% rear seats | Subnational | 8 |
| 8 | 80% | Yes | 6 |
| 3 | — | Subnational | n/a |
| 1 | 1% front seats, <1% rear seats | No | n/a |
| 5 | 50% front seats, 42% rear seats | Yes | 4 |
| No consensus | 50%b | No | n/a |
| 7 | 82% | Yes | 3 |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 3 | — | No | n/a |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 7 | 82% | Yes | 6 |
| 7 | 45% | Yes | 5 |
| 8 | 70% front seats | No | n/a |
| 7 | 81% front seats, 9% rear seats | Yes | 3 |
| 8 | 90% front seats, 80% rear seats | Yes | 7 |
| 7 | 80% front seats, 40% rear seats | No | n/a |
| (Table A.4 continued) | | SEAT-BELTS | | | |
|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|--|--|
| | | | | | |
| COUNTRY/AREA | There is a national
seat-belt law | The law applies to all
occupants | Enforcement is applied to
the following occupants | | |
| Dominican Republic | Yes | No | Driver only | | |
| Ecuador | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Egypt | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| El Salvador | Yes | No | Driver only | | |
| Eritrea | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Estonia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Ethiopia | Subnational | n/a | n/a | | |
| Fiji | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Finland | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| France | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Gambia (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Georgia | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Germany | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Ghana | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Greece | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Guatemala | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Guinea-Bissau | No | n/a | n/a | | |
| Guyana | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Honduras | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Hungary | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Iceland | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| India | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Indonesia | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Iraq | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | |
| | | | | | |
| Ireland | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Israel | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Italy | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Jamaica | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Japan | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Jordan | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Kazakhstan | Yes | Yes | Driver only | | |
| Kenya | Yes | Yes | — | | |
| Kiribati | Yes | Yes | Driver only | | |
| Kuwait | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Kyrgyzstan | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Not yet enforced | | |
| Latvia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Lebanon | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Lesotho | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Liberia | Nod | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Lithuania | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | |
| Madagascar | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Malawi | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Malaysia | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | |
| Maldives | No | n/a | n/a | | |
| | SEAT-BELTS | CHILD RESTRAINTS | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|
| Effectiveness of
seat-belt law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | National seat-belt wearing rate | There is a national child
restraint law | Effectiveness of child
restraint law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | | |
| 6 | 55%–60% front seats | No | n/a | | |
| 3 | 30% front seats, 10% rear seats | No | n/a | | |
| 7 | 70% driver only | No | n/a | | |
| 7 | — | Yes | 0 | | |
| 9 | — | Yes | 2 | | |
| 7 | 90% front seats, 68% rear seats | Yes | 8 | | |
| n/a | 20% | No | n/a | | |
| 9 | 95% front seats, 70% rear seats | Yes | 5 | | |
| 7 | 89% front seats, 80% rear seats | Yes | 7 | | |
| 8 | 98% front seats, 83% rear seats | Yes | 5 | | |
| 4 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 8 | — | Yes | 7 | | |
| — | 95%–96% front seats, 88% rear seats | Yes | — | | |
| 2 | — | Yes | 0 | | |
| 7 | 75% front seats, 42% rear seats | Yes | 6 | | |
| 5 | — | No | n/a | | |
| n/a | — | No | n/a | | |
| 7 | — | Yes | 0 | | |
| 7 | 80% front seats, 10% rear seats | No | n/a | | |
| 4 | 71% front seats, 40% rear seats | Yes | 4 | | |
| 8 | 88% front seats, 68% rear seats | Yes | 8 | | |
| 2 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 7 | 85%c | No | n/a | | |
| 8 | 75%–80% | No | n/a | | |
| 8 | — | No | n/a | | |
| No consensus | 86% front seats, 63% rear seats | Yes | No consensus | | |
| 8 | 88%–94% front seats, 45% rear seats | Yes | 5 | | |
| 7 | 65% front seats, 10% rear seats | Yes | 7 | | |
| 5 | 69% drivers, 62% front passengers | Yes | 4 | | |
| No consensus | 91%–96% front seats, 9%–14% rear seats | Yes | No consensus | | |
| 5 | 65% drivers, 10% front passenger | No | n/a | | |
| 7 | — | Yes | 7 | | |
| 3 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 1 | — | Yes | 0 | | |
| 3 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 5 | — | No | n/a | | |
| — | — | No | n/a | | |
| 7 | 77% front seats, 32% rear seats | Yes | 6 | | |
| 4 | 15% | No | n/a | | |
| 5 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 5 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 4 | 5% | No | n/a | | |
| | | | | | |
| 6 | — | Yes | 5 | | |
| 6 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 6 | 45% | No | n/a | | |
| 6 | 70% | No | n/a | | |
| n/a | — | No | n/a | | |
| (Table A.4 continued) | | SEAT-BELTS | |
|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|
| | | | |
| COUNTRY/AREA | There is a national
seat-belt law | The law applies to all
occupants | Enforcement is applied to
the following occupants |
| Mali | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Malta | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Marshall Islands (the) | No | n/a | n/a |
| Mauritania | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Mauritius | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only |
| Mexico | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Micronesia (Federated States of) | No | n/a | n/a |
| Mongolia | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only |
| Montenegro | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Morocco | Yes | Yes | Driver only |
| Mozambique | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Myanmar | — | — | — |
