Obsidian/Zotero/001_artiklid/Road Safety Indicators/organizationglobalstatusreportroad2009.md

---

category: literaturenote citekey: organizationglobalstatusreportroad2009 title: "Global status report on road safety: time for action" authors: World Health Organization year: 2009 date: 2009-00-00 2009 url: "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/44122" zotero_key: 4DRC5LY4 zotero_storage: NGFVLWKS collections: doktoritöö / HLO folder: 001_artiklid/Road Safety Indicators firstAuthor: World Health Organization

status: converted

World Health Organization Department of Violence & Injury Prevention & Disability (VIP) 20 Avenue Appia Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: traffi c@who.int

ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

TIME FOR ACTION

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

TIME FOR ACTION

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Global status report on road safety: time for action.

1.Accidents, Traffic - statistics and numerical data. 2.Accidents, Traffic - trends. 3.Wounds and injuries - epidemiology. 4.Safety - statistics and numerical data. 5.Data collection. I.World Health Organization. Dept. of Violence and Injury Prevention.

ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 (NLM classification: WA 275)

Suggested citation: Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009 (www.who.int/violence_ injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009).

© World Health Organization 2009

All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: permissions@who.int).

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.

All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.

Printed in Switzerland. Designed by L'IV Com Sàrl.

Made possible through funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies.

Contents

Preface	iv
Acknowledgements	v
Executive summary	vii
1. Background An international response to road traffic injury prevention	1 4
2. The need for a global assessment of road safety Methodology	7 8
3. The state of road safety around the world	11
Road traffic injuries remain a global public health problem t-PXJODPNFBOENJEEMFJODPNFDPVOUSJFTIBWF	11
the highest burden and road traffic death rates	12
t/FBSMZIBMGPGUIPTFEZJOHPOUIFXPSMETSPBETBSF vulnerable road users	14
'FXDPVOUSJFTIBWFDPNQSFIFOTJWFSPBETBGFUZMBXTUIBU
BSFXFMMFOGPSDFE
t4QFFE
t%SJOLJOHBOEESJWJOH
t6TFPGNPUPSDZDMFIFMNFUT
t4FBUCFMUVTF
t6TFPGDIJMESFTUSBJOUT
t-FHJTMBUJPOTVNNBSZ
'FXDPVOUSJFTIBWFSFMJBCMFEBUBPOSPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFT
t%BUBPOGBUBMJUJFT
t%BUBPOOPOGBUBMJOKVSJFT
t%BUBPOFDPOPNJDDPTUT
t%BUBPONPOJUPSJOHBOEFWBMVBUJPO
4. Conclusions
4USFOHUITBOEXFBLOFTTFTPGUIJTTVSWFZ
,FZNFTTBHFTBOESFDPNNFOEBUJPOT
References	41
Country profiles
Statistical annex	227

Preface

The Global status report on road safety reaffirms our understanding of road traffic injuries as a global health BOEEFWFMPQNFOUQSPCMFN.PSFUIBONJMMJPOQFPQMFEJFPOUIFXPSMETSPBETFWFSZZFBS BOEBTNBOZBT NJMMJPOPUIFSTBSFJOKVSFE0WFSPGUIFEFBUITPDDVSJOMPXJODPNFBOENJEEMFJODPNFDPVOUSJFT

#FZPOEUIFFOPSNPVTTVGGFSJOHUIFZDBVTF SPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFTDBOESJWFBGBNJMZJOUPQPWFSUZBTDSBTITVSWJWPST BOEUIFJSGBNJMJFTTUSVHHMFUPDPQFXJUIUIFMPOHUFSNDPOTFRVFODFTPGUIFFWFOU JODMVEJOHUIFDPTUPGNFEJDBM DBSFBOESFIBCJMJUBUJPOBOEBMMUPPPGUFOGVOFSBMFYQFOTFTBOEUIFMPTTPGUIFGBNJMZCSFBEXJOOFS

3PBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFT BMTP QMBDF B IVHF TUSBJO PO OBUJPOBM IFBMUI TZTUFNT NBOZ PGXIJDI TVGGFSGSPNXPFGVMMZ JOBEFRVBUFMFWFMTPGSFTPVSDFT

)JTUPSJDBMMZ NBOZPGUIFNFBTVSFTJOQMBDFUPSFEVDFSPBEUSBGmDEFBUITBOEJOKVSJFTBSFBJNFEBUQSPUFDUJOHDBS PDDVQBOUT)PXFWFS BTUIJTSFQPSUTIPXT OFBSMZIBMGPGUIPTFLJMMFEFBDIZFBSBSPVOEUIFXPSMEBSFQFEFTUSJBOT NPUPSDZDMJTUT DZDMJTUTBOEQBTTFOHFSTJOQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUUIJTmHVSFJTFWFOIJHIFSJOUIFQPPSFSDPVOUSJFTBOE DPNNVOJUJFTPGUIFXPSME

The Global status report on road safetyESBXTPVSBUUFOUJPOUPUIFOFFETPGBMMSPBEVTFSToJODMVEJOHUIFTFNPTU WVMOFSBCMFHSPVQT5IFZUPPNVTUCFDPOTJEFSFEBOEHJWFOFRVBMQSJPSJUZXIFOQPMJDZEFDJTJPOTPOSPBETBGFUZ land use and urban planning are made.

1SFWFOUJPOJTCZGBSUIFCFUUFSPQUJPO8FIBWFNVDIPGUIFLOPXMFEHFBOEFYQFSJFODFBOENBOZPGUIFUPPMT OFFEFEUPNBLFPVSUSBOTQPSUTZTUFNTTBGFBOEIFBMUIZ#VJMEJOHTBGFSWFIJDMFTBOESPBET EFTJHOJOHJOGSBTUSVDUVSF XJUIUIFQSPUFDUJPOPGQFEFTUSJBOTBOEDZDMJTUTJONJOE FOIBODJOHQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUBOEJNQSPWJOHPVSQFSTPOBM CFIBWJPVSPOUIFSPBETXPVMESFEVDFJOKVSJFTBOEDPOUSJCVUFUPIFBMUIJFSQPQVMBUJPOTHFOFSBMMZ

'PSUIFTFBQQSPBDIFTUPCFSFBMJ[FE UIFSFNVTUCFDPMMBCPSBUJPOBNPOHUIFBDUPSTBOEBHFODJFTXJUIJOFBDI DPVOUSZXIPTFQPMJDJFToEJSFDUMZPSJOEJSFDUMZoJNQBDUPOUIFTBGFUZPGUIPTFPOJUTSPBET5IFTFQBSUOFSTNVTU VTFUIFQPXFSPGUIFFWJEFODFJOIBOEUPFODPVSBHFUIPTFJNQMFNFOUJOHSPBETBGFUZJOJUJBUJWFTBOEBEPQUJOHBOE FOGPSDJOHMFHJTMBUJPOUPBMJHOUIFJSFGGPSUTXJUICFTUQSBDUJDFGSPNUIFmFME

With the Global status report on road safetyXFIBWFGPSUIFmSTUUJNFBOBTTFTTNFOU POUIF TUBUVTPG SPBE TBGFUZBSPVOEUIFHMPCF5IJTVOJRVFBOEDPNQBSBCMF TFU of data confirms the relevance of this issue to the societal challenges of today. It JEFOUJmFTDMFBSHBQTBOEPQQPSUVOJUJFTBOEJOTQJSFTVTUPBDUJPO/PXJTUIFUJNF

%S.BSHBSFU\$IBO %JSFDUPS(FOFSBM 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO

"DLOPXMFEHFNFOUT

5IF8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPOHSBUFGVMMZBDLOPXMFEHFTUIFDPOUSJCVUJPOTNBEFUPUIJT3FQPSUCZUIFGPMMPXJOH

WHO headquarters in Geneva:\$PPSEJOBUJPOGPSUIFEFWFMPQNFOUPGUIJTSFQPSUXBTQSPWJEFECZ.BSHJF1FEFO 5IFSFQPSUXBTXSJUUFOCZ5BNJ5PSPZBO DPVOUSZQSPmMFTXFSFDPNQJMFECZ"MJTPO)BSWFZBOEUIFTUBUJTUJDBMBOBMZTJT XBTEPOFCZ,JEJTU#BSUPMPNFPTBOE,BDFN*BZDI0UIFSTXIPDPOUSJCVUFEUPJUTEFWFMPQNFOUXFSF"MB"MXBO .FMFDLJE[FEFDL,IBZFTJ &UJFOOF,SVH 1BTDBMF-BOWFST\$BTBTPMB 4UFWFO-BVXFST \$PMJO.BUIFST 4VTBO1JB[[B BOE-BVSB4NJOLFZ

WHO African Region:%JFZOBCB%JBMMP 3FHJPOBM%BUB\$PPSEJOBUPS 0MJWF,PCVTJOHZF

WHO Region of the Americas:7JMNB(BXSZT[FXTLJ 3FHJPOBM%BUB\$PPSEJOBUPS &VHºOJB3PESJHVFT

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: )BMB "CPV5BMFC 3FHJPOBM %BUB \$PPSEJOBUPS +BGGBS )VTTBJO )BMB4BLS

WHO European Region: .BOVFMB (BMMJUUP 3JNNB ,V[OFUTPWB 'SBODFTDB 3BDJPQQJ %JOFTI 4FUIJ 'SBODFTDP;BNCPO 3FHJPOBM%BUB\$PPSEJOBUPS

WHO South-East Asia Region:4BMJN\$IPXEIVSZ 3FHJPOBM%BUB\$PPSEJOBUPS \$IBNBJQBSO4BOUJLBSO

WHO Western Pacific Region:-J%BO .BZFU%BSBOH 0MHB%JB[ )JTBTIJ0HBXB ,SJTIOBO3BKBN 3FHJPOBM %BUB\$PPSEJOBUPS

\$PVOUSZMFWFMEBUBDPVMEOPUIBWFCFFOPCUBJOFEXJUIPVUUIFJOWBMVBCMFJOQVUPG

• t 5IF8)03FQSFTFOUBUJWFTBOETUBGGJODPVOUSJFT
• t 5IF/BUJPOBM%BUB\$PPSEJOBUPST TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY
• t "MMSFTQPOEFOUTBOEBUUFOEFFTPGUIFDPOTFOTVTNFFUJOHTJODPVOUSJFTBOE
• t (PWFSONFOUPGmDJBMTXIPQSPWJEFEDMFBSBODFPGUIFJOGPSNBUJPOGPSJODMVTJPOJOUIF3FQPSU

5IFSFQPSUBMTPCFOFmUFEGSPNUIFDPOUSJCVUJPOTPGUIFGPMMPXJOH

• t ,FMMZ)FOOJOHBOE,FMMZ-BSTPOGSPN#MPPNCFSH1IJMBOUISPQJFTBOE5PN'SJFEFO )FBMUI\$PNNJTTJPOFSGSPN /FX:PSL\$JUZ XIPQSPWJEFEJOWBMVBCMFUFDIOJDBMJOQVU
• t /PCMF"QQJBI (SBOU#BMEXJO .BUUT"LB#FMJO 3JUB\$VZQFST .JDIBFM'JU[IBSSJT (PQBMBLSJTIOB(VSVSBK .BSJB*TBCFM(VUJ¹SSF[ "EOBO")ZEFS :PIBOOFT,JOGV 3JDIBSE.BU[PQPVMPT %JOFTI.PIBO &WB.PMOBS "OESFX1FBSDF *BO3PCFSUT %BWJE4JMDPDL #KPSO4UBGCPSO \$MBFT5JOHWBMM .BSUJKO"MFYBOEFS7JT %BWJE8BSE BOE'SFE8FHNBOXIPQSPWJEFEFYQFSUBEWJDFBOESFWJFXDPNNFOUT
• t %BWJE#SBNMFZXIPFEJUFEUIF3FQPSU
• t 4VTBO,BQMBOXIPQSPPGSFBEUIF3FQPSU
• t (SBQIJDEFTJHOFSTGSPN-*7\$PN4µSMXIPQSPEVDFEUIFEFTJHOBOEMBZPVU
• t "SUJTU+PIO4BLBSTGPSUIFNVSBMSFQSPEVDFEPOUIFDPWFSBOEHSBDJPVTMZPOMPBOGSPN\$FOUFOOJBM4FDPOEBSZ 4DIPPMQIPUPHSBQIZPGNVSBMCZ\$MBVEJB"VCFSUJO7FEPWB4UVEJP4PVUIXFTUBOE
• t "MMUIFUSBOTMBUPSTXIPQSFQBSFEWBSJPVTMBOHVBHFWFSTJPOTPGUIJT3FQPSU

'JOBMMZ UIF8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPOXJTIFTUPUIBOL#MPPNCFSH1IJMBOUISPQJFTGPSJUTHFOFSPVTmOBODJBMTVQQPSU for the development and publication of this Report.

Executive summary

Over 1.2 million people die each year on the world's roads, and between 20 and 50 million suffer non-fatal injuries. In most regions of the world this epidemic of road traffic injuries is still increasing. In the past five years most countries have endorsed the recommendations of the World report on road traffic injury prevention which give guidance on how countries can implement a comprehensive approach to improving road safety and reducing the death toll on their roads. To date, however, there has been no global assessment of road safety that indicates the extent to which this approach is being implemented. This Global status report on road safety is the first broad assessment of the status of road safety in 178 countries, using data drawn from a standardized survey conducted in 2008. The results provide a benchmark that countries can use to assess their road safety position relative to other countries, while internationally the data presented can collectively be considered as a global "baseline" against which progress over time can be measured. The Global status report presents a number of key findings:

t -PXJODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF countries have higher road traffic fatality rates (21.5 and 19.5 per 100 000 population, respectively) than high-income countries (10.3 per 100 000). Over 90% of the world's fatalities on the roads occur in low-income and middle-income countries, which have only 48% of the world's registered vehicles. Over 90% of the world's fatalities on the roads occur in low-income and middle-income countries, which have only 48% of the world's vehicles.

• %FBUI SBUFT IBWF CFFO EFDMJOJOH over the last four to five decades in NBOZIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFT&WFOJO UIFTFDPVOUSJFT SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFT SFNBJOBOJNQPSUBOUDBVTFPGEFBUI injury and disability.
• t "MNPTUIBMGPGUIPTFXIPEJFJOSPBE USBGmDDSBTIFTBSFQFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT PS VTFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXPXIFFMFST o DPMMFDUJWFMZ LOPXO BT iWVMOFSBCMF SPBEVTFSTwoBOEUIJTQSPQPSUJPOJT higher in the poorer economies of the XPSME'PSFYBNQMF XIJMFJOUIFIJHI income countries of the Americas 3FHJPOPGSFQPSUFESPBEEFBUIT BSF BNPOH WFIJDMF PDDVQBOUT UIJT TJUVBUJPOJTWFSZEJGGFSFOUJOUIFMPX JODPNFBOENJEEMFJODPNFDPVOUSJFT PGUIF8FTUFSO1BDJmD3FHJPOXIFSF PG SFQPSUFE SPBE EFBUIT BSF among vulnerable road users. The report suggests that not enough is being done to meet the needs of UIFTFWVMOFSBCMFHSPVQT'PSJOTUBODF TQFFE JT B LFZ SJTL GBDUPS GPS JOKVSZ BNPOH QFEFTUSJBOT BOE DZDMJTUT BOEZFUPOMZPGDPVOUSJFTNFFU basic criteria for reducing speed in VSCBO BSFBT XIJMF MFTT UIBO of countries rate the enforcement of their speed limits as effective. Traffic DBMNJOHNFBTVSFT QBSUJDVMBSMZXIFSF different groups of road users are not TFQBSBUFE JOGSBTUSVDUVSFBOEQPMJDZ NFBTVSFT UIBU BMMPX SPBE VTFST UP XBMLBOEDZDMFTBGFMZ BOENFBTVSFT UIBUJNQSPWFUIFRVBMJUZPGBOEBDDFTT UPQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUBSFBMTPMBDLJOH .BOZPGUIFNFBTVSFTTIPXOUPCF effective at reducing road traffic injuries among vulnerable road users can also have other effects on health such as improved respiratory IFBMUI BTBSFTVMUPGSFEVDFEFYIBVTU FNJTTJPOT BOE UIF QPTJUJWF FGGFDUT BTTPDJBUFE XJUI JODSFBTFE QIZTJDBM activity.
• t 5IF BEPQUJPO BOE FOGPSDFNFOU PG USBGmD MBXT BQQFBST JOBEFRVBUF JO many countries. The development and effective enforcement of legislation is DSJUJDBMJOSFEVDJOHESJOLoESJWJOHBOE FYDFTTJWF TQFFE BOE JO JODSFBTJOH UIF VTF PG IFMNFUT TFBUCFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT5IJTTVSWFZTIPXFE UIBU GFXFS UIBO IBMG UIF DPVOUSJFT IBWF MBXT UP BEESFTT BMM GJWF PG UIFTF SJTL GBDUPST XIJMF POMZ IBWF MBXT UIBU DBO CF DPOTJEFSFE comprehensive in scope.1 0WFS PGDPVOUSJFTIBWFTPNFLJOEPG OBUJPOBMESJOLoESJWJOHMBX ZFUPOMZ PG DPVOUSJFT TUJQVMBUF B MFHBM blood alcohol concentration limit PGMFTTUIBOPSFRVBMUPHSBNT QFS EFDJMJUSF BT SFDPNNFOEFE JO the World report 4JNJMBSMZ POMZ PGDPVOUSJFTIBWFBNPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU MBX UIBU DPWFST CPUI SJEFST BOEQBTTFOHFST BOENBOEBUFUIBU helmets should meet a specific national or international standard. 0OMZPGDPVOUSJFTSFRVJSFTFBU belts to be used by passengers in both GSPOUBOESFBSTFBUT BOEXIJMF PGIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTIBWFBMBX SFRVJSJOHZPVOHDIJMESFOJODBSTUP CFSFTUSBJOFEXJUIBQQSPQSJBUFDIJME SFTUSBJOUT POMZPGMPXJODPNF DPVOUSJFTIBWFTJNJMBSSFRVJSFNFOUT &OGPSDFNFOUTDPSFTGPSBMMUIFTFSJTL GBDUPST JT HFOFSBMMZ MPX TVHHFTUJOH UIBU SPBE TBGFUZ MBX FOGPSDFNFOU OFFETUPCFJNQSPWFE5IJTSFRVJSFT QPMJUJDBMXJMM BOEFOTVSJOHUIBU MBX enforcement agencies are given sufficient human and financial resources to mount sustainable and effective enforcement activities.
• t "EESFTTJOH SPBE TBGFUZ JO B comprehensive manner necessitates UIFJOWPMWFNFOUPGNVMUJQMFTFDUPST

¹ The criteria used to define "comprehensive" in relation to laws on speed, drink–driving, and use of helmets, seat-belts and child restraints are described in the main text.

such as health, transport and police. A coordinated response to the problem includes the development and implementation of a multisectoral strategy on road traffic injury prevention with sufficient finances for planned activities to be achieved within a specified timeframe. While many countries have taken positive steps towards improving the institutional frameworks needed to support road safety efforts, many challenges remain. Only one-third of countries have a national road safety strategy that is endorsed by the government, that includes specific targets, and that has funding allocated for its implementation.