| Namibia | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Nauru | No | n/a | n/a |
| Nepal | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Netherlands (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| New Zealand | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Nicaragua | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Niger (the) | No | n/a | n/a |
| Nigeria | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only |
| Norway | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Oman | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Pakistan | Yes | No | Driver only |
| Palau | No | n/a | n/a |
| Panama | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Papua New Guinea | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Paraguay | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only |
| Peru | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Philippines (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Poland | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Portugal | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Puerto Ricog | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Qatar | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Republic of Korea (the) | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only |
| Republic of Moldova (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Romania | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Russian Federation (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Rwanda | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Saint Lucia | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Samoa | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| San Marino | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Sao Tome and Principe | No | n/a | n/a |
| Saudi Arabia | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| | | | |
| Senegal | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Serbia
Seychelles | Yes
Yes | Yes
No | Front seat occupants only
Front seat occupants only |
| | SEAT-BELTS | | CHILD RESTRAINTS |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Effectiveness of | | | Effectiveness of child |
| seat-belt law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | National seat-belt wearing rate | There is a national child
restraint law | restraint law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) |
| 5 | — | Yes | 2 |
| 8 | 96% front seats, 21% rear seats | Yes | 6 |
| n/a | 5% front seats, 0% rear seats | No | n/a |
| 1 | — | Yes | 1 |
| 8 | 94% front seats, 10% rear seats | No | n/a |
| 5 | — | Yes | 1 |
| n/a | 100% front seats, 0% rear seats | No | n/a |
| 7 | 70%–80% drviers | Yes | 2 |
| 6 | — | No | n/a |
| 8 | 75% front seats, 19% rear seats | No | n/a |
| — | — | No | n/a |
| — | — | — | — |
| 6 | 55% front seats, 1% rear seats | Yes | 2 |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 4 | — | No | n/a |
| No consensus | 94% front seats, 73% rear seats | Yes | No consensus |
| 9 | 95% front seats, 87% rear seats | Yes | 8 |
| 5 | — | Yes | 3 |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 6 | 70% front seats | No | n/a |
| 6 | 93% front seats, 85% rear seats | Yes | 9 |
| 9 | 95% front seats, 1% rear seats | No | n/a |
| 3 | — | No | n/a |
| n/a | — | No | n/a |
| 7 | — | Yes | 3 |
| 6 | — | No | n/a |
| 5 | 31% front passengerse | No | n/a |
| 7 | 85% front seats, 25% rear seats | No | n/a |
| 3 | 52% drivers only | No | n/a |
| 7 | 74% front seats, 45% rear seats | Yes | 6 |
| 9 | 86%f
front seats, 28%f
rear seats | Yes | 8 |
| — | 93% | Yes | No consensus |
| 7 | 50% front seats | No | n/a |
| 8 | 77% front seats | Yes | 2 |
| No consensus | — | No | n/a |
| 5 | 80% front seats, 20% rear seats | Yes | 3 |
| 7 | 33% front seats | Yes | 8 |
| 9 | 80% | No | n/a |
| 7 | — | No | n/a |
| 9 | 90% | Yes | 6 |
| 3 | — | Yes | 1 |
| 6 | — | Yes | 6 |
| n/a | <1% | No | n/a |
| 5 | — | Yes | 2 |
| 6 | — | No | n/a |
| 4 | 50%–60% front seats, 4%–5% rear seats | Subnational | n/a |
| 8 | 65% | No | n/a |
| (Table A.4 continued) | | SEAT-BELTS | |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | There is a national
seat-belt law | The law applies to all
occupants | Enforcement is applied to
the following occupants |
| Sierra Leone | Yes | Yesh | All occupantsh |
| Singapore | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Slovakia | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Slovenia | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Solomon Islands | No | n/a | n/a |
| South Africa | Yes | Yes | Driver only |
| Spain | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Sri Lanka | No | n/a | n/a |
| Sudan (the) | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Suriname | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Swaziland | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Sweden | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Switzerland | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Syrian Arab Republic (the) | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Tajikistan | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Thailand | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Timor-Leste | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Togo | No | n/a | n/a |
| Tonga | No | n/a | n/a |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Tunisia | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Turkey | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Turkmenistan | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| Tuvalu | No | n/a | n/a |
| Uganda | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Ukraine | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| United Arab Emirates (the) | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| United Kingdom (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| United Republic of Tanzania (the) | Yes | No | Driver only |
| United States of America (the) | Subnational | n/a | n/a |
| Uruguay | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Uzbekistan | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Vanuatu | Yes | No | — |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | Yes | Yes | Driver only |
| Viet Nam | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only |
| West Bank and Gaza Stripa | Yes | Yes | All occupants |
| Yemen | No | n/a | n/a |
| Zambia | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only |
| | | | |
Zimbabwe Yes No Front seat occupants only
Non-member area. Guangzhou and Nanning cities only.
Jakarta only.
No law but national regulations apply.
Asunción only.
On urban roads only.
g Associate WHO Member State.
Over the age of 18 years.
— Data not available. n/a Data not applicable.
| | SEAT-BELTS
CHILD RESTRAINTS | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|
| Effectiveness of
seat-belt law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | National seat-belt wearing rate | There is a national child
restraint law | Effectiveness of child
restraint law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | | |
| 1 | — | Yes | 1 | | |
| 8 | 50% | Yes | 7 | | |
| 8 | — | Yes | 9 | | |
| 7 | 85% front seats, 51% rear seats | Yes | 6 | | |
| n/a | — | No | n/a | | |
| 2 | 50% front seats, 8% rear seats | Yes | 2 | | |
| 8 | 89% front seats, 69% rear seats | Yes | 7 | | |
| n/a | — | No | n/a | | |
| 7 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 7 | 70% front seats, 30% rear seats | Yes | 3 | | |
| 7 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 3 | 96% front seats, 90% rear seats | Yes | 2 | | |
| 7 | 86% front seats, 61% rear seats | Yes | 8 | | |
| 9 | 81% front seats | No | n/a | | |
| 3 | — | Yes | 1 | | |
| 5 | 56% front seats, 3% rear seats | No | n/a | | |
| 6 | 16% | No | n/a | | |
| 0 | 5%–10% front seats, ≤1% rear seats | Yes | 0 | | |
| 0 | 0% | No | n/a | | |
| n/a | <1% | No | n/a | | |
| 6 | — | Yes | 6 | | |
| 2 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 8 | 70% | Yes | 7 | | |
| 7 | — | No | n/a | | |
| n/a | 0% | No | n/a | | |
| 2 | — | Subnational | n/a | | |
| — | — | No | n/a | | |
| 7 | 61% front seats | No | n/a | | |
| No consensus | 91% front seats, 84%–90% rear seats | Yes | No consensus | | |
| 3 | 30% front seats, 5% rear seats | No | n/a | | |
| n/a | 82% front seats, 76% rear seats | Subnational | n/a | | |
| 3 | — | Yes | 1 | | |
| 10 | — | — | — | | |
| 1 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 6 | — | Yes | 5 | | |
| 3 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 3 | — | Yes | 1 | | |
| n/a | — | No | n/a | | |
| 5 | — | No | n/a | | |
| 8 | — | No | n/a | | |
Table A.5: Speed laws and enforcement by country/area
| | | SPEED | | MAXIMUM SPEED | | EFFECTIVENESS OF |
|----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | SPEED LIMITS
ARE SET AT
A NATIONAL
LEVEL | LIMITS ARE
MODIFIABLE
AT A LOCAL
LEVEL | LEGISLATION
DIFFERS BY
VEHICLE TYPE | On urban
roads
(km/h) | On rural
roads
(km/h) | OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) |
| Afghanistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 10 |
| Albania | Yes | Yes | Yes | 40 | 80 | 9 |
| Angola | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 90 | 5 |
| Argentina | Yes | Yes | Yes | 40–60 | 110 | 3 |
| Armenia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 60 | 5 |
| Australia | Subnational | Yes | Yes | 50 | 100 | Subnational |
| Austria | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 100 | 7 |
| Azerbaijan | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 90 | 9 |
| Bahamas (the) | Yes | No | Yes | 48 | 72 | 5 |
| Bahrain | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 80 | 4 |
| Bangladesh | Yes | No | Yes | 25 | 40 | 0 |
| Barbados | Yes | No | Yes | 60 | 60 | 5 |
| Belarus | Yes | No | Yes | 60 | — | 6 |
| Belgium | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 5 |
| Belize | Yes | No | Yes | 40 | — | 1 |
| Benin | Yes | No | No | 50 | — | 2 |
| Bhutan | Yes | No | Yes | 30 | 50 | 3 |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Yes | No | No | 40 | 80 | 3 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | — | 6 |
| Botswana | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 120 | 8 |
| Brazil | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60–80 | 60 | 6 |
| British Virgin Islandsa | Yes | No | No | 32 | 64 | 6 |
| Brunei Darussalam | Yes | No | Yes | 80 | 65 | 7 |
| Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 6 |
| Burkina Faso | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | — | 3 |
| Burundi | Yes | No | Yes | 60 | 90 | 5 |
| Cambodia | Yes | No | Yes | 40 | 90 | 1 |
| Cameroon | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 60 | 4 |
| Canada | Subnational | Yes | No | 70 | 80 | 5 |
| Cape Verde | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 7 |
| Central African Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 40–60 | 60–90 | 4 |
| Chad | Yes | No | No | 50 | 80 | 2 |
| Chile | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 100 | 5 |
| China | Yes | Yes | Yes | 30–50 | 40–70 | 8 |
| Colombia | Yes | No | No | 60 | 80 | 4 |
| Comoros (the) | Yes | No | No | 30 | 70 | 3 |
| Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 40–60 | 50–110 | 3 |
| Cook Islands | Yes | No | No | 50 | 50 | 4 |
| Costa Rica | Yes | No | No | 40 | 40 | 6 |
| Croatia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 6 |
| Cuba | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 90 | 5 |
| Cyprus | Yes | Yes | No | 50 | 80 | 6 |
| Czech Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 5 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 90 | 5 |
| | | SPEED | | MAXIMUM SPEED | | EFFECTIVENESS OF | |
|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|---------------------------|-------------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--|
| | SPEED LIMITS
ARE SET AT
A NATIONAL | LIMITS ARE
MODIFIABLE
AT A LOCAL | LEGISLATION
DIFFERS BY | On urban
roads | On rural
roads | OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS) | |
| COUNTRY/AREA
Dominican Republic | LEVEL
Yes | LEVEL
No | VEHICLE TYPE
No | (km/h)
35 | (km/h)
60 | (SCALE 0–10)
2 | |
| Ecuador | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 100 | 3 | |
| Egypt | Yes | No | Yes | 60 | 60 | 7 | |
| El Salvador | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | — | 4 | |
| Eritrea | Yes | No | Yes | 60 | 35 | 7 | |
| Estonia | Yes | Yes | No | 50 | 90 | 6 | |
| Ethiopia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 70 | 2 | |
| Fiji | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 60 | 7 | |
| Finland | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80 | 7 | |
| France | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 7 | |
| Gambia (the) | Yes | No | No | 50 | 30 | 3 | |
| Georgia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 60 | 8 | |
| Germany | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 100 | — | |
| Ghana | Yes | No | No | 50 | 80 | 2 | |
| Greece | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 6 | |
| Guatemala | Yes | Yes | Yes | 10–90 | 40–80 | 3 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 60 | 4 | |
| Guyana | Yes | No | No | 48 | 64 | 4 | |
| Honduras | Yes | Yes | No | 40 | — | 3 | |
| Hungary | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 4 | |
| Iceland | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80–90 | 7 | |
| India | Subnational | Yes | Yes | — | — | 4 | |
| Indonesia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 70 | 100 | 3 | |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 60 | 6 | |
| Iraq | Yes | No | Yes | 100 | — | 5 | |
| Ireland | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80 | No consensus | |
| Israel | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80–90 | 5 | |
| Italy | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 7 | |