• Finally, the report shows that huge gaps remain in the quality and coverage of the data that countries collect and report on road traffic injuries. Reliable data on fatalities and non-fatal injuries are needed by countries to assess the scope of the road traffic injury problem, to target responses to it, and to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of intervention measures. Underreporting of road traffic fatalities remains a big problem in many countries, and the situation is even worse with regard to non-fatal injuries. Furthermore, the lack of harmonization of terminology between countries, and even between sectors within them, limits comparability of data. For instance, varying time periods between the crash and death are used to define a road traffic death, and the definition of a severe non-fatal injury also varies. Just 22% of countries had information on the extent of their

WHO predicts that road traffic injuries will rise to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.

Leading causes of death, 2004 and 2030 compared

	TOTAL 2004			TOTAL 2030
RANK	LEADING CAUSE	%	RANK	LEADING CAUSE	%
1	Ischaemic heart disease	12.2	1	Ischaemic heart disease	14.2
2	Cerebrovascular disease	9.7	2	Cerebrovascular disease	12.1
3	Lower respiratory infections	7.0	3	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	8.6
4	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	5.1	4	Lower respiratory infections	3.8
5	Diarrhoeal diseases	3.6	5	Road traffic injuries	3.6
6	HIV/AIDS	3.5	6	Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers	3.4
7	Tuberculosis	2.5	7	Diabetes mellitus	3.3
8	Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers	2.3	8	Hypertensive heart disease	2.1
9	Road traffic injuries	2.2	9	Stomach cancer	1.9
10	Prematurity and low birth weight	2.0	10	HIV/AIDS	1.8
11	Neonatal infections and othera	1.9	11	Nephritis and nephrosis	1.6
12	Diabetes mellitus	1.9	12	Self-inflicted injuries	1.5
13	Malaria	1.7	13	Liver cancer	1.4
14	Hypertensive heart disease	1.7	14	Colon and rectum cancer	1.4
15	Birth asphyxia and birth trauma	1.5	15	Oesophagus cancer	1.3
16	Self-inflicted injuries	1.4	16	Violence	1.2
17	Stomach cancer	1.4	17	Alzheimer and other dementias	1.2
18	Cirrhosis of the liver	1.3	18	Cirrhosis of the liver	1.2
19	Nephritis and nephrosis	1.3	19	Breast cancer	1.1
20	Colon and rectum cancers	1.1	20	Tuberculosis	1.0

RANK	LEADING CAUSE	%	RANK	LEADING CAUSE	%
1	Ischaemic heart disease	12.2	1	Ischaemic heart disease	14.2
2	Cerebrovascular disease	9.7	2	Cerebrovascular disease	12.1
3	Lower respiratory infections	7.0	3	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	8.6
4	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	5.1	4	Lower respiratory infections	3.8
5	Diarrhoeal diseases	3.6	5	Road traffic injuries	3.6
6	HIV/AIDS	3.5	6	Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers	3.4
7	Tuberculosis	2.5	7	Diabetes mellitus	3.3
8	Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers	2.3	8	Hypertensive heart disease	2.1
9	Road traffic injuries	2.2	9	Stomach cancer	1.9
10	Prematurity and low birth weight	2.0	10	HIV/AIDS	1.8
11	Neonatal infections and othera	1.9	11	Nephritis and nephrosis	1.6
12	Diabetes mellitus	1.9	12	Self-inflicted injuries	1.5
13	Malaria	1.7	13	Liver cancer	1.4
14	Hypertensive heart disease	1.7	14	Colon and rectum cancer	1.4
15	Birth asphyxia and birth trauma	1.5	15	Oesophagus cancer	1.3
16	Self-inflicted injuries	1.4	16	Violence	1.2
17	Stomach cancer	1.4	17	Alzheimer and other dementias	1.2
18	Cirrhosis of the liver	1.3	18	Cirrhosis of the liver	1.2
19	Nephritis and nephrosis	1.3	19	Breast cancer	1.1
20	Colon and rectum cancers	1.1	20	Tuberculosis	1.0

Comprises severe neonatal infections and other, noninfectious causes arising in the perinatal period. Source: World health statistics 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.html)

SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSZQSPCMFN UIFDPTUT incurred by their health sector or UIFJS OBUJPOBM FDPOPNJFT BOE UIF data needed to monitor and evaluate interventions accurately.

5IFSF JT B HSPXJOH CPEZ PG TPVOE scientific evidence on the steps necessary UP JNQSPWF SPBE TBGFUZ 5IF MBTU GFX years have seen an increase in political XJMM JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT XJUI B OVNCFS PGUIFTFNFBTVSFTJNQMFNFOUFEXJEFMZ XIJMFSPBETBGFUZIBTSFDFJWFEJODSFBTJOH international attention and support. )PXFWFS UIF SFTVMUT QSFTFOUFE JO UIJT Global status report TIPXUIBUNVDINPSF needs to be done. Key recommendations GSPNUIJTSFQPSUBSF

• t (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP UBLF JOUP consideration the needs of all road VTFSTXIFONBLJOHQPMJDZEFDJTJPOT that impact on road safety. To EBUF UIFOFFETPGWVMOFSBCMF SPBE users have been neglected in many countries and should be given SFOFXFEFNQIBTJT QBSUJDVMBSMZXIFO decisions are made about road JOGSBTUSVDUVSF MBOEVTF QMBOOJOH and transport services.

• t (PWF SONFOUT OFFE UP FOBDU DPNQSFIFOTJWFMBXTUIBUSFRVJSFBMM road users to be protected through enforcement of speed limits that are appropriate to the type and function PGUIFSPBE UISPVHIUIFTUJQVMBUJPO of blood alcohol concentration limits UPSFEVDFESJOLoESJWJOH BOEUISPVHI the use of appropriate occupant QSPUFDUJPO NFBTVSFT &YJTUJOH MFHJTMBUJPOTIPVMECF SFWJFXFEBOE BNFOEFE UP DPOGPSN XJUI HPPE practices that are based on sound evidence of effectiveness.

• t 5IFFOGPSDFNFOUPGDPNQSFIFOTJWF BOEDMFBSMFHJTMBUJPOXJUIBQQSPQSJBUF penalties and accompanied by QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT JT B critical factor in reducing road traffic JOKVSJFTBOEEFBUIT&OGPSDFNFOUPG BMMSPBETBGFUZMBXTOFFETUPCFCPUI improved and sustained.

• t (PWFSONFOUTOFFEUPFOTVSFUIBUUIF institutions nominated as responsible for action on road safety are fostering multisectoral collaboration and have the necessary human and financial resources to act effectively.

• t (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP FODPVSBHF DPMMBCPSBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFEJGGFSFOU sectors involved in collecting and reporting data on road traffic injuries. 5IJTJOWPMWFTJNQSPWJOHEBUBMJOLBHFT CFUXFFO QPMJDF USBOTQPSU BOE IFBMUITFSWJDFTBTXFMMBTJODSFBTJOH IVNBO DBQBDJUZUP VOEFSUBLF EBUB collection.

This Global status report TIPXT UIBU OP DPVOUSZ DBO BGGPSE UP TJU CBDL BOE BTTVNF UIBU JUT SPBE TBGFUZ XPSL JT DPNQMFUF4JHOJmDBOUQSPHSFTTJOOBUJPOBM SPBETBGFUZSFRVJSFTDMPTFDPMMBCPSBUJPO CFUXFFO SFMFWBOUMFBEFST BOE BHFODJFT XIPTF QPMJDJFT o EJSFDUMZ PS JOEJSFDUMZ o JNQBDU POUIF TBGFUZ PGUIPTF POUIF roads. The international community must also play its part in halting and reversing the current global trend of increasing SPBEUSBGmDEFBUIT CZSFDPHOJ[JOHSPBE traffic injuries as an important health and development problem and by intensifying support for prevention.

#BDLHSPVOE 1

R oad transportation provides benefits both to nations and to individuals by facilitating the movement of goods and people. It enables increased access UP KPCT FDPOPNJD NBSLFUT FEVDBUJPO SFDSFBUJPOBOEIFBMUIDBSF XIJDIJOUVSO have direct and indirect positive impacts POUIFIFBMUIPGQPQVMBUJPOT)PXFWFS the increase in road transportation has also placed a considerable burden on QFPQMFT IFBMUI o JO UIF GPSN PG SPBE USBGmDJOKVSJFT SFTQJSBUPSZJMMOFTTFT BOE UIFIFBMUIDPOTFRVFODFTUIBUFOTVFGSPN a reduction in physical activity. There are BEEJUJPOBMOFHBUJWFFDPOPNJD TPDJBMBOE FOWJSPONFOUBM DPOTFRVFODFT UIBU BSJTF from the movement of people and goods PO UIF SPBET o TVDI BT BJS QPMMVUJPO HSFFOIPVTFHBTFNJTTJPOT DPOTVNQUJPO PGmOJUFSFTPVSDFT DPNNVOJUZTFWFSBODF and noise.

"DDPSEJOH UP 8)0T (MPCBM #VSEFO PG %JTFBTF 1SPKFDU GPS SPBE traffic crashes caused over 1.27 million EFBUITUIBU ZFBS o B TJNJMBS OVNCFSUP

#FUXFFOBOEUIF number of motorized vehicles in 5IBJMBOEBMNPTUEPVCMFE GSPN NJMMJPOUPNJMMJPO

those caused by many communicable diseases . Road traffic injuries affect BMMBHFHSPVQT CVUUIFJSJNQBDUJTNPTU TUSJLJOHBNPOHUIFZPVOH5BCMFTIPXT that road traffic injuries are consistently one of the top three causes of death for QFPQMFBHFECFUXFFOBOEZFBST

While road traffic death rates in many IJHIJODPNF DPVOUSJFT IBWF TUBCJMJ[FE PS EFDMJOFE JO SFDFOU EFDBEFT EBUB TVHHFTUUIBUJONPTUSFHJPOTPGUIFXPSME the global epidemic of traffic injuries is still increasing. It has been estimated UIBU VOMFTT JNNFEJBUF BDUJPO JT UBLFO SPBEEFBUITXJMMSJTFUPUIFmGUIMFBEJOH DBVTF PG EFBUI CZ SFTVMUJOH JO an estimated 2.4 million fatalities per year .

*OBEEJUJPOUPGBUBMJUJFT NBOZMFTTTFWFSF JOKVSJFTBSFDBVTFECZSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT CFUXFFO BOE NJMMJPO OPOGBUBM injuries are estimated to occur annually BSPVOEUIFXPSME*!"*5IFTFOPOGBUBM injuries are also an important cause of disability "TUVEZJO5VSLFZFTUJNBUFE UIBU PG BQQSPYJNBUFMZ QFPQMF JOKVSFEJO SPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFTJO IBE B TVCTFRVFOU EJTBCJMJUZ XIJMF in India an estimated 2 million people have a disability that results from a road traffic crash #\$ 4JUVBUJPOT MJLF UIFTF IBWF JNQPSUBOU DPOTFRVFODFT PO UIF demand for services needed to address disability.

The road traffic injury epidemic also has considerable impact on the economies PG NBOZ DPVOUSJFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT UIBU BSF GSFRVFOUMZ TUSVHHMJOH XJUI other development needs. The global losses due to road traffic injuries are FTUJNBUFE UP CF 64 CJMMJPO1 and DPTU HPWFSONFOUT CFUXFFO BOE PG UIFJS HSPTT OBUJPOBM QSPEVDU o NPSF than the total amount that these countries receive in development assistance "%.

Persons from poor economic settings are disproportionately affected by road traffic JOKVSJFT FWFOJOIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFT 'PSJOTUBODF BTUVEZJO/FX4PVUI8BMFT "VTUSBMJB GPVOEUIBUDIJMESFOPGSFMBUJWFMZ

1 A billion here is used to refer to one thousand million.

Road traffic injuries are one of the top three causes of death for people BHFECFUXFFO BOEZFBST

Table 1. Leading causes of death by age, world, 2004

RANK	0–4 YRS	5–14 YRS	15–29 YRS	30–44 YRS	45–69 YRS	70+ YRS	TOTAL
1	Perinatal causes	Lower respiratory infections	Road traffic injuries	HIV/AIDS	Ischaemic heart disease	Ischaemic heart disease	Ischaemic heart disease
2	Lower respiratory infections	Road traffic injuries	HIV/AIDS	Tuberculosis	Cerebrovascular disease	Cerebrovascular disease	Cerebrovascular disease
3	Diarrhoeal diseases	Malaria	Tuberculosis	Road traffic injuries	HIV/AIDS	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Lower respiratory infections
4	Malaria	Drownings	Violence	Ischaemic heart disease	Tuberculosis	Lower respiratory infections	Perinatal causes
5	Measles	Meningitis	Self-inflicted injuries	Self-inflicted injuries	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
6	Congenital anomalies	Diarrhoeal diseases	Lower respiratory infections	Violence	Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers	Diabetes mellitus	Diarrhoeal diseases
7	HIV/AIDS	HIV/AIDS	Drownings	Lower respiratory infections	Cirrhosis of the liver	Hypertensive heart disease	HIV/AIDS
8	Whooping cough	Tuberculosis	Fires	Cerebrovascular disease	Road traffic injuries	Stomach cancer	Tuberculosis
9	Meningitis	Protein–energy malnutrition	War and conflict	Cirrhosis of the liver	Lower respiratory infections	Colon and rectum cancers	Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
10	Tetanus	Fires	Maternal haemorrhage	Poisonings	Diabetes mellitus	Nephritis and nephrosis	Road traffic injuries
11	Protein–energy malnutrition	Measles	Ischaemic heart disease	Maternal haemorrhage	Self-inflicted injuries	Alzheimer and other dementias	Diabetes mellitus
12	Syphilis	Leukaemia	Poisonings	Fires	Stomach cancer	Tuberculosis	Malaria
13	Drownings	Congenital anomalies	Abortion	Nephritis and nephrosis	Liver cancer	Liver cancer	Hypertensive heart disease
14	Road traffic injuries	Trypanosomiasis	Leukaemia	Drownings	Breast cancer	Oesophagus cancer	Self-inflicted injuries
15	Fires	Falls	Cerebrovascular disease	Breast cancer	Hypertensive heart disease	Cirrhosis of the liver	Stomach cancer
16	Tuberculosis	Epilepsy	Diarrhoeal diseases	War and conflict	Nephritis and nephrosis	Inflammatory heart diseases	Cirrhosis of the liver
17	Endocrine disorders	Leishmaniasis	Falls	Falls	Oesophagus cancer	Breast cancer	Nephritis and nephrosis
18	Upper respiratory infections	Violence	Meningitis	Diarrhoeal diseases	Colon and rectum cancers	Prostate cancer	Colon and rectum cancers
19	Iron deficiency anaemia	War and conflict	Nephritis and nephrosis	Liver cancer	Poisonings	Falls	Liver cancer
20	Epilepsy	Poisonings	Malaria	Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers	Mouth and oropharynx cancers	Road traffic injuries	Violence

Source: WHO (2008), Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update.