| Jamaica | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | — | 3 | |
| Japan | Yes | Yes | Yes | n/ab | n/ab | No consensus | |
| Jordan | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50–80 | 80–120 | 6 | |
| Kazakhstan | Yes | No | No | 60 | 60 | 5 | |
| Kenya | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 100 | 4 | |
| Kiribati | Yes | No | No | 40 | 60 | 6 | |
| Kuwait | Yes | Yes | Yes | 45 | 80 | 6 | |
| Kyrgyzstan | Yes | Yes | — | 60 | 60 | 7 | |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | Yes | No | Yes | 40 | 50 | 5 | |
| Latvia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 7 | |
| Lebanon | Yes | Yes | Yes | 100 | 60 | 4 | |
| Lesotho | Yes | No | No | 50 | 80 | 5 | |
| Liberia | Yes | No | No | 40 | 72 | 2 | |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 70 | 3 | |
| Lithuania | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 6 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| ARE SET AT
MODIFIABLE
LEGISLATION
On urban
On rural
A NATIONAL
AT A LOCAL
DIFFERS BY
roads
roads
COUNTRY/AREA
LEVEL
LEVEL
VEHICLE TYPE
(km/h)
(km/h)
(SCALE 0–10)
Malawi
Yes
No
Yes
50
80
5
Malaysia
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
90
6
Maldives
Yes
No
Yes
30
30
5
Mali
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
—
4
Malta
Yes
No
Yes
50
80
5
Marshall Islands (the)
Yes
No
No
40
40
5
Mauritania
Yes
Yes
Yes
80
80
4
Mauritius
Yes
No
Yes
40–80
40–80
4
Mexico
Yes
Yes
Yes
40–80
60–90
4
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Subnational
No
No
32
40
6
Mongolia
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
80
4
Montenegro
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
80
6
Morocco
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
100
5
Mozambique
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
70
9
Myanmar
Yes
Yes
Yes
40
40
5
Namibia
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
100–120
4
Nauru
Yes
No
No
40
40
—
Nepal
Yes
No
Yes
40
—
5
Netherlands (the)
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
80
No consensus
New Zealand
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
100
7
Nicaragua
Yes
Yes
No
45
100
3
Niger (the)
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
90
2
Nigeria
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
50
4
Norway
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
80
6
Oman
Yes
No
Yes
120
120
6
Pakistan
Yes
Yes
Yes
70
—
4
Palau
Yes
No
No
40
50
5
Panama
Yes
No
Yes
80
—
7
Papua New Guinea
Yes
No
No
60
75
1
Paraguay
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
80
3
Peru
Yes
No
Yes
60
60
1
Philippines (the)
Yes
No
Yes
40
40
3
Poland
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
90
5
Portugal
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
90
8
Puerto Ricoc
Yes
No
Yes
40
73
—
Qatar
Yes
No
No
100
60
7
Republic of Korea (the)
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
80
7
Republic of Moldova (the)
Yes
No
Yes
60
60
No consensus
Romania
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
50
5
Russian Federation (the)
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
60
6
Rwanda
Yes
Yes
Yes
30–40
50–60
9
Saint Lucia
Yes
No
Yes
32
64
0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Yes
No
Yes
32
64
4
Samoa
Yes
No
No
40
56
6
San Marino
Yes
No
Yes
50
70
5
Sao Tome and Principe
Yes
No
Yes
30–40
40–50
3 | (Table A.5 continued) | | SPEED | MAXIMUM SPEED | EFFECTIVENESS OF |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|--------------|------------|---------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| | | SPEED LIMITS | LIMITS ARE | | OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS) |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Saudi Arabia
Yes
No
No
80
—
5 | | | | | |
| | | SPEED | | MAXIMUM SPEED | | EFFECTIVENESS OF |
|-------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | SPEED LIMITS
ARE SET AT
A NATIONAL
LEVEL | LIMITS ARE
MODIFIABLE
AT A LOCAL
LEVEL | LEGISLATION
DIFFERS BY
VEHICLE TYPE | On urban
roads
(km/h) | On rural
roads
(km/h) | OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) |
| Senegal | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 90 | 4 |
| Serbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 80 | 4 |
| Seychelles | Yes | No | No | 40 | 65 | 3 |
| Sierra Leone | Yes | No | No | 70 | 100 | 6 |
| Singapore | Yes | No | No | 40–70 | n/a | 8 |
| Slovakia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 90 | 7 |
| Slovenia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 7 |
| Solomon Islands | Yes | No | No | 60 | n/a | 5 |
| | | | | | | |
| South Africa | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 100 | 3 |
| Spain | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 8 |
| Sri Lanka | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 70 | 5 |
| Sudan (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | — | 7 |
| Suriname | Yes | No | Yes | 40 | 80 | 5 |
| Swaziland | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 80 | 6 |
| Sweden | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 70 | 5 |
| Switzerland | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80 | 7 |
| Syrian Arab Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 45–60 | 45–60 | 8 |
| Tajikistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 90 | 8 |
| Thailand | Yes | Yes | Yes | 80 | 90 | 2 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | Yes | No | Yes | 60 | 80 | 4 |
| Timor-Leste | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 90 | 0 |
| Togo | Yes | No | No | 40 | 60 | 4 |
| Tonga | Yes | No | No | 40 | 65 | 7 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 50 | 3 |
| Tunisia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 50 | 5 |
| Turkey | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 8 |
| Turkmenistan | Yes | No | No | 60 | 90 | 9 |
| Tuvalu | Yes | No | No | 64 | — | 6 |
| Uganda | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 80 | 2 |
| Ukraine | Yes | No | No | 60 | 40 | — |
| United Arab Emirates (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 40 | 7 |
| United Kingdom (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 100 | No consensus |
| United Republic of Tanzania (the) | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | — | 3 |
| United States of America (the) | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Uruguay | Yes | No | Yes | 45–75 | — | 1 |
| Uzbekistan | Yes | No | Yes | 70 | 70 | 7 |
| Vanuatu | Yes | Yes | Yes | 35–60 | n/a | 3 |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | Yes | No | Yes | 40 | — | 4 |
| Viet Nam | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 80 | 6 |
| West Bank and Gaza Stripa | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 80 | 3 |
| Yemen | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | — | 3 |
| Zambia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80 | 5 |
| | | | | | | |
| Zimbabwe | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 80 | 8 |
Non-member area.
Different road classification used.
Associate WHO Member State.
— Data not available.
n/a Data not applicable.