Teenage drivers are at increased SJTLPGSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT

PHOTO LEFT Those physically disabled as a result of a motor vehicle collision often face stigma and discrimination XIJDIDBOMFBEUPTPDJBM FEVDBUJPOBM PDDVQBUJPOBM BOEmOBODJBMEFQSJWBUJPO*OBEEJUJPO NBOZIBWF NFOUBMIFBMUIDPOTFRVFODFTTVDIBTQPTUUSBVNBUJD TUSFTTEJTPSEFS QIPCJBT BOYJFUZBOEEFQSFTTJPO

CENTRE While the figures on road traffic deaths point to UIFFYUFOUPGUIFQSPCMFNBSPVOEUIFXPSME UIFZGBJM to tell the full story and to reflect the devastation and TVGGFSJOHUIBUFBDIPGUIFTFEFBUITCSJOHTUPUIFGBNJMZ friends and community of those affected.

RIGHT "TXFMMBTUIFQFSTPOBMDPTUT SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFT place a huge demand on health services.

Road traffic injuries TIPXBTUFFQ socioeconomic HSBEJFOU XJUI those from more disadvantaged CBDLHSPVOETBUIJHIFS SJTLUIBOUIFJSNPSF affluent counterparts.

MPXFS TPDJPFDPOPNJD TUBUVT XFSF BU IJHIFTU SJTL PG B SPBE USBGmD JOKVSZ&. 4JNJMBSMZ SFTFBSDI GSPN #BOHBMPSF *OEJB GPVOE UIBU NPSUBMJUZ GSPN SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT XBT BOE QFS JO UIF QPPSFS TPDJPFDPOPNJD groups of urban and rural populations SFTQFDUJWFMZ DPNQBSFE UP BOE QFS BNPOH UIFJS NPSF affluent urban and rural counterparts ' "T XFMM BT CFJOH BU JODSFBTFE SJTL disadvantaged families are hardest hit by the financial pressure resulting from road traffic crashes. Poor families are less MJLFMZUPIBWFUIFmOBODJBM SFTPVSDFTUP pay the direct and indirect costs related to a road traffic crash. Many families are driven deeper into poverty by the loss of BGBNJMZCSFBEXJOOFS GVOFSBMDPTUT UIF expenses of prolonged medical care and SFIBCJMJUBUJPO PS UISPVHI FBSOJOHT MPTU XIJMFDBSJOHGPSTPNFPOFXIPJTJOKVSFE or disabled .

Road traffic injuries place a huge strain on health care services in terms of mOBODJBMSFTPVSDFT CFEPDDVQBODZ BOE demand placed on health professionals. *O,FOZB GPSFYBNQMF SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSZ QBUJFOUT SFQSFTFOU CFUXFFO o PG BMM BENJTTJPOT UP TVSHJDBM XBSET . 4JNJMBSMZ TUVEJFTJO*OEJBTIPXUIBUSPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT BDDPVOU GPS o PG FNFSHFODZSPPNSFHJTUSBUJPOT o PGIPTQJUBMBENJTTJPOT BOEoPG QFPQMFIPTQJUBMJ[FEXJUIUSBVNBUJDCSBJO injuries .

An international response to road traffic injury prevention

The need to reduce road traffic deaths BOEJOKVSJFTIBTCFFOBDLOPXMFEHFECZ UIF6OJUFE/BUJPOTTZTUFNBOEJUT.FNCFS 4UBUFTGPS OFBSMZ ZFBST 3PBE TBGFUZ XPSL IBT CFFO DBSSJFE PVU CZ WBSJPVT HMPCBM BOE SFHJPOBM PSHBOJ[BUJPOT JODMVEJOHUIF8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO 8)0 UIF 8PSME #BOL UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 3FHJPOBM \$PNNJTTJPOT BOE B number of the regional development CBOLT

*OUIF8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO BOE UIF 8PSME #BOL KPJOUMZ MBVODIFE the World report on road traffic injury prevention ". This document stressed the role of many sectors in the prevention of road traffic injuries. It also described the fundamental concepts of road traffic injury QSFWFOUJPO UIFNBHOJUVEFBOEJNQBDUPG SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFT UIFNBKPSEFUFSNJOBOUT BOESJTLGBDUPST BOEFGGFDUJWFJOUFSWFOUJPO strategies. The World report concluded XJUI TJY SFDPNNFOEBUJPOTUIBUDPVOUSJFT TIPVMEGPMMPXUPJNQSPWFUIFJSSPBETBGFUZ TJUVBUJPO OBNFMZ

• 1. Identify a lead agency in government to guide the national road traffic safety effort.
• "TTFTT UIF QSPCMFN QPMJDJFT BOE institutional settings relating to road traffic injury and the capacity for road traffic injury prevention in each country.

• 1SFQBSF B OBUJPOBM SPBE TBGFUZ strategy and plan of action.

• 1. Allocate financial and human resources to address the problem.

• *NQMFNFOUTQFDJmDBDUJPOTUPQSFWFOU SPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT NJOJNJ[FJOKVSJFT BOEUIFJSDPOTFRVFODFTBOEFWBMVBUF the impact of these actions. These BDUJPOTJODMVEFNFBTVSFTUPSFEVDF FYDFTTJWFBOEJOBQQSPQSJBUFTQFFEUP SFEVDFESJOLoESJWJOHBOEUPJODSFBTF UIFVTFPGNPUPSDZDMFIFMNFUT TFBU belts and child restraints.

• 4VQQP SU UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG national capacity and international cooperation.

The World report promoted a comprehensive approach to road safety XIJDIJOWPMWFTJEFOUJGZJOHUIFJOUFSBDUJPOT CFUXFFOUIF SPBEVTFS UIFWFIJDMFBOE UIFSPBEFOWJSPONFOUoJFUIFQPUFOUJBM BSFBT GPS JOUFSWFOUJPO 5IJT BQQSPBDI PGUFO DBMMFE UIF TZTUFNT BQQSPBDI recognizes that the human body is highly vulnerable to injury and that humans NBLFNJTUBLFT"TBGFSPBEUSBGmDTZTUFN is therefore one that accommodates and compensates for human vulnerability and GBMMJCJMJUZ 'JHVSF 5PBEPQUB TZTUFNT approach necessitates the involvement and the close collaboration of a number PG TFDUPST o USBOTQPSU QPMJDF IFBMUI JOEVTUSZ DJWJMTPDJFUZ BOETQFDJBMJOUFSFTU groups. Fundamental to implementing this approach is the collection of accurate data on the magnitude of road traffic DSBTIFTBOEPOSJTLGBDUPST5IFDPVOUSJFT that have made the most progress in road safety are those that have adopted this comprehensive approach.

*O"QSJM TPPO BGUFSUIF MBVODI PG the World report UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT (FOFSBM "TTFNCMZ BEPQUFE SFTPMVUJPO PO i*NQSPWJOH HMPCBM SPBE TBGFUZw XIJDI SFDPHOJ[FE UIF World report and endorsed its recommendations. 5IF GPMMPXJOH NPOUI UIF8PSME )FBMUI "TTFNCMZBEPQUFESFTPMVUJPO8)" POi3PBETBGFUZBOEIFBMUIwXIJDIDBMMFE PO8)0.FNCFS4UBUFTUPQSJPSJUJ[FSPBE TBGFUZ BT B QVCMJD IFBMUI JTTVF BOE UP UBLF TUFQT UP JNQMFNFOU NFBTVSFT UIBU BSF LOPXO UP CF FGGFDUJWF JO SFEVDJOH SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT 4VCTFRVFOU 6OJUFE /BUJPOT(FOFSBM"TTFNCMZSFTPMVUJPOTUIBU XFSF BEPQUFE JO CPUI BOE SFJOGPSDFEUIFDBMMGPS.FNCFS4UBUFTUP increase the attention paid to road traffic JOKVSZ QSFWFOUJPO JO HFOFSBM BOE UP UIF implementation of the recommendations of the World report in particular.1 This document reports on the progress made in implementing some of the recommendations of the World report.

Figure 1. The systems approach to road safety

Source: Adapted from reference 13.

¹ For the full text of these resolutions, see http://www.who.int/roadsafety/about/resolutions/ en/index.html.

The need for a global assessment of road safety 2

As more countries begin or DPOUJOVF UP UBLF TUFQT UPXBSET addressing their national road TBGFUZQSPCMFN JUIBTCFDPNFBQQBSFOU that regular global assessments of road TBGFUZ BSF OFFEFE 5IFTF BSF SFRVJSFE OPU POMZ UP NFBTVSF HMPCBM QSPHSFTT but also to enable countries to compare UIFJS SPBE TBGFUZ TJUVBUJPO XJUI PUIFS DPVOUSJFT 4VDI B HMPCBM BTTFTTNFOU SFRVJSFT B TUBOEBSEJ[FE NFUIPEPMPHZ UIBU DBO QSPWJEF HPWFSONFOUT EPOPST QSBDUJUJPOFST QMBOOFST BOESFTFBSDIFST XJUI UIF JOGPSNBUJPO UIBU UIFZ OFFE UP NBLFFWJEFODFCBTFEEFDJTJPOT

A number of regional mechanisms provide comparable data to assist national policy formulation and drive regional policy. &YBNQMFTPGTVDIBTTFTTNFOUTJODMVEF

• tSFHVMBSDPNQBSJTPOTPGSPBETBGFUZ performance on a number of JOEJDBUPST JO &VSPQFBO DPVOUSJFT DPOEVDUFE CZ UIF &VSPQFBO 3PBE 4BGFUZ0CTFSWBUPSZ
• tSFHJPOBMSFQPSUTPOUIFJOTUJUVUJPOBM road safety capacity of member DPVOUSJFT TVDIBTUIPTFDPOEVDUFE CZUIF"TTPDJBUJPOPG4PVUIFBTU"TJBO /BUJPOTBOEUIF"TJBO%FWFMPQNFOU #BOL
• t UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM 3PBE 5SBGmD BOE "DDJEFOU %BUBCBTF XIJDI VTFT a comparable methodology to DPMMFDU EBUB PO PWFS SPBE USBGmDWBSJBCMFTBNPOHNFNCFS DPVOUSJFT

8JUIBOBHFJOHQPQVMBUJPO IJHI JODPNFDPVOUSJFTXJMMOFFEUPMPPL again at their road safety strategies to address their vulnerabilities.

• t UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT &DPOPNJD \$PNNJTTJPOGPS&VSPQFTSFWJFXTPG MFHJTMBUJPOPOQBSUJDVMBSSJTLGBDUPST such as speed and blood alcohol DPODFOUSBUJPOMJNJUTBOE
• tUIFJOEFQUISPBETBGFUZBTTFTTNFOUT DPOEVDUFECZUIF8PSME#BOLJOJUT focus countries.

"TXFMMBTBMMPXJOHOBUJPOBMEFWFMPQNFOUT JOUIFBSFBPGSPBETBGFUZUPCFWJFXFE PWFS UJNF BOE XJUIJO BO JOUFSOBUJPOBM DPOUFYU UIFTFBTTFTTNFOUTBSFFTTFOUJBM in providing the data needed to advocate for standardized definitions and measures XJUIJOSFHJPOT

5P EBUF IPXFWFS OP TVDI HMPCBM assessment of road safety exists. Previous FGGPSUT XIJMF JOGPSNBUJWF IBWF CFFO limited to the analysis of aggregated EBUB PO QBUUFSOT BOE USFOET PS IBWF painted a largely illustrative picture by SFMZJOH QSFEPNJOBOUMZ PO DBTF TUVEJFT or have focused on specific aspects of SPBETBGFUZ SBUIFSUIBOQSPWJEJOHBTFU PG DSJUFSJB BHBJOTU XIJDI DPVOUSJFT BSF measured regularly " #. In other areas of health and development such BTTFTTNFOUTBSFSFMBUJWFMZDPNNPOUIF DPNNVOJUJFTXPSLJOHPODMJNBUFDIBOHF EFWFMPQNFOU BMDPIPM UPCBDDP DPOUSPM and tuberculosis all have tools and JOEJDBUPSTUIBUBMMPXUIFNUPBTTFTTUIF global status of their particular topic on a regular basis.

Methodology

*O"VHVTU8)0CFHBOUPEFWFMPQ the Global status report on road safety (4334 UPBEESFTTUIJTEBUBHBQBOEUP BTTFTTSPBETBGFUZBSPVOEUIFXPSME

The specific objectives of the project XFSF

• t to assess the status of road safety JOBMM8)0.FNCFS4UBUFTVTJOHB core set of road safety indicators and BTUBOEBSEJ[FENFUIPEPMPHZ
• t UPJOEJDBUFUIFHBQTJOSPBETBGFUZ
• t UP IFMQ DPVOUSJFT JEFOUJGZ UIF LFZ priorities for intervention and to stimulate road safety activities at a national level.

" TFMGBENJOJTUFSFE RVFTUJPOOBJSF XBT developed using the recommendations of the World report as a basis for its content. 5IF NFUIPEPMPHZ XBT EFWFMPQFE JO DPOTVMUBUJPOXJUIBOFYQFSUDPNNJUUFFPG road safety researchers and practitioners BOEXBTXJEFMZSFWJFXFECZSFQSFTFOUBUJWFT of international and regional road TBGFUZPSHBOJ[BUJPOT HPWFSONFOUBMBOE OPOHPWFSONFOUBM PSHBOJ[BUJPOT BOE academic institutions.1

5IFGPMMPXJOH BSFBTXFSF BEESFTTFE JO UIFRVFTUJPOOBJSF²

• t institutional settings and policies FYJTUFODFPGBMFBEBHFODZPOSPBE TBGFUZ B OBUJPOBM TUSBUFHZ PO SPBE TBGFUZ BOEBMMPDBUJPOPGGVOEJOHGPS UIFBDUJWJUJFTPGCPUI
• t EBUB SPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFT OPOGBUBM JOKVSJFT EBUBPODPTUTPGSPBEUSBGmD JOKVSJFT
• t FYQPTVSF UP SJTL TVDI BT UIF existence of policies to encourage OPONPUPSJ[FE NPEFT PG USBOTQPSU and public transport and strategies UP BDIJFWF UIFTF BOE MFWFMT PG NPUPSJ[BUJPO
• t vehicle and infrastructure standards UIF FYJTUFODF PG NBOVGBDUVSJOH TUBOEBSET SFRVJSFNFOUT GPS TBGFUZ audits of road infrastructure QSPKFDUT BOE WFIJDMF JOTQFDUJPO SFRVJSFNFOUT
• t legislation on some of the main CFIBWJPVSBM SJTL GBDUPST TQFFE ESJOLoESJWJOH VTF PG NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFUT VTF PG TFBUCFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT BOE QFSDFQUJPOT PG enforcement levels relating to each PGUIFTFSJTLGBDUPST
• t QSFIPTQJUBM DBSF FYJTUFODF PG B GPSNBM QVCMJDMZBWBJMBCMFQSFIPTQJUBM DBSF TZTUFN BOE PG FNFSHFODZ BDDFTTUFMFQIPOFOVNCFST

The methodology used for data collection JT TIPXO JO 'JHVSF *U JOWPMWFE UIF identification in each participating country PG B /BUJPOBM %BUB \$PPSEJOBUPS TFF 5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY XIPXBT

Figure 2. Methodology

trained and then facilitated a consensus meeting involving a multisectoral group of up to eight road safety experts. The NFUIPEPMPHZTUJQVMBUFEUIBUUIFIFBMUI transport and enforcement sectors should be represented among the respondents JOFBDIDPVOUSZ XIJMFBMTPFODPVSBHJOH the involvement of nongovernmental PSHBOJ[BUJPOT BDBEFNJDTBOEPUIFSSPBE TBGFUZQSBDUJUJPOFST&BDISFTQPOEFOUXBT BTLFE UP DPNQMFUF UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF⁴ independently and then discuss each of UIF BOTXFST BU UIF DPOTFOTVT NFFUJOH XIFSFUIFFYQFSUTXPVMEBHSFFBTBHSPVQ POPOFmOBMDPVOUSZSFTQPOTFXIJDIXBT UIFOTVCNJUUFEUP8)0

¹ See Acknowledgements section, page v.

² For the questionnaire and accompanying instruction booklet see www.who.int/violence_ injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009

³ This survey reports "perceptions of enforcement", as agreed by the group of respondents in the consensus meeting. Note that the eight countries that did not hold a consensus meeting did not answer these questions, while some groups of respondents could not come to a consensus on these scores and so left the enforcement questions blank.

⁴ In the Eastern Mediterranean Region questionnaires were administered during face-to-face interviews.

⁵ More details on the methodology can be found at www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/ road_safety_status/2009

%BUB DPMMFDUJPO CFHBO JO .BSDI BOEXBTDPNQMFUFEJO4FQUFNCFS BGUFSXIJDIUIFEBUBXFSFWBMJEBUFEJOB EJBMPHVF CFUXFFO 8)0 TUBGG BOE UIF /BUJPOBM %BUB \$PPSEJOBUPST UP SFTPMWF BOZJODPOTJTUFODJFT7BMJEBUFEEBUBXFSF then sent for government clearance.