Table A.6: Helmet laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area
| | | THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS | | | |
|----------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|--|
| | THERE IS A
NATIONAL | | | | |
| COUNTRY/AREA | HELMET LAW | Drivers | Adult passengers | Child passengers | |
| Afghanistan | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Albania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Angola | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Argentina | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Armenia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Australia | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Austria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Azerbaijan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Bahamas (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Bahrain | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Bangladesh | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Barbados | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Belarus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Belgium | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Belize | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Benin | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Bhutan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Yesa | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Botswana | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Brazil | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| British Virgin Islandsb | Yes | — | — | — | |
| Brunei Darussalam | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| | | | | | |
| Burkina Faso | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Burundi | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Cambodia | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Cameroon | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Canada | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Cape Verde | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
| Central African Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Chad | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Chile | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| China | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Colombia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Comoros (the) | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Cook Islands | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Costa Rica | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Croatia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Cuba | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Cyprus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Czech Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| | EXCEPTIONS TO LAW | | EFFECTIVENESS OF | | |
|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| There are exceptions
to the helmet law | The helmet law
applies to all road
types | The helmet law
applies to all engine
types | OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) | THERE ARE HELMET
STANDARDS | ESTIMATED NATIONAL
HELMET WEARING RATE
(%) |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| — | Yes | Yes | 10 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | — | 5 | Yes | — |
| No | No | No | 1 | Yes | 13 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | n/a | Yes | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | 95 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | Yes | 10–15 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 8 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | No | 9 | Yes | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 8 | Yes | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 3 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 1 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | — |
| No | No | No | No consensus | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | 98 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 1 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 2 | No | 21c |
| No | Yes | No | 1 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 10 | Yes | 99 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 9 | No | 90 |
| Yes | Yes | No | 3 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 4 | No | 51 |
| | | | | | |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | Yes | 100d |
| No | Yes | Yes | No consensus | Yes | 16e |
| — | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | 70 |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 4 | Yes | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 8 | No | 95 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 5 | Yes | 68a |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | 97f |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | No | — |
| (Table A.6 continued) | | THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS | | | |
|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|--|
| COUNTRY/AREA | THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW | Drivers | Adult passengers | Child passengers | |
| Dominican Republic | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Ecuador | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Egypt | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| El Salvador | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Eritrea | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Estonia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Ethiopia | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Fiji | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Finland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| France | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Gambia (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Georgia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Germany | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Ghana | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Greece | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Guatemala | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Guinea-Bissau | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Guyana | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Honduras | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Hungary | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Iceland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| India | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Indonesia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Iraq | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Ireland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Israel | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Italy | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Jamaica | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Japan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Jordan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Kazakhstan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Kenya | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Kiribati | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Kuwait | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Kyrgyzstan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Latvia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Lebanon | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Lesotho | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Liberia | Noi | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Lithuania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Madagascar | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | |
| Malawi | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Malaysia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Maldives | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| | EXCEPTIONS TO LAW | | EFFECTIVENESS OF | | |
|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| There are exceptions
to the helmet law | The helmet law
applies to all road
types | The helmet law
applies to all engine
types | OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) | THERE ARE HELMET
STANDARDS | ESTIMATED NATIONAL
HELMET WEARING RATE
(%) |
| No | Yes | Yes | 2 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 2 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | 70% |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 9 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 60 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 10 | Yes | 90 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | 95f |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | 95 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 4 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | 97f |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | Yes | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | 58f |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | No | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | 60 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | 95 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 8 | No | 95 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 2 | Yes | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | 93g |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | 13–15 |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | No consensus | — | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | No | 95 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | 60 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | Yes | 7f |
| No | Yes | Yes | No consensus | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 4 | No | — |
| — | Yes | No | 5 | No | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | 77f |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | 93h |
| | | | | | |
| No | Yes | Yes | 2 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 2 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | No | 7 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | 90f |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| (Table A.6 continued) | | THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS | | | |
|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|--|
| COUNTRY/AREA | THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW | Drivers | Adult passengers | Child passengers | |
| Mali | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Malta | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Marshall Islands (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Mauritania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Mauritius | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Mexico | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Micronesia (Federated States of) | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Mongolia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Montenegro | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Morocco | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
| Mozambique | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Myanmar | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Namibia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Nauru | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Nepal | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Netherlands (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| New Zealand | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Nicaragua | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | |
| Niger (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Nigeria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Norway | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Oman | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Pakistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
| Palau | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Panama | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Papua New Guinea | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Paraguay | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Peru | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Philippines (the) | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Poland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Portugal | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Puerto Ricoj | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Qatar | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Republic of Korea (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Republic of Moldova (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Romania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Russian Federation (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Rwanda | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Saint Lucia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Samoa | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| San Marino | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Sao Tome and Principe | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Saudi Arabia | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Senegal | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Serbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Seychelles | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| | EXCEPTIONS TO LAW | | EFFECTIVENESS OF | | |
|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| There are exceptions
to the helmet law | The helmet law
applies to all road
types | The helmet law
applies to all engine
types | OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) | THERE ARE HELMET
STANDARDS | ESTIMATED NATIONAL
HELMET WEARING RATE
(%) |
| No | Yes | No | 2 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 7 | No | 95 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 4 | No | 50f |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | Yes | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 100 |
| — | Yes | Yes | 3 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 4 | Yes | 67f |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | 60 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 8 | Yes | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | No | No consensus | Yes | 92f |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | No | 3 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 1 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 2 | Yes | <5 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | 100 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 4 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 8 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 1 | Yes | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 34 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 8 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | 90 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | 85 |
| No | Yes | No | 1 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | 90f |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | No consensus |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 8 | — | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | — | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 2 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | No | 95 |
| (Table A.6 continued) | | THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS | | | |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|--|
| COUNTRY/AREA | THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW | Drivers | Adult passengers | Child passengers | |
| Sierra Leone | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
| Singapore | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Slovakia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Slovenia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Solomon Islands | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| South Africa | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Spain | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Sri Lanka | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Sudan (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Suriname | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Swaziland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Sweden | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Switzerland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Syrian Arab Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Tajikistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Thailand | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Timor-Leste | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Togo | Noi | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Tonga | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Tunisia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Turkey | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Turkmenistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Tuvalu | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Uganda | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Ukraine | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| United Arab Emirates (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| United Kingdom (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| United Republic of Tanzania (the) | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| United States of America (the) | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Uruguay | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Uzbekistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Vanuatu | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Viet Nam | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| West Bank and Gaza Stripb | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yemen | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Zambia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Zimbabwe | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Law lax or not enforced.