'JOBM EBUB XFSF SFDFJWFE GSPN QBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFTBOEBSFBTÒ 8)0 .FNCFS 4UBUFT BOE "TTPDJBUF .FNCFS 4UBUFT BOE OPONFNCFS BSFBT 5BCMF 5IFTF DPVOUSJFT BOEBSFBTBDDPVOUGPSPWFSPGUIF XPSMETQPQVMBUJPO

Most of the data collected through this project are reported in this document. The main text contains an BOBMZTJT PG BHHSFHBUFE JOGPSNBUJPO XIJMF UIF DPVOUSZ QSPGJMFT EFTDSJCF the main variables reported by each participating country using a standard UFNQMBUF5IF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFYJODMVEFT DPVOUSZCZDPVOUSZ SFTVMUT GPS NPTU WBSJBCMFT *ODPNQMFUF EBUB BOE MBDL of comparability on some variables affected the ability to analyse and report some of the information received from countries.

Table 2. Participation in the survey, by WHO region and income groupa

WHO REGION	NUMBER OF MEMBER STATES AND ASSOCIATE MEMBER STATES	COUNTRIES/AREAS PARTICIPATING	NON-PARTICIPATING MEMBER/ASSOCIATE MEMBER STATES AND % OF REGIONAL POPULATION
AFRICAN REGION	46	41 (0 HIC, 11 MIC, 30 LIC)	Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea (8.8%)
REGION OF THE AMERICAS	36b	32 (31 Member and Associate Member States, 1 non-member area) (6 HIC,c 26 MIC)	Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, St. Kitts & Nevis (1.1%)
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION	11	10 (0 HIC, 6 MIC, 4 LIC)	Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1.4%)
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION	21	20 (19 Member States, 1 non-member area) (5 HIC, 12 MIC, 3 LICd )	Djibouti, Somalia (1.7%)
EUROPEAN REGION	53	49 (25 HIC, 21 MIC, 3 LIC)	Andorra, Denmark, Luxembourg, Monaco (0.7%)
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION	28e	26 (6 HIC, 15 MIC, 5 LIC)	Niue, Tokelau (< 1%)
GLOBAL	195 Member and Associate Member States	178 (176 Member and Associate Member States, 2 non-member areas) (42 HIC, 91 MIC, 45 LIC)	19 (accounting for 1.7% of population of the 195 Member and Associate Member States)

HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries

See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classifications.

Includes one Associate Member State, Puerto Rico.

Includes one non-member area, the British Virgin Islands.

Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Includes one Associate Member State, Tokelau.

The state of road safety around the XPSME 3

Road traffic injuries remain a global public health problem

Road traffic injuries remain an important QVCMJDIFBMUIQSPCMFNBUHMPCBM SFHJPOBM and national levels. While steps are being UBLFOJONBOZDPVOUSJFTUPJNQSPWFSPBE TBGFUZ NVDITUJMMOFFETUPCFEPOFJGUIF rising trend in road traffic deaths is to be halted or reversed.

0WFS UIF QBTU GFX ZFBST B SBOHF PG methods has been used by different organizations to estimate the number of HMPCBM SPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFT5IF8)0 (MPCBM#VSEFOPG%JTFBTFQSPKFDU XIJDI VTFT WJUBM SFHJTUSBUJPO EFBUI DFSUJmDBUF EBUBJSSFTQFDUJWF PGUIFUJNF QFSJPE CFUXFFO DPMMJTJPO BOE EFBUI estimates that 1.27 million people died as a result of a road traffic collision in that year . The total number of deaths reported in this survey is approximately VTJOH B EBZ EFmOJUJPO indicating vast underreporting. When UIFTFEBUBBSFNPEFMMFE TFF4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY UIFUPUBMEBZOVNCFSGPSUIF 178 countries included in the study is NJMMJPO "MNPTU BMM EBUB TPVSDFT TIPXUIBUBCPVUUISFFRVBSUFSTPG SPBE traffic deaths are among men and that the highest impact is in the economically active age ranges.

Figure 3. Population, road traffic deathsa, and registered motorized vehicles, by income group

a 30-day definition, modelled data.

HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries

Low-income and middle-income countries have the highest burden and road traffic death rates

.PTU PGUIFXPSMETGBUBMJUJFTPOUIF SPBETPDDVSJOMPXJODPNFBOENJEEMF JODPNFDPVOUSJFT XIJDIIBWFPOMZ PGUIFXPSMETSFHJTUFSFEWFIJDMFT

"QQSPYJNBUFMZ PG SFQPSUFE SPBE USBGmDEFBUITPDDVSJODPVOUSJFToXIJDI JOPSEFSPGNBHOJUVEFBSF*OEJB \$IJOB UIF6OJUFE4UBUFT UIF3VTTJBO'FEFSBUJPO #SB[JM *SBO .FYJDP *OEPOFTJB 4PVUI "GSJDB BOE &HZQU o BOE BDDPVOU GPS PGUIFXPSMETQPQVMBUJPO)PXFWFS CBTFE PO NPEFMMFE OVNCFST UIF DPVOUSJFT XJUI UIF IJHIFTU OVNCFS PG EFBUIT BSF \$IJOB *OEJB /JHFSJB UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT 1BLJTUBO *OEPOFTJB UIF 3VTTJBO 'FEFSBUJPO #SB[JM &HZQU BOE &UIJPQJB TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 8IJMFUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPGEFBUIT is clearly related to both the population BOENPUPSJ[BUJPOMFWFMTXJUIJOBDPVOUSZ BOEEPFTOPUHJWFBOBTTFTTNFOUPGSJTL JU OPOFUIFMFTTHJWFTBOJOEJDBUJPOPGXIFSF intervention could help significantly to reduce the total number of road traffic deaths at a global level.

From a public health perspective and for UIFQVSQPTFPGNBLJOHDPNQBSJTPOT UIF VTFPGSBUFTQFSQPQVMBUJPOJT a more useful measure of the size of a QSPCMFNUIBOBCTPMVUFOVNCFST BOEJT also useful for assessing performance over time and for giving an indication of SJTL"TXFMMBTBDDPVOUJOHGPSUIFIJHIFTU BCTPMVUF CVSEFO PG SPBEUSBGmD EFBUIT fatality rates relative to population are BMTPIJHIFTUJOMPXJODPNFBOENJEEMF JODPNFDPVOUSJFT 5BCMF

*UJTFWJEFOUUIBU BMUIPVHIUIFIJHIFTUSBUFT BSF JO MPXJODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTSFNBJOWFSZ SFMFWBOUUPIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTBTXFMM "OVNCFSPGIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTIBWF

0WFSPGUIF XPSMETGBUBMJUJFTPO the roads occur in MPXJODPNFBOE NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT XIJDIIBWF less than half of the XPSMETWFIJDMFT

Table 3. Modelled road traffic injury fatality rates (per 100 000 population),a by WHO region and income group

WHO REGION	HIGH-INCOME	MIDDLE-INCOME	LOW-INCOME	TOTAL
AFRICAN REGIONb	—	32.2	32.3	32.2
REGION OF THE AMERICASc	13.4	17.3	—	15.8
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGIONb	—	16.7	16.5	16.6
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION	28.5	35.8	27.5	32.2
EUROPEAN REGION	7.9	19.3	12.2	13.4
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION	7.2	16.9	15.6	15.6
GLOBAL	10.3	19.5	21.5	18.8

^30-day definition.

Figure 4. Trends in road traffic fatality rates in selected high-income countries

road traffic injury fatality rates well above the average for this income group. For instance, high-income countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region have a modelled road traffic injury fatality rate of 28.5 per 100 000 population, which is well above the global average for countries in this broad income group, as shown in Table 3. Similarly, while a number of high-income countries have managed to reduce their road traffic fatality rates in recent decades, in other high-income countries the downward trends in road traffic fatalities that began in the 1970s and 1980s have started to flatten, suggesting that extra steps are needed to reduce these rates further (see Figure 4).

The 10 countries with the lowest modelled road traffic fatality rates are almost all high-income countries, where rates vary between 3.4 and 5.4 deaths per 100 000 population. While these countries, the Netherlands, Sweden and United Kingdom for instance, may be top performers globally with regard to road safety, they too still have considerable

No high-income countries.

No low-income countries.

1FEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT and drivers of NPUPSJ[FEUXP XIFFMFSTBOEUIFJS passengers account for almost half of global road traffic deaths.

SPPN GPS JNQSPWFNFOU 'PS FYBNQMF road traffic injuries are still an important DBVTF PG EFBUI JO 4XFEFO EFTQJUF B SFMBUJWFMZMPXSBUFPGSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFT and the successful implementation of a comprehensive approach to the QSPCMFN*O4XFEFO SPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT BSF SFTQPOTJCMF GPS PG EFBUIT PG DIJMESFO BHFE CFUXFFO BOE \$. 4JNJMBSMZ UIF SPBE USBOTQPSU TZTUFN JO 4XFEFO JT SFTQPOTJCMF GPS NBOZ NPSF EFBUIToOPUBCMZPGDIJMESFOBOEZPVOH BEVMUT o UIBO PUIFS GPSNT PG USBOTQPSU TVDIBTBWJBUJPOPSSBJMUSBWFM5IVT FWFO DPVOUSJFTXIJDIBQQFBSUPCFQFSGPSNJOH XFMM BU UIF HMPCBM MFWFM IBWF B MPOH XBZUPHPUPBDIJFWFBUSVMZTBGF SPBE transport system.

Nearly half of those dying on the world's roads are vulnerable road users

*ONPTUMPXJODPNFBOENJEEMFJODPNF countries the majority of road users are WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST o QFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT BOEUIPTFVTJOHNPUPSJ[FEUXP PSUISFFXIFFMFST5IFTFHSPVQTPGSPBE users do not have a protective "shell" around them and are therefore more at SJTLUIBOUIPTFJOWFIJDMFT1VCMJDUSBOTQPSU VTFSTNBZBMTPCFWVMOFSBCMFSPBEVTFST QBSUJDVMBSMZ XIFSF QVCMJD USBOTQPSU WFIJDMFT BSF VOTBGF PWFSDSPXEFE PS VOSFHVMBUFE TFF#PY

Vulnerable road users are at additional SJTLXIFSFUIFJSOFFETIBWFOPUCFFOUBLFO into consideration during the planning of land use or road construction. In many countries roads are planned and built to BMMPXNPUPSWFIJDMFTUPUSBWFMGBTUFSXIJMF insufficient thought is given to the needs PGQFEFTUSJBOTBOEDZDMJTUT XIJDINFBOT that these vulnerable road users face JODSFBTJOHSJTLTJOVTJOHBOEDSPTTJOHUIF roads %&.

5IJTHMPCBMTVSWFZTIPXTUIBUQFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT BOE SJEFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXP XIFFMFST BOE UIFJS QBTTFOHFST BDDPVOU GPS BSPVOE PG HMPCBM SPBE USBGmD deaths.1 7VMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST NBLF up the highest reported proportion of UPUBMEFBUITJOUIF4PVUI&BTU"TJBBOE 8FTUFSO1BDJmDSFHJPOT 'JHVSF 8JUIJO regions the proportion of deaths among

¹ If users of unsafe public transport are included as vulnerable road users then this figure of 46% is likely to be an underestimate: in this survey data on public transport fatalities was not collected separately from data related to other four-wheeled vehicles.

Box 1: Unsafe public transportation

0WFSDSPXEFEBOEVOTBGFNPEFTPGQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUDPOUSJCVUFUPSPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTBOEEFBUIT QBSUJDVMBSMZJO MPXJODPNFBOENJEEMFJODPNFDPVOUSJFT\$IPJDFPGUSBOTQPSUNPEFTJTGSFRVFOUMZSFMBUFEUPTPDJPFDPOPNJDTUBUVT XJUIUIPTFXIPDBOBGGPSEJUBWPJEJOHUIFTFVOSFHVMBUFEBOEVOTBGFWFIJDMFT"TUVEZJO,FOZBGPVOEUIBUCVTFTBOE matatus^a BSFUIFWFIJDMFTNPTUGSFRVFOUMZJOWPMWFEJOGBUBMDSBTIFTBOEUIBUQBTTFOHFSTJOUIFTFWFIJDMFTBDDPVOUGPS PGUIFUPUBMSPBEEFBUIT*'*5IJTNBZCFFYQMBJOFEJOQBSUCZEFSFHVMBUJPOJOUIFQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUNBSLFU XJUIPVUDPODVSSFOUSFHVMBUJPOTPOTBGFUZNFBTVSFT*O4SJ-BOLB GPSFYBNQMF QVCMJDUSBOTQPSUCVTFTBSFFJUIFSPXOFE CZUIFHPWFSONFOUPSQSJWBUFMZPXOFE XJUITUVEJFTTIPXJOHBOJODSFBTFESJTLBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUSBWFMPOQSJWBUFMZ PXOFECVTFT(PWFSONFOUCVTFTBSFNBJOUBJOFECZUIF.JOJTUSZPG5SBOTQPSUBOESFHVMBUFEUPFOTVSFTBGFUZ XIJMF

SFHVMBUJPOTBSFNVDIMFTTTUSJOHFOUGPSQSJWBUFPXOFST SVOOJOHQBSBMMFMQVCMJDCVTTFSWJDFT'PSJOTUBODF UIFSF are almost no restrictions on driver eligibility or on the maintenance of privately operated public transportation vehicles .

8IJMFMJCFSBMJ[BUJPOPGUIFQVCMJDUSBOTQPSUNBSLFUDBO JODSFBTFUIFTVQQMZPGWFIJDMFT QSPUFDUJPOPGQVCMJD TBGFUZOFFETUPCFBOFTTFOUJBMGFBUVSFPGUIJTNBSLFU .BYJNJ[BUJPOPGQSPmUTNVTUOPUCFBMMPXFEUPMFBEUPB reduction in safety standards.

Figure 5. Reported deaths by type of road user (%), by WHO region and income groupa

See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classifications. HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries

^a Matatus are small-scale public transport service vehicles in Kenya.

PHOTO TOP Poor infrastructure and MBDLPGQBWFNFOUT BOEMJHIUJOH BSFBNPOHUIFSFBTPOTXIZ pedestrians have to share the SPBETXJUIDBST CVTFT UBYJTBOE other modes of transportation.

PHOTO BOTTOM Police enforcement and automatic speed enforcement are highly effective measures used to enforce speed limits.

vulnerable road users varies considerably. *O UIF 4PVUI&BTU "TJB 3FHJPO GPS JOTUBODF WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST BSF SFQPSUFEUPBDDPVOUGPSPWFSPGUIPTF LJMMFEPOUIFSPBETJO5IBJMBOE XIJMFJO OFJHICPVSJOH.ZBONBSUIFmHVSFJT *O\$PMPNCJB (VBUFNBMBBOE1FSVPWFS PGGBUBMJUJFTBSFBNPOHWVMOFSBCMF SPBEVTFSTXIJMFJOPUIFSDPVOUSJFTPGUIF SFHJPOoTVDIBTUIF%PNJOJDBO3FQVCMJD )POEVSBT PS UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT o UIF QSPQPSUJPOJTDPOTJEFSBCMZMPXFSBUMFTT UIBO

Results of this survey suggest that as motorization increases globally many countries are not giving sufficient attention to the needs of vulnerable groups of road users in their transport policies. Many of the proven interventions being implemented globally − such as VTF PG TFBUCFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT WFIJDMFTUBOEBSET BOEDSBTIUFTUToBSF relevant to car occupants. More research is needed on interventions that address WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST XIJMF MBOE VTF planning and road design should also UBLFUIFOFFETPGUIFTFSPBEVTFSTJOUP consideration.

3FEVDJOHTQFFEXJMMIBWFBOJNQBDUPO both vehicle occupants and vulnerable SPBE VTFST 4FUUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH appropriate speed limits is essential. 5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU POMZ PG countries rate their speed enforcement BTNPSFUIBOPOBTDBMFPGUP TFFQBHF

3FEVDJOHFYQPTVSFUPUIFSJTLPGJOKVSZPS death on the road can also be achieved by reducing the total amount of motorized SPBE USBOTQPSU 5IJT JO UVSO SFRVJSFT considerable investment in infrastructure UIBU BMMPXT QFEFTUSJBOT BOE DZDMJTUT UP XBMLBOEDZDMFTBGFMZ TFF#PY

Reducing the volume of traffic on roads being used by vulnerable road users can BMTPSFEVDFFYQPTVSFUPUIFSJTLPGBDSBTI PDDVSSJOH QSPWJEFEUIBUMPXTQFFETDBO CF NBJOUBJOFE 1PMJDZNBLFST OFFE UP BEESFTTUIFBCJMJUZPGSPBEVTFSTUPXBML BOE DZDMF TBGFMZ FOTVSFUIF BWBJMBCJMJUZ PGBGGPSEBCMFBOETBGFQVCMJDUSBOTQPSU BOE TFFL XBZT UP SFEVDF EFQFOEFODZ on the use of private cars. This survey GPVOE UIBU POMZ POFUIJSE PG UIF XPSMETDPVOUSJFTIBWFOBUJPOBMPSMPDBM QPMJDJFTUIBUQSPNPUFXBMLJOHand cycling as an alternative to motorized transport. 'PSUZGPVS QFS DFOU PG DPVOUSJFT EP OPU IBWF QPMJDJFT FJUIFS OBUJPOBM PS MPDBM

Box 2: Land use and transport planning

1SJPSJUJ[JOHUIFOFFETPGWVMOFSBCMFSPBEVTFSTJODMVEFTSFDPHOJ[JOHUIFJNQPSUBODFPGUIFCVJMUFOWJSPONFOUXIFO NBLJOHQPMJUJDBMBOEQMBOOJOHEFDJTJPOT4PNFPGUIFTPMVUJPOTMJFJOBQQSPQSJBUFNPEJmDBUJPOTUPUIFQIZTJDBMSPBE FOWJSPONFOUBOETFUUJOHVQBTVQQPSUJWFQPMJDZGSBNFXPSLSBUIFSUIBOGPDVTJOHPOMZPOIVNBOCFIBWJPVSBTUIF QSJNBSZDBVTFPGSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT5IFFYBNQMFTQSFTFOUFECFMPXTIPXFGGPSUTJOGPVSTFUUJOHTUPJODPSQPSBUFUIF needs of vulnerable road users in planning for land use and transport.