Non-member area.
Phnom Penh only. Metropolitan area only.
Guangxi province only.
Drivers only.
g Survey conducted in 10 provinces and 31 cities.
Riga only. No law, but regulations enforced.
Associate WHO Member State.
Montevideo only.
— Data not available.
n/a Data not applicable.
| | EXCEPTIONS TO LAW | | EFFECTIVENESS OF | | |
|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| There are exceptions
to the helmet law | The helmet law
applies to all road
types | The helmet law
applies to all engine
types | OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) | THERE ARE HELMET
STANDARDS | ESTIMATED NATIONAL
HELMET WEARING RATE
(%) |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | 56 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 8 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | No | 7 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | Yes | 100 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | 95f |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 8 | Yes | 98f |
| Yes | Yes | No | 7 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | — |
| No | No | Yes | 7 | No | 90 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | 80 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 1 | Yes | 95 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | 100 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 4 | No | — |
| No | Yes | No | 6 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 4 | Yes | 27 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 2 | No | 2f |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | 70f |
| No | Yes | Yes | 2 | No | 1 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 7 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | Yes | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | Yes | 12f |
| No | Yes | No | 8 | No | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 3 | No | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 8 | No | — |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | No consensus | Yes | 98 |
| Yes | Yes | No | 4 | No | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 58 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 5 | No | 50k |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 8 | No | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 6 | Yes | 55 |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 7 | Yes | 85 |
| Yes | No | No | 3 | No | — |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| No | Yes | Yes | 10 | No | 100 |
| No | Yes | Yes | 9 | — | — |
Table A.7: Road safety management, strategies and policies by country/area
| | | LEAD AGENCY | | | STRATEGIES | |
|----------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | A lead
agency is
present | Lead agency status | The lead
agency is
funded | There is a national
road safety
strategy | The strategy
includes
measurable
national
targets | The strategy
is funded |
| Afghanistan | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Albania | Yes | Interministerial | No | No | n/a | n/a |
| Angola | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Argentina | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Armenia | Yes | Other | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Australia | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Austria | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Azerbaijan | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Bahamas (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Bahrain | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Bangladesh | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Barbados | No | n/a | n/a | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Belarus | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Belgium | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Belize | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Benin | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Bhutan | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Botswana | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Brazil | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| British Virgin Islandsb | No | n/a | n/a | Subnational | n/a | n/a |
| Brunei Darussalam | Yes | Governmental | — | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Bulgaria | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Burkina Faso | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Burundi | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Cambodia | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Cameroon | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Canada | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Cape Verde | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Central African Republic (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Chad | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Chile | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| China | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Colombia | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Comoros (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Congo (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Cook Islands | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Costa Rica | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Croatia | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Cuba | Yes | Interministerial | No | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Cyprus | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Czech Republic (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| | POLICIES | | AUDITS | DRIVING TESTS | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|---------|----------------------------------|
| There are
national policies
to promote
walking and
cycling | There are
national policies
to promote
investment
in public
transportation | Formal audits on
new roads | Regular audits on
existing roads | Written | Practical | Medical | VEHICLE
INSURANCE
REQUIRED |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | — | — | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | — | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Subnational | Subnational | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | Yes | — | — | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No consensus | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| | | | | | | | |
| (Table A.7 continued) | | LEAD AGENCY | | | STRATEGIES | |
|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | A lead
agency is
present | Lead agency status | The lead
agency is
funded | There is a national
road safety
strategy | The strategy
includes
measurable
national
targets | The strategy
is funded |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Dominican Republic | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Ecuador | Yes | Governmental | Yes | — | — | — |
| Egypt | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| El Salvador | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Eritrea | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Estonia | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ethiopia | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Fiji | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Finland | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| France | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Gambia (the) | Yes | Other | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Georgia | Yes | Other | — | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Germany | Yes | — | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Ghana | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Greece | No | n/a | n/a | Yes | Yes | No |
| Guatemala | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Subnational | n/a | n/a |
| Guinea-Bissau | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Guyana | Yes | Other | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Honduras | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Hungary | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Iceland | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| | | | | | | |
| India | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Indonesia | Yes | Other | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Yes | Other | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Iraq | Yes | Governmental | No | Subnational | n/a | n/a |
| Ireland | Yes | Other | Yes | Yes | Yes | — |
| Israel | Yes | Other | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Italy | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Jamaica | Yes | Other | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Japan | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Jordan | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Kazakhstan | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Kenya | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kiribati | Yes | Governmental | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Kuwait | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Kyrgyzstan | Yes | Interministerial | No | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | Yes | Governmental | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Latvia | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Lebanon | No | n/a | n/a | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Lesotho | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Liberia | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Lithuania | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Madagascar | No | n/a | n/a | Yes | Yes | No |
| Malawi | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| | POLICIES | | AUDITS | | DRIVING TESTS | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------|---------------|---------|----------------------------------|
| There are
national policies
to promote
walking and
cycling | There are
national policies
to promote
investment
in public
transportation | Formal audits on
new roads | Regular audits on
existing roads | Written | Practical | Medical | VEHICLE
INSURANCE
REQUIRED |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| | | | | | | | |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Subnational | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| Yes | Subnational | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Subnational | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No consensus | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| | | | | | | | |
| No | Subnational | No | No | — | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| (Table A.7 continued) | | LEAD AGENCY | | | STRATEGIES | |
|---------------------------------------|--------------------------------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | A lead
agency is
present | Lead agency status | The lead
agency is
funded | There is a national
road safety
strategy | The strategy
includes
measurable
national
targets | The strategy
is funded |
| Malaysia | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Maldives | Yes | Governmental | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Mali | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Malta | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Marshall Islands (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Mauritania | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Mauritius | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Mexico | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Micronesia (Federated States of) | No | n/a | n/a | Subnational | No | No |
| Mongolia | Yes | Other | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Montenegro | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Morocco | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Mozambique | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Myanmar | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Namibia | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Nauru | Yes | — | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Nepal | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Netherlands (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| New Zealand | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Nicaragua | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Niger (the) | Yes | Interministerial | No | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Nigeria | Yes | Other | No | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Norway | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Oman | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Pakistan | Yes | Governmental | No | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Palau | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Panama | Yes | Governmental | Yes | — | — | — |
| Papua New Guinea | Yes | Governmental | No | Subnational | n/a | n/a |
| Paraguay | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Peru | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Philippines (the) | Yes | Governmental | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Poland | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Portugal | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Puerto Ricod | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Qatar | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Republic of Korea (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Republic of Moldova (the) | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Romania | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Russian Federation (the) | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Rwanda | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Saint Lucia | Yes | Governmental | No | No | n/a | n/a |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| | | | | | | |
| Samoa | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| San Marino | Yes | Interministerial | No | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia | Yes
Yes | Governmental
Interministerial | Yes
Yes | No
Multiple strategies | n/a
n/a | n/a
n/a |
| | POLICIES
AUDITS
DRIVING TESTS | | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------|-----------|---------|----------------------------------|
| There are
national policies
to promote
walking and
cycling | There are
national policies
to promote
investment
in public
transportation | Formal audits on
new roads | Regular audits on
existing roads | Written | Practical | Medical | VEHICLE
INSURANCE
REQUIRED |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Subnational | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Noc |
| No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| Yes | No | No | No | — | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| — | — | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Subnational | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| No | Subnational | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| | | | | | | | |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| (Table A.7 continued) | | LEAD AGENCY | | | STRATEGIES | |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | A lead
agency is
present | Lead agency status | The lead
agency is
funded | There is a national
road safety
strategy | The strategy
includes
measurable
national
targets | The strategy
is funded |
| Senegal | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Serbia | No | n/a | n/a | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Seychelles | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sierra Leone | Yes | Other | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Singapore | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Slovakia | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Slovenia | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Solomon Islands | Yes | Governmental | — | — | — | — |
| South Africa | Yes | Other | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Spain | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sri Lanka | Yes | Governmental | No | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Sudan (the) | No | n/a | n/a | Subnational | n/a | n/a |
| Suriname | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Swaziland | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Sweden | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Switzerland | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Syrian Arab Republic (the) | Yes | Interministerial | No | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Tajikistan | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Thailand | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | Yes | Other | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Timor-Leste | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Togo | No | n/a | n/a | No | n/a | n/a |
| Tonga | Yes | Governmental | Yes | No | n/a | n/a |
| Trinidad and Tobago | — | — | — | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Tunisia | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Turkey | Yes | Interministerial | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Turkmenistan | No | n/a | n/a | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Tuvalu | No | n/a | n/a | Yes | No | No |
| Uganda | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Ukraine | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| United Arab Emirates (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| United Kingdom (the) | No | n/a | n/a | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| United Republic of Tanzania (the) | Yes | Interministerial | No | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| United States of America (the) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Uruguay | Yes | Other | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| Uzbekistan | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yes | Yes | — |
| Vanuatu | No | n/a | n/a | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Viet Nam | Yes | Governmental | Yes | Yesa | n/a | n/a |
| West Bank and Gaza Stripb | No | n/a | n/a | Subnational | n/a | n/a |
| Yemen | Yes | Interministerial | No | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
| Zambia | Yes | Other | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Zimbabwe | Yes | Governmental | No | Multiple strategies | n/a | n/a |
Not formally endorsed by government.
Non-member area.
Required in some States.
Associate WHO Member State.
— Data not available.
| | POLICIES | | AUDITS | | DRIVING TESTS | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------|---------------|---------|----------------------------------|
| There are
national policies
to promote
walking and
cycling | There are
national policies
to promote
investment
in public
transportation | Formal audits on
new roads | Regular audits on
existing roads | Written | Practical | Medical | VEHICLE
INSURANCE
REQUIRED |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | No | Yes | No | — | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | No |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | Subnational | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Noc |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| — | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | Yes |
Table A.8: Pre-hospital care systems by country/area
| | | UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER | | | |
|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|----------|---------------------|--|
| COUNTRY/AREA | FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
CARE SYSTEM | National | Regional | TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) | |
| Afghanistan | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Albania | Yes | No | Yes | 2253364 | |