UIFIVNBOUFOEFODZUPNBLFFSSPST 4XFEFOTTVTUBJOBCMFSPBETUSBUFHZ

BogotaUIFDBQJUBMPG\$PMPNCJB implemented land use and transport measures intended to meet the OFFETPGUIFDJUZTOPONPUPSJ[FE road users and to improve public USBOTQPSUJOUIFQFSJPEo 5IFNFBTVSFTJODMVEFECVJMEJOH TQFDJmDDZDMJOHBOEQFEFTUSJBOPOMZ SPVUFT JODMVEJOHBDBSGSFFSPVUF excluding cars from the city centre BUQFBLUJNFTJOUIFNPSOJOHBOE BGUFSOPPOEFWFMPQJOHBIJHI capacity bus system at a cost of 64NJMMJPOUIBUDBSSJFTBCPVU QFPQMFBEBZ5IFTF measures contributed to reducing the number of road traffic fatalities GSPNJOUPJO They also improved access to jobs and created a more liveable urban environment "% .

Sweden's model of road safety is GSFRVFOUMZDJUFEBTHPPEQSBDUJDF The "Vision Zero" road safety QPMJDZBEPQUFEJOUIFMBUFTJT based on an understanding that the environment needs to be modified UPUBLFBDDPVOUPGIVNBOTMBDLPG tolerance to mechanical forces and

thus aims to modify the environment XIJMFQSPUFDUJOHSPBEVTFSTGSPN VOBDDFQUBCMFMFWFMTPGSJTL"TXFMM as building bicycle and pedestrian MBOFT UVOOFMTBOEDBSGSFFQMBZ BSFBT PUIFSFOWJSPONFOUBMTPMVUJPOT are being implemented to separate and protect these road users. Where SPBEVTFSTDBOOPUCFTFQBSBUFE UIF TUSBUFHZBDLOPXMFEHFTUIFOFFEUP give pedestrian safety priority over DBSUSBGmDoQBSUJDVMBSMZCZSFEVDJOH speed.

Delhi*OEJB IBTSFDFOUMZDPNQMFUFE UIFmSTUQIBTFPGBDPSSJEPSXJUI TFHSFHBUFEQFEFTUSJBO CJDZDMFBOE bus lanes on a major arterial road of the city. The pedestrian lane has CFFOEFTJHOFEXJUIEVFDPODFSO GPSUIFOFFETPGUIFFMEFSMZ DIJMESFO BOEQIZTJDBMMZDIBMMFOHFEQFSTPOT 4JODFTUSFFUWFOEPSTBSFBOJOUFHSBM QBSUPGVSCBOTUSFFUTJO%FMIJ TQFDJBM consideration has been given to QSPWJEJOHTQBDFGPSUIFNXJUIPVU EJTUVSCJOHUIFnPXPGCJDZDMFTBOE

QFEFTUSJBOT*OUIFmSTUNPOUIT PGPQFSBUJPOUIFSFXFSFOPDBS motorcycle or bicycle fatalities in the corridor .

Lagos/JHFSJB JTUIFTJYUIMBSHFTU DJUZJOUIFXPSMEXJUIBQPQVMBUJPO PGNJMMJPOQFPQMF'PSZFBST UIFDJUZIBTHSPXOSBQJEMZBOE TUSVHHMFEXJUIPVUSFMJBCMFQVCMJD transportation. The public transport system largely consists of minibuses BOEUBYJNPUPSDZDMFT NBOZPGXIJDI BSFOPUSPBEXPSUIZBOEDPOUSJCVUF substantially to pollution and road USBGmDDSBTIFT*O UIFTUBUF government created an agency DBMMFEUIF-BHPT.FUSPQPMJUBO 5SBOTQPSU"VUIPSJUZ -"."5" XJUI the mission to "transform the state transport system by facilitating BOFOBCMJOHFOWJSPONFOUw0OF JOJUJBUJWFPG-"."5"BOEUIFTUBUF HPWFSONFOUXBTUIFEFWFMPQNFOUPG BCVTSBQJEUSBOTJUTZTUFNXIJDIXBT completed and launched in March 5IJTTZTUFNQSPWJEFT-BHPT DPNNVUFSTXJUIBDMFBO BGGPSEBCMF reliable and safe means of getting around the city ! ".

Cable barriers are used in a number of high-income countries and have been shown to be cost effective at reducing head-on collisions on highways.

Bogota's high-capacity bus system.

Designed spaces for street vendors in Delhi, India, are part of a new initiative that gives road space to different groups of vulnerable road users.

0OMZPG countries report their enforcement of speed limits as over 7 on a scale PGUP

that encourage public transport as an BMUFSOBUJWFUPDBSUSBOTQPSU SFnFDUJOHB similar neglect in meeting the needs of OPONPUPSJ[FESPBEVTFST TFF5BCMF" JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 5IFTF mHVSFT BSF perhaps surprising given that decreased dependency on the use of private cars can have other positive impacts such as JNQSPWFE SFTQJSBUPSZIFBMUI BTB SFTVMU PG MFTT USBOTQPSUSFMBUFE BJS QPMMVUJPO BOESFEVDFEMFWFMTPGPCFTJUZ BTBSFTVMU PGNPSFQIZTJDBMBDUJWJUZBTTPDJBUFEXJUI XBMLJOHBOEDZDMJOH

Few countries have comprehensive road safety laws that are well enforced

&OBDUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH MFHJTMBUJPO PO B OVNCFS PG SJTL GBDUPST GPS SPBE traffic injuries and deaths is critical JO JOnVFODJOH FYQPTVSF UP SJTL DSBTI PDDVSSFODF JOKVSZ TFWFSJUZ BOE QPTU crash injury outcomes. Comprehensive BOE DMFBS MFHJTMBUJPO FOGPSDFE XJUI appropriate penalties and accompanied CZ QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT IBT CFFO TIPXO UP CF B DSJUJDBM GBDUPS JO reducing road traffic injuries and deaths BTTPDJBUFE XJUI TQFFE ESJOLoESJWJOH BOEUIFOPOVTFPGPDDVQBOUQSPUFDUJPO NFBTVSFT IFMNFUT TFBUCFMUT BOEDIJME SFTUSBJOUT 5IF SFTVMUT PG UIF HMPCBM survey suggest that the legislation on UIFTFSJTLGBDUPSTJTOPUDPNQSFIFOTJWF JONBOZDPVOUSJFT BOEFOGPSDFNFOUJT PGUFOMBDLJOH4JNJMBSMZ NBOZDPVOUSJFT MBDL UIF JOTUJUVUJPOBM NFDIBOJTNT BOE SFTPVSDFT UIBU XPVME BMMPX UIFN to implement planned activities in B DPPSEJOBUFE GBTIJPO o JODMVEJOH BEPQUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH MBXTÒXIJDI may result in a "piecemeal" approach to road safety efforts that is seen in many DPVOUSJFT TFF#PY

Speed

What is known?

• t An increase in average speed is EJSFDUMZSFMBUFECPUIUPUIFMJLFMJIPPE of a crash occurring and to the TFWFSJUZ PGUIF DSBTI DPOTFRVFODFT # \$.
• t "JODSFBTFJOBWFSBHFTQFFEMFBET UPBOBQQSPYJNBUFMZJODSFBTFJO DSBTIFT UIBU DBVTF JOKVSJFT BOE B JODSFBTFJOGBUBMDSBTIFT %.
• t 1FEFTUSJBOTIBWFBDIBODFPG TVSWJWJOHBDBSDSBTIBULNIPS CFMPX CVUMFTTUIBOBDIBODF PGTVSWJWJOHJNQBDUTPGLNIPS above % &.
• t 4BGFTQFFEUISFTIPMETWBSZBDDPSEJOH UP EJGGFSFOU UZQFT PG SPBE EJGGFSFOU types of collision and different SPBE VTFST XJUI UIFJS JOIFSFOU WVMOFSBCJMJUJFT &GGFDUJWF TQFFE NBOBHFNFOUOFFETUPUBLFUIFTFBOE other variables into account %.
• t ;POFT PG LNI DBO SFEVDF DSBTI SJTL BOE JOKVSZ TFWFSJUZ BOE BSF SFDPNNFOEFE JO BSFBT XIFSF vulnerable road users are particularly BUSJTL % '.
• t Apart from reducing road traffic JOKVSJFT BOE EFBUIT MPXFSJOH UIF average traffic speed can have other positive effects on health outcomes FHCZSFEVDJOHSFTQJSBUPSZQSPCMFNT BTTPDJBUFEXJUIDBSFNJTTJPOT %

What this survey found

Research on effective speed management indicates that the speed limits on urban SPBET TIPVME OPU FYDFFE LNI While there remains a fairly high fatality SJTL BU UIJT TQFFE PS FWFO MPXFS GPS QFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUTBOEPUIFSWVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST NBOZ DPVOUSJFT XJUI HPPE road safety records have adopted this SFDPNNFOEBUJPO XIJMF BMTP HJWJOH QSPWJODJBM PS MPDBM EFDJTJPONBLFSTUIF authority to reduce these national speed MJNJUT*OUIJTXBZUSBGmDDBMNJOHNFBTVSFT

Box 3: A coordinated approach to road safety

The World report on road traffic injury preventionEFWFMPQFECZ8)0BOEUIF 8PSME#BOLSFDPNNFOETUIBUDPVOUSJFTJEFOUJGZBOBHFODZXJUIUIFBVUIPSJUZBOE SFTQPOTJCJMJUZUPNBLFEFDJTJPOTBOEDPPSEJOBUFSPBETBGFUZBDUJWJUJFTBDSPTTNVMUJQMF TFDUPST BOEXJUIBEFRVBUFmOBODFTGPSSPBETBGFUZBDUJWJUJFT5IFWorld report also recommends that each country should prepare a multisectoral national road safety TUSBUFHZ XJUIUBSHFUTGPSUIFBDIJFWFNFOUPGTQFDJmDPVUDPNFTBOEXJUISFTPVSDFT allocated to ensure implementation of relevant activities.

"MUIPVHIDPVOUSJFT SFQPSUIBWJOHBMFBEBHFODZGPSSPBETBGFUZ UIJT TVSWFZXBTVOBCMFUPPCUBJOJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFQSFDJTFSPMFPSFGGFDUJWFOFTTPGUIFTF BHFODJFTJOGVMmMMJOHUIFGVODUJPOTSFRVJSFE TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY *OEFFE JOUIFRVBMJUBUJWFDPNNFOUTPGUIFTVSWFZ SFTQPOEFOUTIJHIMJHIUFEUIFDPOTJEFSBCMF difficulty that they had during the consensus meetings in identifying the lead agency for road safety in their country.

5IFHMPCBMTVSWFZBMTPGPVOEUIBUXIJMF O PGDPVOUSJFTSFQPSUIBWJOHB OBUJPOBMTUSBUFHZPOSPBETBGFUZ POMZDPVOUSJFT PGUIFUPUBM IBWFHPWFSONFOU FOEPSTFNFOUPGUIJTTUSBUFHZ TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 'VSUIFSNPSF POMZ O PGDPVOUSJFTIBWFHPWFSONFOUFOEPSTFNFOUPGBTUSBUFHZUIBUIBTCPUI QSFDJTFUBSHFUTBOEFBSNBSLFEGVOEJOH5IFTFSFTVMUTTVHHFTUUIBUUIFIJHIQPTJUJWF SFTQPOTFTPCUBJOFEPOMFBEBHFODJFTBOEOBUJPOBMTUSBUFHJFTNBZCFMJFXFBLFS JOTUJUVUJPOBMGSBNFXPSLTXJUIJOTVGmDJFOUmOBODJBMSFTPVSDFTUPTVQQPSUFJUIFSUIF FGGFDUJWFGVODUJPOJOHPGUIFTFBHFODJFT PSUIFJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPGUIFJSBDUJWJUJFT

0OMZPG countries have urban speed limits PGLNIPSCFMPX BOEBMMPXMPDBM authorities to reduce them further.

Figure 6. Proportion of countries by urban speed limit range in 174 countries

UIBUIBWFCFFOTIPXOUPCFWFSZFGGFDUJWFBU reducing road traffic injuries can be made and implemented at the subnational level BT OFFEFE oGPSFYBNQMF JO SFTJEFOUJBM BSFBT PSOFBSTDIPPMT*OUIFBOBMZTJTPG the results of this survey the criteria used for assessing urban speed management XFSFUIFSFGPSF

• t speed limits on urban roads are set BUMFTTUIBOPSFRVBMUPLNI
• t MPDBM BVUIPSJUJFT BSF BCMF UP MPXFS UIFTFTQFFEMJNJUTXIFSFOFDFTTBSZ

The results suggest that urban speed management is poor in many countries. 8IJMFPGDPVOUSJFTIBWFTQFFEMJNJUT POVSCBOSPBETPGMFTTUIBOPSFRVBMUP LNI UIFTFDPVOUSJFTBDDPVOUGPSIBMG PGUIFXPSMETQPQVMBUJPO+VTUPWFS IBMG PGQBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFTBMMPX local authorities to reduce national speed MJNJUT TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 5IFHMPCBMTVSWFZTIPXFEUIBUPOMZ of participating countries meet both UIFTFDPOEJUJPOToJFUIFZIBWFTQFFE MJNJUT PG LNI PS CFMPX PO VSCBO SPBETBOEUIFZBMMPXMPDBMBVUIPSJUJFTUP reduce the national speed limits. Figure TIPXTUIFQSPQPSUJPOPGDPVOUSJFTXJUI EJGGFSFOU TQFFEMJNJU SBOHFT TVHHFTUJOH that in most countries additional efforts to reduce urban speed limits are still needed.

'VSUIFSNPSF UIF SFTVMUT PG UIF HMPCBM TVSWFZTIPXUIBUPOMZPGDPVOUSJFTSBUF the enforcement of their national speed MJNJUTBUNPSFUIBOPOBTDBMFPGUP TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 5IJT TVHHFTUT UIBU FWFO JO DPVOUSJFT XIFSF TQFFE MJNJUT NBZ CF NPSF SFTUSJDUJWF FOGPSDFNFOUJTGSFRVFOUMZMBDLJOH

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• 4 Countries need to set speed limits that reflect the function of individual roads. In doing so, they should consider the types of vehicles using the road, the nature and purpose of the road, roadside activities, provision of facilities for vulnerable road users, and the frequency of use by pedestrians and cyclists. Increased priority should be given to vulnerable road users, notably in urban areas, where speed limits should not exceed 50 km/h.
• 4 Local authorities need to be given the authority, resources and political support to implement measures to reduce speed limits to levels that may be lower than national limits where vulnerable road users are particularly at risk.
• 4 Programmes put into place to address speeding need to foster a public awareness and understanding of the effects of speeding and the reasons for enforcing speed limits.

Drinking and driving

What is known?

• t %SJOLJOHBOEESJWJOHJODSFBTFTCPUI UIFSJTLPGBDSBTIBOEUIFMJLFMJIPPE UIBU EFBUI PS B TFSJPVT JOKVSZ XJMM result ".
• t 5IF SJTL PG JOWPMWFNFOU JO B DSBTI increases significantly above a blood BMDPIPMDPODFOUSBUJPO #"\$ PG HEM!!.
• t -BXT XIJDI FTUBCMJTI MPXFS #"\$T CFUXFFO [FSP BOE HEM GPS ZPVOHOPWJDF ESJWFST DBO MFBE UP SFEVDUJPOTPGCFUXFFOBOE in the number of crashes involving young people ! .
• t &OGPSDJOH TPCSJFUZ DIFDLQPJOUT BOE SBOEPN CSFBUIUFTUJOH DBO MFBE UP SFEVDUJPOTJOBMDPIPMSFMBUFEDSBTIFT PGBCPVU BOEIBTCFFOTIPXO UPCFWFSZDPTUFGGFDUJWF!!!".