| Angola | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Argentina | Yes | No | Yes | — | |
| Armenia | Yes | Yes | — | 103 | |
| Australia | Yes | Yes | — | 000 | |
| Austria | Yes | Yes | — | 144 | |
| Azerbaijan | Yes | Yes | Yes | 103 | |
| Bahamas (the) | — | — | — | — | |
| Bahrain | Yes | Yes | — | 999 | |
| Bangladesh | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Barbados | Yes | Yes | — | 511 | |
| Belarus | Yes | Yes | — | 103 | |
| Belgium | Yes | Yes | — | 100 | |
| Belize | Yes | Yes | — | 911 | |
| Benin | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Bhutan | No | Yesa | n/a | 112 | |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Yes | Yes | — | 110 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Yes | Yes | 124 | |
| Botswana | Yes | Yes | — | 997 | |
| Brazil | Yes | Yes | — | 192 | |
| British Virgin Islandsb | Yes | Yes | — | 911 | |
| Brunei Darussalam | Yes | Yes | — | — | |
| Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | — | 150 | |
| Burkina Faso | Yes | Yes | — | 18 | |
| Burundi | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Cambodia | Yes | Yes | — | 119 | |
| Cameroon | Yes | Yes | — | 19, 119 | |
| Canada | Yes | Yes | Yes | 911 | |
| Cape Verde | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Central African Republic (the) | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Chad | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Chile | Yes | Yes | — | 131 | |
| China | Yes | Yes | — | 120 | |
| Colombia | Yes | — | — | — | |
| Comoros (the) | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Congo (the) | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Cook Islands | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Costa Rica | Yes | Yes | — | 911 | |
| Croatia | Yes | Yes | — | 112 | |
| Cuba | Yes | Yes | Yes | 106 | |
| Cyprus | Yes | Yes | Yes | 199, 112 | |
| Czech Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 112, 155 | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | No | n/a | n/a | — | |
| Dominican Republic | Yes | Yes | — | 911 | |
| | | UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER | | |
|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|----------|---------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
CARE SYSTEM | National | Regional | TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) |
| Ecuador | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Egypt | Yes | Yes | — | 123 |
| El Salvador | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Eritrea | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Estonia | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Ethiopia | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Fiji | Yes | Yes | — | 000 |
| Finland | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| France | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Gambia (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 116 |
| Georgia | Yes | Yes | — | 03 |
| Germany | Yes | Yes | Yes | 112 |
| Ghana | Yes | Yes | — | 193 |
| Greece | Yes | Yes | — | 166 |
| Guatemala | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Guinea-Bissau | Yes | Yes | — | 118 |
| Guyana | Yes | No | Yes | 913 |
| Honduras | Yes | No | — | — |
| Hungary | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Iceland | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| India | Yes | Yes | Yes | 102 |
| Indonesia | Yes | Yes | — | 118 |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Yes | Yes | — | 115 |
| Iraq | Yes | Yes | — | 122 |
| Ireland | Yes | Yes | — | 999,112 |
| Israel | Yes | Yes | — | 101 |
| Italy | Yes | Yes | — | 118 |
| Jamaica | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Japan | Yes | Yes | — | 119 |
| Jordan | Yes | Yes | — | 199 |
| Kazakhstan | Yes | Yes | — | 03 |
| Kenya | No | n/a | — | — |
| Kiribati | Yes | Yes | — | 28100 |
| Kuwait | Yes | Yes | — | 777 |
| Kyrgyzstan | Yes | Yes | — | 103 |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Latvia | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Lebanon | No | n/a | — | — |
| Lesotho | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Liberia | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| | | | | |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | Yes | No | Yes | 151,191,193 |
| Lithuania | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Madagascar | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Malawi | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Malaysia | Yes | Yes | — | 999 |
### (Table A.8 continued)
| | | UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER | | |
|----------------------------------|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|----------|------------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
CARE SYSTEM | National | Regional | TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) |
| Maldives | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Mali | Yes | Yes | — | 18, 112 |
| Malta | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Marshall Islands (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 6258444 |
| Mauritania | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Mauritius | Yes | Yes | — | 114 |
| Mexico | Yes | No | Yes | 066 |
| Micronesia (Federated States of) | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Mongolia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 103 |
| Montenegro | Yes | Yes | — | 124 |
| Morocco | Yes | Yes | — | 115 |
| Mozambique | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Myanmar | Yes | No | Yes | 01500005 |
| Namibia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 2033282, 10111 |
| Nauru | Yes | Yes | — | 4443883 |
| Nepal | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Netherlands (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| New Zealand | Yes | Yes | — | 111 |
| Nicaragua | Yes | Yes | Yes | 128, 115 |
| Niger (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 18, 17 |
| Nigeria | Yes | No | Yes | — |
| Norway | Yes | Yes | — | 113 |
| Oman | Yes | Yes | — | 9999 |
| Pakistan | Yes | Yes | — | 15 |
| Palau | Yes | Yes | — | 911 |
| Panama | Yes | No | Yes | — |
| Papua New Guinea | Yes | Yes | — | 111 |
| Paraguay | Yes | No | Yes | 206206, 911, 132 |
| Peru | No | n/a | n/a | — |
| Philippines (the) | Yes | No | Yes | — |
| Poland | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Portugal | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Puerto Ricoc | Yes | Yes | — | 911 |
| Qatar | Yes | Yes | — | 999 |
| Republic of Korea (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 119 |
| Republic of Moldova (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 903 |
| Romania | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Russian Federation (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 03 |
| Rwanda | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Saint Lucia | Yes | Yes | — | 911 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Samoa | Yes | Yes | — | 996, 995 |
| San Marino | Yes | Yes | — | 118 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Saudi Arabia | Yes | Yes | — | 997 |
| Senegal | Yes | Yes | — | 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518 |
| Serbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 94 |
| | | UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER | | |
|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|----------|---------------------|
| COUNTRY/AREA | FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
CARE SYSTEM | National | Regional | TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) |
| Seychelles | Yes | Yes | — | — |
| Sierra Leone | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Singapore | Yes | Yes | — | 995 |
| Slovakia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 112 |
| Slovenia | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Solomon Islands | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| South Africa | Yes | Yes | — | 10177, 112 |
| Spain | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Sri Lanka | Nod | No | Yes | 110 |
| Sudan (the) | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Suriname | Yes | Yes | — | 113 |
| Swaziland | Yes | Yes | — | 933 |
| Sweden | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Switzerland | Yes | Yes | — | 144 |
| Syrian Arab Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 110 |
| Tajikistan | Yes | Yes | — | 03 |
| Thailand | Yes | Yes | — | 1669 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | Yes | Yes | — | 194 |
| Timor-Leste | Yes | Yes | — | 110 |
| Togo | Yes | Yes | — | 17, 18 |
| Tonga | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Yes | Yes | — | 811 |
| Tunisia | Yes | Yes | — | 198 |
| Turkey | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Turkmenistan | Yes | Yes | — | 03 |
| Tuvalu | Yes | Yes | — | 911 |
| Uganda | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Ukraine | Yes | Yes | — | 03 |
| United Arab Emirates (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 999 |
| United Kingdom (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 999 |
| United Republic of Tanzania (the) | No | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| United States of America (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 911 |
| Uruguay | No | n/a | Yes | n/a |
| Uzbekistan | Yes | Yes | — | 03 |
| Vanuatu | Yes | Yes | — | 112 |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | Yes | Yes | — | 171 |
| Viet Nam | Yes | Yes | — | 115 |
| West Bank and Gaza Stripb | Yes | Yes | — | 101 |
| Yemen | Yes | Yes | Yes | 195 |
| Zambia | Yes | Yes | — | 991 |
| Zimbabwe | Yes | Yes | — | 991 |
Free ambulance service only.
Non-member area. Associate WHO Member State.
Some areas have a pre-hospital care system.
— Data not available.
n/a Data not applicable.