What this survey found

/JOFUZ TJY QF S DFOU O PG participating countries report having FJUIFS OBUJPOBM PS TVCOBUJPOBM MBXT PO ESJOLoESJWJOH)PXFWFS POMZDPVOUSJFT IBWF B ESJOLoESJWJOH MBX UIBU VTFT B #"\$ MJNJU PG MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP HEM BT SFDPNNFOEFE JO UIF World report TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 8IJMF NPTU DPVOUSJFT JO UIF&VSPQFBO SFHJPOIBWF#"\$MBXTJO MJOFXJUIUIJT SFDPNNFOEBUJPO JOPUIFS SFHJPOTPGUIFXPSMENPTUDPVOUSJFTFJUIFS do not have BAC limits or have limits that BSFBCPWFHEM TFF'JHVSF

:PVOHPS OPWJDFESJWFSTBSFBUBNVDI JODSFBTFE SJTL PG IBWJOH B SPBE USBGmD DSBTI XIFO VOEFS UIF JOGMVFODF PG BMDPIPM\$POTFRVFOUMZ UIFWorld report advised that BAC limits for this group CF TFUMPXFSUIBOMJNJUTGPSUIFHFOFSBM QPQVMBUJPO0OMZPGUIFDPVOUSJFT XIJDI IBWF #"\$ MJNJUT GPS UIF HFOFSBM QPQVMBUJPO IBWF TUJQVMBUFE MPXFS #"\$ MJNJUTGPSUIFTFZPVOHBOEOPWJDFESJWFST and most of these countries are in the &VSPQFBO3FHJPO

Figure 7. Blood alcohol concentration limits (g/dl) by country/area

PHOTO LEFT Alcometers are part of the Mexican HPWFSONFOUTQSPHSBNNFUPSFEVDFESJOLoESJWJOH

CENTRE )FMNFUTBSFFGGFDUJWFBUSFEVDJOHUIFSJTLPGIFBE injuries but do not prevent a crash from occurring. 4FQBSBUJOHNPUPSDZDMJTUTGSPNPUIFSNPUPSJ[FE WFIJDMFTJTPOFXBZUPSFEVDFUIFMJLFMJIPPEPGDSBTIFT involving motorcyclists from occurring.

RIGHT *O7JFU/BN XIFSFDIJMESFOGSFRVFOUMZSJEF NPUPSDZDMFTUPBOEGSPNTDIPPM BNBOEBUPSZIFMNFU XFBSJOHMBXJTBDDPNQBOJFECZQVCMJDBXBSFOFTT campaigns and extensive helmet distribution.

-FTTUIBOIBMGPG DPVOUSJFTXPSMEXJEF IBWFESJOLoESJWJOH MBXTCBTFEPOBCMPPE alcohol concentration MJNJUUIBUJTFRVBMUPPS MFTTUIBOHEM

3BOEPN CSFBUIUFTUJOH BOE QPMJDF DIFDLQPJOUT BSF JNQPSUBOUFOGPSDFNFOU NFDIBOJTNT UIBU IBWF CFFO TIPXO UP SFEVDF BMDPIPMSFMBUFE DSBTIFT 4FWFOUZOJOF QFS DFOU PG DPVOUSJFT report that they use one or both of these NFUIPETPGFOGPSDFNFOU)PXFWFS POMZ DPVOUSJFT SFQPSUBOFOGPSDFNFOU SBUJOHPGPWFSPOB TDBMFPGUP TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 5IJT SFQSFTFOUTPGIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFT PG NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT BOE KVTUPGMPXJODPNFDPVOUSJFT5BLFO UPHFUIFS UIFTF mOEJOHT TIPX UIBU POMZ PGQBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFT DPWFSJOH PGUIFXPSMETQPQVMBUJPO IBWFCPUI BEFRVBUFESJOLoESJWJOHMBXT BTEFmOFE CZB#"\$MJNJUPGMFTTUIBOPSFRVBMUP HEM BOE FOGPSDFNFOU SBUJOHT PG over 7.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• 4 All countries should have a drink–driving law and should strictly enforce it.
• 4 Drink–driving laws should be based on blood alcohol concentration, or the equivalent breath alcohol content limits, which should be 0.05 g/dl or below.
• 4 All countries should set limits of 0.02 g/dl or below for young/novice drivers.

Use of motorcycle helmets What is known?

• t Wearing a motorcycle helmet DPSSFDUMZDBOSFEVDFUIFSJTLPGEFBUI CZBMNPTUBOEUIFSJTLPGTFWFSF JOKVSZCZPWFS!#.
• t 8IFO NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU MBXT BSF FOGPSDFEFGGFDUJWFMZ IFMNFUXFBSJOH SBUFT DBO JODSFBTF UP PWFS !\$!%.
• t The effectiveness of motorcycle helmets in reducing head injuries JT JO QBSU B SFTVMU PG UIF RVBMJUZ PG UIF IFMNFUT 3FRVJSJOH IFMNFUT UP meet a recognized safety standard is important to ensure that helmets can effectively reduce the impact of a collision to the head in the event of a crash !&.

What this survey found

0WFS O PG DPVOUSJFT participating in this global survey IBWF MBXT TFU BU FJUIFS UIF OBUJPOBM PS TVCOBUJPOBM MFWFM UIBU SFRVJSF IFMNFUT UP CF XPSO CZ VTFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXPXIFFMFST )PXFWFS MFHJTMBUJPO JT incomplete in many of these countries. 'PS JOTUBODF TPNF DPVOUSJFT NBLF FYDFQUJPOT GPS NPUPSDZDMJTUT VTJOH MPX

QPXFSFEFOHJOFT XIJMFPUIFSDPVOUSJFT FYFNQU BMM QBTTFOHFST PS QFSTPOTXJUI religious headgear. This survey found UIBUPGQBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFTIBWF IFMNFU MBXT UIBU BSF DPNQSFIFOTJWF JO TDPQF JFUIBUSFRVJSFCPUIESJWFSTBOE QBTTFOHFSTPGNPUPSJ[FEUXPXIFFMFSTUP XFBSIFMNFUTPOBMMSPBETBOESFHBSEMFTT of engine type1 TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 'VSUIFSNPSF UIFSFTVMUTTIPXUIBU IFMNFU TUBOEBSETBSFMBDLJOHJOB IJHI QSPQPSUJPO O PG DPVOUSJFT UIVT DBMMJOH JOUP RVFTUJPO UIF BCJMJUZ PG BMBXPOIFMNFUXFBSJOHUPBDIJFWFJUT QVSQPTF 5BLFO UPHFUIFS UIFTF mOEJOHT NFBOUIBUPOMZ O PGDPVOUSJFT IBWF DPNQSFIFOTJWF IFMNFU MBXT and SFRVJSF IFMNFUT UP NFFU B TQFDJGJD TUBOEBSE TFF'JHVSF >V]b]>cPZWQE]Ya2S^Ob[S\b;OZOgaWO

0OMZPGDPVOUSJFT have a comprehensive IFMNFUMBXBOESFRVJSF helmets to meet a specific standard.

Figure 8. Motorcycle helmet laws and helmet standards by country/area

¹ Some of these have exceptions, such as exempting those for medical reasons or for religious reasons.

&WFO XIFSF DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT BSF JO QMBDF FOGPSDFNFOU JT MPX JO NPTU DPVOUSJFT0OMZ O PGDPVOUSJFT SBUFUIFJSFOGPSDFNFOUPGIFMNFUVTFMBXT BT IJHIFS UIBO PO B TDBMF PG UP TFF5BCMF " JO4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 'JOBMMZ UIF JNQBDU PG IFMNFU MBXT UIBU are in place is also difficult to ascertain JONBOZDPVOUSJFT0OMZPGDPVOUSJFT IBWFEBUBPOIFMNFUXFBSJOHSBUFT BOE both the reliability and the generalizability PG UIF SFTVMUT WBSZ DPOTJEFSBCMZ TFF QBHF

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• 4 All countries should have mandatory laws on helmet use on motorized two- and three-wheelers.
• 4 These laws should cover all riders who are legally allowed to ride on motorized twoor three-wheelers, all engine types and all road types.
• 4 Countries need to enact laws requiring helmets to meet a national or international standard.
• 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of helmet-wearing.

Seat-belt use What is known?

• t 8FBSJOH B TFBUCFMU SFEVDFT UIF SJTL PG B GBUBMJUZ BNPOH GSPOU TFBU QBTTFOHFSTCZo*!'o"*.
• t 4UVEJFT TVHHFTU UIBU TFBUCFMUT DBO SFEVDFGBUBMJUJFTBNPOHSFBSTFBUDBS PDDVQBOUTCZo!'"
• t .BOEBUPSZ TFBUCFMU MBXT UIFJS FOGPSDFNFOU BOE BQQSPQSJBUF QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT IBWF CFFO TIPXO UP CF WFSZ FGGFDUJWF JO JODSFBTJOHSBUFTPGTFBUCFMUXFBSJOH "!'"!.

What this survey found

8IJMFTFBUCFMUMBXTBSFXJEFTQSFBEoXJUI O PGDPVOUSJFTQBSUJDJQBUJOH in the global survey reporting national or TVCOBUJPOBMMBXToJONBOZDPVOUSJFTUIF MBXEPFTOPUBQQMZUPBMMDBSPDDVQBOUT JF UP GSPOU BOE SFBSTFBU PDDVQBOUT 0OMZ O PGDPVOUSJFTSFRVJSF BMMDBSPDDVQBOUTUPXFBSTFBUCFMUT BOE UIJTmHVSFJTNVDIIJHIFSJOIJHIJODPNF DPVOUSJFT UIBOJONJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT PSMPXJODPNFDPVOUSJFT TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY

0OMZPGMPX income countries and PGNJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFTSFRVJSFTFBU belts to be used in cars CZCPUIGSPOUTFBUBOE SFBSTFBUQBTTFOHFST

5XFMWFQFSDFOU O PGDPVOUSJFTIBWF OPTFBUCFMUMBXBUBMM TFF'JHVSF

&OGPSDFNFOUPGTFBUCFMUMBXTJTXFBLJO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT 0OMZ O PG DPVOUSJFTSBUFFOGPSDFNFOUPGUIFJSTFBU CFMUMBXTBCPWFPOBTDBMFPGUP 0OMZ PG DPVOUSJFT O IBWF B TFBUCFMUMBXUIBUBQQMJFTUPBMMPDDVQBOUT and an enforcement rating of greater UIBOPOBTDBMFPGUP TFF5BCMF "JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY

The ability to ascertain the effectiveness PGUIFTFMBXTJTEJGmDVMUJG SFMFWBOUEBUB BSFOPUBWBJMBCMFJOUIJTTVSWFZPWFS of countries reported having no data PO SBUFT PG TFBUCFMU VTFJOGSPOU TFBUT BOE SFQPSUFE OPEBUBPO SBUFTPG XFBSJOHSFBSTFBUCFMUT

4FBUCFMU MBXT DBOOPU CF FGGFDUJWF JG MBSHFOVNCFSTPGDBSTBSFOPUmUUFEXJUI TFBUCFMUT BT JT UIF DBTF JONBOZ MPX income countries. Although the survey EJEOPUDPMMFDUJOGPSNBUJPOPO TFBUCFMU SFRVJSFNFOUT GPS JNQPSUFE DBST EBUB GSPN UIF TVSWFZ TIPX UIBU PG UIF countries that manufacture or assemble DBST PWFS POF RVBSUFS EP OPU SFRVJSFTFBUCFMUTUPCFmUUFEJOCPUIGSPOU and rear seats.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• 4 Vehicle manufacturers and assemblers should be required to fit seat-belts in both front and rear seats of all vehicles, irrespective of the end market.
• 4 Seat-belt laws must be improved to cover all occupants.
• 4 Enforcement efforts must be strengthened in many countries and must be equally applied to the occupants of both front and rear-seats in cars.
• 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of seat-belt use.
• 4 Enforcement efforts must be backed by intensive mass-media education programmes that highlight the risk of injury when not wearing a seat-belt and increase the perceived likelihood of being detected and penalized.

Figure 9. Seat-belt laws by country/area

Use of child restraints

What is known?

• t \$IJMESFO XIP BSF VOSFTUSBJOFE JO BDBSBSFBUJODSFBTFESJTLPGJOKVSZ and death in the event of a collision. "QQSPQSJBUFDIJME SFTUSBJOU TZTUFNT XIJDIJODMVEFDIJMETFBUTGPSJOGBOUT BOECPPTUFSTFBUTGPSPMEFSDIJMESFO BSF EFTJHOFE XJUI UIF DIJMET developmental stage in mind. They XPSLUPTFDVSFUIFDIJMEJOBXBZUIBU reduces the chance of a severe injury occurring.
• t *GDPSSFDUMZJOTUBMMFEBOEVTFE DIJME restraints reduce deaths among JOGBOUT CZ BQQSPYJNBUFMZ BOE EFBUITPGTNBMMDIJMESFOCZCFUXFFO BOE!'"".
• t .BOEBUPSZDIJME SFTUSBJOUMBXT BOE their enforcement lead to an increase in the use of child restraints """.

What this survey found

The global survey found that just under IBMG PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH DPVOUSJFT O report any legislation at all on the use of DIJMESFTUSBJOUT TFF'JHVSF )PXFWFS this figure hides considerable variation CZSFHJPOBOEJODPNFTUBUVT TFF5BCMF "JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY .PSFUIBO PGIJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTIBWFOBUJPOBM MFHJTMBUJPOPODIJME SFTUSBJOUT XIJMFUIF QSPQPSUJPO JO MPXJODPNF DPVOUSJFT JT POMZ

&WFO XIFSF MFHJTMBUJPO JT JO QMBDF the results of the survey suggest that FOGPSDFNFOU PG DIJME SFTUSBJOU MBXT JT WFSZMPXJONPTUDPVOUSJFTPOMZPG UIPTFDPVOUSJFTXJUIOBUJPOBMMFHJTMBUJPO on the use of child restraints report enforcement as being above 7 on a TDBMFPGUP5IJTNFBOTUIBUPOMZ of all participating countries have a child SFTUSBJOUMBXand rate its enforcement as PWFSPOBTDBMFPGUP BOEUIFTF BSF BMM IJHIJODPNF PS NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT "T XFMM BT XFBL MFHJTMBUJPO BOEQPPSFOGPSDFNFOU QSFWJPVTSFTFBSDI indicates that the prohibitive cost of child restraints in many countries is also an important factor that affects usage.

+VTUVOEFSIBMGPG DPVOUSJFTIBWFBMBX SFRVJSJOHUIFVTFPG child restraints for young children in vehicles.

Figure 10. Child restraint legislation by country/area

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• 4 Child restraint laws need to be enacted and enforced. These laws should specify the type of restraint, the child's age for which each restraint is appropriate, and the seating position.
• 4 Mechanisms should be established to improve access to affordable child restraints.
• 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of child restraint use.
• 4 Programmes to increase use of child restraints need to address social norms and encourage a culture of safety. The public needs to be aware of the safety benefits of using child restraints.

Legislation: summary

8IJMF QPTJUJWF TUFQT UPXBSET FOBDUJOH BQQSPQSJBUFMFHJTMBUJPOIBWFCFFOUBLFO JOBMMSFHJPOTPGUIFXPSME NVDISFNBJOT to be done.

Although all countries reported national or subnational legislation related to BU MFBTU POF PG UIF mWF LFZ SJTL GBDUPST TQFFE ESJOLoESJWJOH IFMNFUT TFBU CFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT POMZ PG countries have national or subnational MBXT SFMBUJOH UP BMM mWF SJTL GBDUPST *O BEEJUJPO MFHJTMBUJPO PO SJTL GBDUPST JT still incomplete in its coverage in many DPVOUSJFT8IFSFMBXTPOUIFTFSJTL GBDUPSTFYJTU UIFZBSFPGUFOJOBEFRVBUFMZ FOGPSDFE o QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO MPXJODPNF BOENJEEMFJODPNFDPVOUSJFT

(PWFSONFOUTOFFEUPFOBDUBOEFOGPSDF DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT UIBU SFRVJSF BMM road users to be protected by means of appropriate occupant restraints and to respect alcohol and speed limits that SFEVDF UIF SJTL PG B SPBE USBGmD DSBTI 5IFTF MBXT OFFE UP FOTVSF UIBU MFHBM loopholes are avoided that could exempt QBSUJDVMBSSPBEVTFST&OGPSDFNFOUFGGPSUT NVTU CF IJHIMZ WJTJCMF XFMMQVCMJDJ[FE TVTUBJOFE BOEJNQMFNFOUFECZUIFVTF of appropriate measures and penalties GPS JOGSJOHFNFOU /POHPWFSONFOUBM organizations and other civil society groups can play an important role in generating public and political support for FWJEFODFCBTFESPBETBGFUZNFBTVSFT

&OGPSDFNFOU JT NPTU FGGFDUJWF XIFO TVQQPSUFECZJOUFOTJWFQVCMJDBXBSFOFTT campaigns that both highlight the safety CFOFmUTPGDPNQMZJOHXJUIUIFMFHJTMBUJPO and also increase the perception of CFJOH EFUFDUFE BOE QFOBMJ[FE XIFO OPU DPNQMZJOH XJUI UIF MBX "T XFMM BT JODSFBTJOHBXBSFOFTTPGUIFMBXToBOE of the penalties for not respecting them oQVCMJDBXBSFOFTTDBNQBJHOTOFFEUP XPSLUPXBSETCVJMEJOHBDVMUVSFPGTBGFUZ TPUIBUUIFHFOFSBMQVCMJDBSFBXBSFPG UIFTBGFUZSFBTPOTCFIJOEUIFTFMBXT

Few countries have reliable data on road traffic injuries

%BUBPOUIFNBHOJUVEFPGUIFQSPCMFN BOEUIFSJTLGBDUPSTJOWPMWFEBSFFTTFOUJBM to developing a systems approach to road safety. A comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of road traffic injuries should consider not only mortality but also OPOGBUBMJOKVSJFTBOESFTVMUJOHEJTBCJMJUZ BT XFMM BT UIF FDPOPNJD DPTU PG SPBE USBGmDJOKVSJFTBOEUIFDPTUFGGFDUJWFOFTT of interventions.

" OVNCFS PG PUIFS JOEJDBUPST DBO JG NPOJUPSFE BDDVSBUFMZ BOE SFHVMBSMZ provide essential information to governments in targeting their interventions and in evaluating the effectiveness of their current national road safety programmes. These include the proportion of road traffic deaths that BSFBUUSJCVUFEUPBMDPIPMBTXFMMBTIFMNFU BOETFBUCFMUVTFSBUFT

0OMZPGBMMDPVOUSJFTSFTQPOEJOHUP UIFTVSWFZIBE

• t EBUB PO GBUBM BOE OPOGBUBM SPBE USBGmDJOKVSJFT QMVT
• t FTUJNBUFTPGUIFDPTUUPUIFFDPOPNZ plus
• t data on monitoring and evaluation indicators such as rates of helmet BOETFBUCFMUVTF

Data on fatalities

\$PNQBSJOHEBUBBDSPTTOBUJPOTSFRVJSFT a standardized definition of a road traffic GBUBMJUZ)PXFWFS DPVOUSJFTSFQPSUBXJEF range of definitions for a road traffic death. These definitions use different time QFSJPETCFUXFFOBSPBEDSBTIBOEEFBUI and include or exclude different types of road users. The same definitions are also OPUBMXBZTVTFEDPOTJTUFOUMZJOUIFTBNF country ".

The current recommended definition of a road traffic fatality for harmonization of surveillance purposes is "any person killed immediately or dying within 30 days as a result of a road traffic injury accident" "# 5IF DIPJDF PG EBZT XBT CBTFE PO SFTFBSDI XIJDI TIPXFE UIBUNPTUQFSTPOTXIPEJFBTBSFTVMUPGB DSBTITVDDVNCUPUIFJSJOKVSJFTXJUIJO EBZTPGTVTUBJOJOHUIFNBOEUIBU XIJMF FYUFOTJPOPGUIJTEBZQFSJPESFTVMUFE JO B NBSHJOBM JODSFBTF JO OVNCFST JU SFRVJSFE B EJTQSPQPSUJPOBUFMZ MBSHF increase in surveillance efforts %.

"MUIPVHI UIFSF BSF NPWFT XJUIJO TPNF SFHJPOT UP NBLF UIJT EBZ EFmOJUJPO UIF TUBOEBSE UIF SFTVMUT PG UIJT TVSWFZ indicate that this goal remains largely unattained. The time periods used in EFmOJUJPOTPGSPBEUSBGmDSFMBUFEEFBUIT range from "died at the scene of the DSBTIw UISPVHI B EBZ QFSJPE BOE B EBZQFSJPE UPBOZEFBUIUIBUSFTVMUT from a road traffic crash regardless of the time that has elapsed. At the global level POMZ DPVOUSJFT VTF B EBZ EFmOJUJPOGPS B SPBE USBGmDGBUBMJUZ TFF 'JHVSF &WFO XJUIJO UIF &VSPQFBO 3FHJPO XIJDI IBT NBEF DPOTJEFSBCMF FGGPSUT UP CSJOH DPVOUSJFT JO MJOF XJUI UIF EBZ EFmOJUJPO PG B SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUZ UIFSFJTXJEFWBSJBUJPO"MUIPVHI definitional issues can be overcome CZ BQQMZJOH DPSSFDUJPO GBDUPST GPS harmonization and comparison purposes JUXPVMECFFBTJFSJGBMMDPVOUSJFTVTFEUIF same definition.

6OEFSSFQPSUJOHIBTCFFOBDLOPXMFEHFE for many years as another important SFBTPOXIZJUJTEJGmDVMUUPDPNQBSFSPBE USBGmDDSBTIEBUBCFUXFFODPVOUSJFT4PNF DPVOUSJFTIBWFUBLFOTUFQTUPBEESFTTUIJT JTTVFBOEUPBEKVTUUIFJSPXOEBUBPSMJOL UIFJSEJGGFSFOUEBUBCBTFT CVUNBOZIBWF OPU'BDUPSTUIBUDBOBGGFDUUIFRVBMJUZPG EBUBSFQPSUFEJODMVEFQPMJUJDBMJOnVFODFT competing priorities and availability of resources.

Figure 11. Time period used to define a road traffic fatality by country/ area and income group

HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries

4JNQMFDBTVBMUZSFHJTUFSTDBO be used to obtain a minimum EBUBTFUXIJDIQSPWJEFT JOGPSNBUJPOPOOPOGBUBM injuries.

The extent of underreporting is also JOnVFODFECZ

• t UIF TFDUP S UIBU SFDP SET UIF JOGPSNBUJPO
• t UIFQSPQPSUJPOPGDSBTIFTJOWPMWJOH WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST JO NBOZ countries these types of crashes are NPSFMJLFMZUPCFVOEFSSFQPSUFE
• t QPPSPSBCTFOUMJOLTCFUXFFOQPMJDF USBOTQPSU BOE IFBMUI TFSWJDF EBUB XIJDINFBOTUIBUmHVSFTGPSQFPQMF XIPEJFBGUFSBENJTTJPOUPIPTQJUBM NBZOPUCFSFnFDUFE
• t FYFNQUJPOT GSPN SFQPSUJOH DFSUBJO DSBTIFT TVDI BT UIPTF JOWPMWJOH OPONPUPSJ[FE PS NJMJUBSZ WFIJDMFT and
• t XIFUIFS TBNQMJOH TUSBUFHJFT BSF employed and extrapolated.

'JOBMMZ BOJNQPSUBOUGBDUPSJOUIFRVBMJUZ PGBDPVOUSZTIFBMUIEBUBJOHFOFSBMJT UIF FRVBMJUZ PG BDDFTT PG JUT QFPQMF UP health care facilities.

0OF XBZ PG JNQSPWJOH UIJT QSPCMFN JT UP MJOL EBUB TPVSDFT 4UVEJFT IBWF TIPXO IJHIFS MFWFMT PG VOEFSSFQPSUJOH in data collected by the police and transport sectors compared to health TFDUPS EBUB XIJDI TVHHFTUT UIF OFFE GPS MJOLT UP JNQSPWF EBUB RVBMJUZ "\$. 5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU POMZ PG countries used health data as a source PGUIFJSGBUBMJUZJOGPSNBUJPO FJUIFSBMPOF PSJODPNCJOBUJPOXJUIEBUBGSPNBOPUIFS TPVSDF 'JHVSF )BMGPGUIFDPVOUSJFT reported data on road traffic fatalities on the basis of police records only.

All the above complexities limit USBOTOBUJPOBMDPNQBSJTPOT\$POTFRVFOUMZ a number of mechanisms have been developed to try to address some of the JTTVFT PG VOEFSSFQPSUJOH BOE UP NBLF data more comparable. In this global TVSWFZXFVTFE B UIF4NFFE\$PFGmDJFOU "% UP BEKVTU BMM DPVOUSJFT SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUZEBUBUPBEBZEFmOJUJPO BOE C EFWFMPQFE B TQFDJBM NPEFM VTJOH OFHBUJWF CJOPNJBM SFHSFTTJPO TFF 4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFYGPSNPSFJOGPSNBUJPO 5BCMF TIPXT UIF SFQPSUFE EBUB BOE SBUFQFSQPQVMBUJPOWFSTVTUIBU PCUBJOFECZUIFNPEFM JOEJDBUJOHB difference globally.

Figure 12. Proportion of countries using different data sources for road traffic fatalities

Table 4. Road traffic deaths by WHO region using reported and modelled data

| | | REPORTED DATAa | MODELLED DATAa | | | | |------------------------------|---------|--------------------------------|----------------|--------------------------------|--|--| | WHO REGION | n | RATE PER 100 000
POPULATION | n | RATE PER 100 000
POPULATION | | | | AFRICAN REGION | 52 302 | 7.2 | 234 768 | 32.2 | | | | REGION OF THE AMERICAS | 139 466 | 15.5 | 142 252 | 15.8 | | | | SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION | 143 977 | 8.4 | 285 020 | 16.6 | | | | EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION | 76 912 | 14.1 | 175 668 | 32.2 | | | | EUROPEAN REGION | 113 346 | 12.8 | 117 997 | 13.4 | | | | WESTERN PACIFIC REGION | 135 316 | 7.6 | 278 321 | 15.6 | | | | GLOBAL | 661 319 | 10.1 | 1 234 026 | 18.8 | | |

Adjusted for 30-day definition.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• 4 Encourage the use of the 30-day definition of road traffic fatality for harmonization across data sources.
• 4 Improve data linkages between police, transport and health sectors.
• 4 Increase human capacity to undertake data collection, analysis and interpretation.
• 4 Improve the use of ICD1 coding in vital registration to adequately reflect road traffic deaths.

Data on non-fatal injuries

*OBEEJUJPOUPNPSUBMJUZEBUB JOGPSNBUJPO POOPOGBUBMJOKVSJFTJTJNQPSUBOUCFDBVTF it provides a complete picture of the JNQBDUPGSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFTGPSQPMJDZ NBLJOH *U DBO GPS FYBNQMF HVJEF IPTQJUBM TUBGGJOH EPDUPS BOE OVSTF USBJOJOH BOE BMMPDBUJPO PG GVOET GPS hospital admissions and rehabilitation. )PXFWFS JUJTOPUBMXBZTFTTFOUJBMUPTFU up a sophisticated injury information TZTUFNXIFOSFTPVSDFTBSFTDBSDFTPNF type of "casualty register" or repeated TVSWFZTDBOCFFRVBMMZVTFGVM

1SPCMFNT SFMBUJOH UP UIF RVBMJUZ BOE SFMJBCJMJUZ PG EBUB PO OPOGBUBM JOKVSJFT are probably even more complex than those relating to data on deaths. Reliable assessment of the severity of JOKVSZ SFRVJSFTTPNFDMJOJDBMFYQFSJFODF PS NFEJDBM FYQFSUJTF " GFX DPVOUSJFT employ hospital staff to code injuries XIFOUIFQBUJFOUJTEJTDIBSHFEGSPNDBSF oVTJOHBTUBOEBSEJ[FETDPSJOHNFUIPE TVDI BT UIF "CCSFWJBUFE *OKVSZ 4DBMF *OKVSZ4FWFSJUZ4DPSFPSUIF*OUFSOBUJPOBM \$MBTTJmDBUJPO PG%JTFBTFT DPEFT o BOE UIFOMJOLUIFTFEBUBUPQPMJDFUSBOTQPSU databases *"&o#*.

)PXFWFS JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT UIF MFWFM of severity of an injury is recorded by the police at the site of the crash. This results in less reliable categorization of JOKVSJFT 5IF MBDL PG IBSNPOJ[BUJPO JO UFSNJOPMPHZ VTFE BMTP NBLFT DPVOUSZ DPNQBSJTPOTEJGmDVMU*OTPNFDPVOUSJFT iTFSJPVTwJTEFmOFEBTiSFRVJSJOHIPTQJUBM BUUFOUJPOw XIJMFJOPUIFSTJUJTiJOQBUJFOU DBSF GPS BU MFBTU IPVSTw XIJMF ZFU others have longer admission times. 5IFSF JT VTVBMMZ MJUUMF MJBJTPO CFUXFFO UIF QPMJDF BOE IFBMUI GBDJMJUJFT UP USBDL

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is used to classify diseases and other health problems recorded on many types of records, including death certificates and health records. The most recent (10th) revision of the ICD codes came into use in 1994 but some countries still use previous versions.

PHOTO LEFT Training police in Addis Ababa on data DPMMFDUJPOJTPOFNFBTVSFVTFECZUIF&UIJPQJBO government to improve estimates of road traffic injury fatalities.

CENTRE "OVSTFBUUFOETUPBNPUPSDZDMJTUXJUIBIFBE JOKVSZJO\$IJBOH.BJ 5IBJMBOE

RIGHT 3FNFNCFSJOHUIPTFLJMMFEJOSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIFT in France.

The majority of countries do not have robust data on OPOGBUBMSPBEUSBGmD injuries.

IPXMPOHBQBUJFOUJTBENJUUFEGPSBOE so the category of serious can range GSPN B GFX DVUT BOE CSVJTFT UP TFWFSF IFBEJOKVSJFT5PDPNQPVOEUIJT JONPTU IJHIJODPNFDPVOUSJFTUIPTFJOWPMWFEJO BDSBTIXJUIBOZUZQFPGJOKVSZBSFVTVBMMZ seen in an accident and emergency room GPS JOTVSBODF QVSQPTFT XIJMF JO MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF DPVOUSJFT UIJTEFQFOETPOBDDFTTUPDBSF BHPPE QSFIPTQJUBMDBSF TZTUFN mOBODFT BOE PUIFSWBSJBCMFT TFF#PY

5IJTTVSWFZTIPXFEBSBUJPCFUXFFO EFBUIT BOE TFWFSF JOKVSJFT *G UIJT XFSF applied to the global total of 1.27 million EFBUIT JUXPVMENFBOUIBUBQQSPYJNBUFMZ NJMMJPOQFPQMFBSFJOKVSFETFWFSFMZ enough to be seen in an emergency room. This supports previous estimates PGUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPGOPOGBUBMJOKVSJFT BMMTFWFSJUZMFWFMT BTCFUXFFOBOE million "%.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• 4 The data collected by the health sector need to be improved. This is particularly true with regard to data on non-fatal injuries. This can take the form of discharge data using ICD coding, injury surveillance systems or, where this is not feasible, intermittent surveys or "casualty registers" which collect only minimum data #.
• 4 There is a need for standard definitions of levels of severity of non-fatal injuries to allow them to be accurately recorded and collated. The definitions should be simple enough to be administered by both health and non-health personnel.
• 4 Countries should be encouraged to link all data sources on road traffic injuries in order to help address underreporting.

Box 4: Pre-hospital care

.VDIDBOCFEPOFUPMPXFSUIFCVSEFOPGEFBUIBOEEJTBCJMJUZGSPNSPBE traffic injuries by strengthening trauma care services across the spectrum GSPNQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFUISPVHIUPSFIBCJMJUBUJPO5IFDIBJOPGTVSWJWBMTUBSUT BUUIFTDFOFPGUIFJODJEFOU1SPNQU HPPERVBMJUZQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFDBO save the lives of many injured persons.

5IJTHMPCBMTVSWFZTIPXFEUIBUPGUIFDPVOUSJFTIBWFGPSNBM QSFIPTQJUBMDBSFTZTUFNT5IFRVBMJUZPGUIFTFTZTUFNT IPXFWFS XBT OPUFWBMVBUFE5IFZDPVMESBOHFGSPNTPQIJTUJDBUFETZTUFNTXJUIIJHIMZ RVBMJmFETUBGGUPUIPTFUIBUSFMZPOMZPOmSTUSFTQPOEFST FHCZTUBOEFST

5IFRVJDLBSSJWBMPGFNFSHFODZSFTQPOTFUFBNTJTBOJNQPSUBOUGBDUPS JOSFEVDJOHBEWFSTFIFBMUIDPOTFRVFODFTPGBDSBTI"MUIPVHINPTU DPVOUSJFTIBWFPOFVOJWFSTBMQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFBDDFTTUFMFQIPOFOVNCFS DPVOUSJFTIBWFVQUPUISFFEJGGFSFOUOBUJPOBMUFMFQIPOFOVNCFSTBOE BGVSUIFSDPVOUSJFTIBWFMPDBMPSSFHJPOTQFDJmDOVNCFST5IJTDBOCF DPOGVTJOHGPSUIFMBZQFSTPOXIPIBTUPSFNFNCFSUIFEJGGFSFOUOVNCFST BOEUIFOEFDJEFXIJDIOVNCFSUPVTF'PSFYBNQMF JO4PVUI"GSJDBJG ZPVBSFVTJOHBNPCJMFQIPOFZPVBSFSFRVJSFEUPEJBM XIJMFPO BMBOEMJOFUIFOVNCFSJT5PDPNQPVOENBUUFST BOVNCFSPG private ambulance companies cannot be accessed unless one has medical JOTVSBODFXIJDIDPWFSTUIJTTFSWJDF

Where no pre-hospital trauma care system exists, trained community members can provide first aid.

5IFNPTUDPNNPOQSFIPTQJUBMDBSFBDDFTTOVNCFSVTFEJT VTFECZDPVOUSJFT GPMMPXFECZ VTFE QSFEPNJOBOUMZJOUIF"NFSJDBT BOE VTFEQSFEPNJOBOUMZJO"GSJDB TFF5BCMF"JO4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY "T JOUFSOBUJPOBMUSBWFMJODSFBTFT JUXJMMCFJODSFBTJOHMZJNQPSUBOUUPXPSLUPXBSETPOFHMPCBMPSSFHJPOBMQIPOFOVNCFS 'PSJOTUBODF UIF&VSPQFBO6OJPOJTNPWJOHUPXBSETUIFBEPQUJPOPGPOFVOJWFSTBMOVNCFS GPSBMMJUTNFNCFS countries.

Data on economic costs

Considerable economic and social costs SFTVMUGSPNEFBUIT JOKVSJFTBOEEJTBCJMJUZ caused by road traffic crashes. The survey SFTVMUTTIPXFEUIBU

• t -FTT UIBO IBMG PG BMM QBSUJDJQBUJOH countries have conducted a study on UIFDPTUPGSPBEUSBGmDEFBUITBOE PSJOKVSJFT TFF5BCMF
• t Most surveys are not national but based on a sample and are usually conducted in a teaching IPTQJUBM %BUB ESBXO GSPN UIFN XIJMFVTFGVM UIFSFGPSFIBWFMJNJUFE generalizability.
• t (SPTT PVUQVU NFUIPEPMPHZ JT UIF most common method used to assess costs. While this type of costing is VTFGVM GPS IFBMUI TFSWJDFT JU TIPXT POMZUIFUJQ PGUIFJDFCFSH -PTT PG QSPEVDUJWJUZ EBNBHFT SFEVDFE RVBMJUZPGMJGFBOEPUIFSGBDUPSTBSF important indirect costs that need to be included if the true cost to society is to be calculated.

t 8IJMF DPVOU S ZMFWFM DP TUJOH studies are important for internal DPNQBSJTPOT BUBHMPCBMMFWFMUIFZ IBWF DPOTJEFSBCMF MJNJUBUJPOT XJUI regard to comparisons in terms of the EJGGFSFOU NFUIPEPMPHJFT FNQMPZFE the different currencies used and the EJGGFSFOUZFBSTJOXIJDIUIFTBNQMFT XFSFDPMMFDUFE

)PXFWFS UIJT UZQF PG JOGPSNBUJPO BU country level is extremely important GPS TIPXJOH UIF JNQBDU PG SPBE USBGmD crashes on all the sectors involved and for convincing politicians to invest in QSFWFOUJPO ,OPXJOH UIF FGGFDUJWFOFTT PG JOUFSWFOUJPOT BOE DPOTFRVFOU DPTUo CFOFmU SBUJPTXPVME CFNPTU CFOFmDJBM to countries.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• 4 Countries should be encouraged to conduct national studies on the costs of road traffic crashes as well as on the cost-effectiveness of interventions they put into place.
• 4 Where possible, costing should include both direct and indirect costs.

Table 5. Countries with one or more studies on the economic cost of road traffic crashes by WHO region

	DEATHS AND INJURIES	DEATHS ONLY	INJURIES ONLY	OTHER TYPES OF STUDIES	COUNTRIES REPORTING AT LEAST 1 STUDY
WHO REGION	n	n	n	n	n
AFRICAN REGION	15	2	0		17
REGION OF THE AMERICAS	14	0	1		15
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION	6			1	7
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION	10	1		1	12
EUROPEAN REGION	25	2			27
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION	11			2	13
ALL	81	5	1	4	91

Data on monitoring and evaluation

0OMZ PG UIF DPVOUSJFT TVSWFZFE IBWFBOBUJPOBMSPBETBGFUZTUSBUFHZ XIJDI JODMVEFT UBSHFUT 0WFS POFUIJSE PGUIFTFDPVOUSJFTBSFJO&VSPQFXIFSFB &VSPQFBO6OJPOUBSHFUXBTTFUTPNFZFBST BHPGPSBDIJFWFNFOUCZ TFF5BCMF 0UIFS SFHJPOT MJLF "GSJDB IBWF BMTP recently adopted targets although these have yet to be reflected at country level.

Targets are not the only method of monitoring or evaluating progress. Pages oEFTDSJCFUIFFWJEFODFPOBOVNCFS of proven interventions that are critical to improving road safety. These include SFEVDJOH TQFFE BOE ESJOLoESJWJOH BOE JODSFBTJOHUIFVTFPGIFMNFUT TFBUCFMUT and child restraints.

While some countries have put into QMBDF MFHJTMBUJPO UP BEESFTT UIFTF SJTL GBDUPST GFX DPVOUSJFT IBWF FTUBCMJTIFE systems to collect data on monitoring or evaluating the success of these measures at a national level.

*O UIJT TVSWFZ POMZ PG DPVOUSJFT SFQPSUFE EBUB PO NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU XFBSJOHSBUFT XJUIUIFMFWFMTPGIFMNFU XFBSJOHSFQPSUFEWBSZJOHXJEFMZ BTTIPXO JO'JHVSFBOE5BCMF"JOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY )PXFWFS UIF NFUIPEPMPHJFT VTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFTFmHVSFTXFSFOPU FWBMVBUFEBTQBSUPGUIJTTUVEZ XIJMFGPS TPNFDPVOUSJFTUIFIFMNFUXFBSJOHSBUFT SFQPSUFEXFSFSFTVMUTPGTNBMMTUVEJFTJO QBSUJDVMBSHFPHSBQIJDBSFBT XIJDIMJNJU their generalizability.

-FWFMTPGTFBUCFMUXFBSJOHBNPOHGSPOU TFBU PDDVQBOUT XFSF SFQPSUFE GPS DPVOUSJFTBOESBOHFGSPNVOEFSUP PWFS TFF'JHVSFBOE5BCMF" JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY -JNJUBUJPOT PG UIF methodologies used are similar to those

Table 6. Countries with targets included in their road safety strategies by WHO region and income level

WHO REGION	LOW-INCOME	MIDDLE-INCOME	HIGH-INCOME	TOTAL
AFRICAN REGIONa	9	2	—	11
REGION OF THE AMERICASb	—	9	3	12
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGIONa	2	2	—	4
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION	0	2	1	3
EUROPEAN REGION	1	11	21	33
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION	1	6	5	12
GLOBAL	13	32	30	75

No high-income countries.

Figure 13. Levels of motorcycle helmet wearing in 60 countriesa

In 51 countries this estimate was based on an observational study, the source of which is noted in the country profiles. In 9 countries the estimated wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.

Figure 14. Seat-belt wearing rates in 95 countriesa

In 86 countries this estimate was based on an observational study, the source of which is noted in the country profiles. In 9 countries the estimated seat-belt wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.

No low-income countries.

PGIFMNFUXFBSJOHEBUB'PSUZTFWFOQFS cent of countries reported having no data PO SBUFT PG TFBUCFMU VTFJOGSPOU TFBUT BOE SFQPSUFE OPEBUBPO SBUFTPG XFBSJOHSFBSTFBUCFMUT

The proportion of deaths related to alcohol reported in this study varies from DPVOUSJFTXIFSFUIJTmHVSFJTVOEFS UP UIPTFXIFSFBMDPIPMDPOUSJCVUFTUPPWFS IBMGPGBMMSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFT TFF'JHVSF BOE 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY )PXFWFS POMZ IBMG PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH countries have any data on the proportion of road traffic deaths attributable to BMDPIPM o BOE UIPTF UIBU EPGSFRVFOUMZ only have data from more sophisticated UFSUJBSZ IPTQJUBMT XIJDI MJNJUT UIF QPTTJCJMJUZPGNBLJOHHFOFSBMJ[BUJPOTPO the basis of the information.

Figure 15. Proportion of alcohol-related fatal crashes in 93 countriesa

In 90 countries this estimate was based on official data, the source of which is noted in the country profiles. In 3 countries the proportion given is the opinion of the consensus group.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• 4 Countries need to step up efforts to collect robust data on a number of intermediate indicators that relate to road traffic injury prevention and that can be used for monitoring and evaluation research. These include:
  • t rates of helmet use;
  • t rates of seat-belt use;
  • t the proportion of drivers with blood alcohol concentration over the legal limit;
  • t rates of child restraint use.
• 4 While high-income countries often use sophisticated survey methodology, basic helmet and seat-belt wearing surveys are relatively simple and cheap to conduct. Surveys are essential for comprehensive monitoring to take place.
• 4 These data are pivotal to making policy decisions based on evidence, and to evaluating measures that are put in place.
• 4 The health sector should play an important role in research related to risk factors.

Conclusions 4

Strengths and weaknesses of this survey

5IJTTVSWFZJTBmSTUTUFQUPXBSETBCSPBE global assessment of road safety. It brings UPHFUIFSBVOJRVFTFUPGEBUBPOBOVNCFS PGSPBETBGFUZWBSJBCMFTGPSDPVOUSJFT BDDPVOUJOHGPSPWFSPGUIFXPSMET population. It brings road safety into line XJUIPUIFSJTTVFTTVDIBTDMJNBUFDIBOHF UPCBDDPBOEUVCFSDVMPTJT XIFSFSFHVMBS BTTFTTNFOUT BMMPX DPVOUSJFTUPNPOJUPS their progress over time compared to that of other countries.

5IFTVSWFZNFUIPEPMPHZXBTEFTJHOFEUP increase the accuracy and completeness PGUIFEBUBUIBUXFSFTVCNJUUFEUP8)0 CZ SFRVJSJOH SFTQPOEFOUT GSPN NVMUJQMF TFDUPSTUPUBLFQBSUBOESFBDIDPOTFOTVT PO UIF GJOBM BOTXFST "O BEEJUJPOBM CFOFmUPGUIFNFUIPEPMPHZXBTUPGPTUFS

NVMUJTFDUPSBM DPMMBCPSBUJPO CZ MJOLJOH SPBE TBGFUZQSBDUJUJPOFSTXPSLJOHJOUIF TBNF DPVOUSZ 4PNF /BUJPOBM %BUB Coordinators reported that the consensus HSPVQ NFFUJOH XBT UIF mSTU UJNF UIBU practitioners from different sectors had met to discuss road safety. As a result of UIFSFHJPOBMUSBJOJOHXPSLTIPQTIFMEBT QBSUPGUIJTQSPKFDU OFUXPSLTPG/BUJPOBM %BUB\$PPSEJOBUPSTIBWFCFFOEFWFMPQFE and are already being used to facilitate regional collaboration.

/POFUIFMFTT BTXJUIBOZTUVEZ UIFSFBSF BOVNCFSPGMJNJUBUJPOT OBNFMZ

• t 5IF DPNQBSBCJMJUZ PG EBUB BDSPTT DPVOUSJFTJTTPNFXIBUMJNJUFECFDBVTF PG EJGGFSFOU JOUFSQSFUBUJPOT PG UFSNT VTFEJOUIFRVFTUJPOOBJSF FHXIBU DPOTUJUVUFTBSVSBMSPBEPSBIJHIXBZ EJGGFSTCFUXFFODPVOUSJFT DPVOUSJFT reporting data from different years PS BOEEJGGFSFOUTPVSDFT PGEBUBVTFEGPSWBSJBCMFT FHGBUBMJUZ data in some countries came from the QPMJDFTFDUPS BOEJOPUIFSTGSPNUIF IFBMUITFDUPS XIJDIIBTJNQMJDBUJPOT PODPNQMFUFOFTT
• t 5IF TVSWFZ GPDVTFE PO OBUJPOBM MFWFMEBUB5IJTNFBOUUIBU GPSUIF DPVOUSJFTXIFSFSJTLGBDUPSMFHJTMBUJPO JTFOBDUFEBUUIFTVCOBUJPOBMMFWFM UIFEFUBJMTPOUIFTFWBSJBCMFTXFSF OPUSFDPSEFE4JNJMBSMZ XIJMFNBOZ MBXT PO SPBE USBGGJDSFMBUFE SJTL factors are enacted at national MFWFM FOGPSDFNFOU BOE SFHVMBUPSZ measures are often carried out at the subnational or local level.
• t 'JOBMMZ EBUBDPMMFDUJPOJOUIJTQSPKFDU JOWPMWFEUIFVTFPGTFMGBENJOJTUFSFE RVFTUJPOOBJSFTXIJDIDBOJOUSPEVDF a number of potential biases. In BEEJUJPO B EFHSFF PG TVCKFDUJWJUZ XBT JOUSPEVDFE BT SFTQPOEFOUT XFSFBTLFEUPSBUFUIFJSperception of enforcement of the legislation on SJTLGBDUPSTJOUIFJSDPVOUSZ

Key messages and recommendations

This survey covered the magnitude of road USBGmDJOKVSJFTBTXFMMBTUIFFYJTUFODFPG JOTUJUVUJPOT QPMJDJFT MFHJTMBUJPOBOEEBUB DPMMFDUJPOTZTUFNT BOEQFSDFJWFEMFWFMT of enforcement of legislation at a country level. The main findings are summarized BTGPMMPXT

• t 3PBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFTSFNBJOBNBKPS QVCMJD IFBMUI QSPCMFN XJUI UIF IJHIFTU GBUBMJUZ SBUFT QFS QPQVMBUJPO JO NJEEMFJODPNF BOE MPXJODPNF DPVOUSJFT 1FEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT BOE VTFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXPPSUISFFXIFFMFST iWVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFSTw UPHFUIFS BDDPVOU GPS approximately half of all road traffic EFBUITBSPVOEUIFXPSME7VMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST BSF QBSUJDVMBSMZ BU SJTL JO MPXJODPNF BOE NJEEMFJODPNF countries in Asia.
• t 8IJMFNBOZDPVOUSJFTIBWFBCBTJD MFHJTMBUJWF GSBNFXPSL JO QMBDF GPS SPBE TBGFUZ POMZ IBWF MBXT SFMBUJOHUPBMMUIFmWFLFZSJTLGBDUPST SFWJFXFE o TQFFE ESJOLoESJWJOH IFMNFUT TFBUCFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT 'VSUIFSNPSF UIFTF MBXT BSFGSFRVFOUMZOPUDPNQSFIFOTJWFJO their scope.
• t &OGPSDFNFOUPGMBXTSFMBUJOHUPUIFTF SJTLGBDUPSTGPSSPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTJT perceived to be suboptimal in many countries.
• t *OTUJUVUJPOBM G SBNFXP SLT B SF insufficiently developed or resourced in many countries to be effective. 'PSJOTUBODF XIJMFPGDPVOUSJFT report the existence of a national SPBE TBGFUZ TUSBUFHZ POMZ POFUIJSE of countries report government endorsement of the strategy that has both precise targets and sufficient GVOEJOH GPS JUT JNQMFNFOUBUJPO o CPUIPGXIJDIBSFJNQPSUBOUGPSUIF success of a strategy.

t 5IFSF BSF TFWFSBM MJNJUBUJPOT JO UIF data that countries collect and report POSPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFT6OEFSSFQPSUJOH PG SPBE USBGGJD EFBUIT o B DSVDJBM indicator in terms of assessing NBHOJUVEFoJTBNBKPSQSPCMFNJO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT *O BEEJUJPO POMZ PG BMM DPVOUSJFT JOEJDBUFE UIBU UIFZIBEEBUBPOGBUBMBOEOPOGBUBM SPBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFT FTUJNBUFTPGUIF DPTUUPUIFJSFDPOPNZ BOEEBUBPO monitoring and evaluation indicators TVDIBTSBUFTPGIFMNFUVTFBOETFBU CFMUXFBSJOH

5IFSFTVMUTQSFTFOUFETVHHFTUUIBUXIJMF NPTUDPVOUSJFTIBWFUBLFOTUFQTUPXBSET BEESFTTJOHSPBETBGFUZ BEEJUJPOBMFGGPSUT BSFOFFEFE

• (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP UBLF JOUP consideration the needs of all road VTFSTXIFONBLJOHQPMJDZEFDJTJPOT that impact on road safety. To EBUF UIFOFFETPGWVMOFSBCMF SPBE users have been neglected in many countries and should be given SFOFXFEFNQIBTJT QBSUJDVMBSMZXIFO decisions are made about road EFTJHOBOEJOGSBTUSVDUVSF MBOEVTF planning and transport services.
• (PWF SONFOUT OFFE UP FOBDU DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT UP QSPUFDU BMM road users by setting speed limits that are appropriate to the type and GVODUJPO PG UIF SPBE TUJQVMBUJOH blood alcohol concentration limits UIBUIFMQSFEVDFESJOLoESJWJOH BOE SFRVJSJOH UIF VTF PG BQQSPQSJBUF QSPUFDUJPO NFBTVSFT &YJTUJOH MFHJTMBUJPOTIPVMECF SFWJFXFEBOE BNFOEFE UP DPOGPSN XJUI HPPE practices that are based on sound evidence of effectiveness.

• &OGPSDFNFOUPGBMMSPBETBGFUZMBXT OFFETUPCFJNQSPWFE&OGPSDFNFOU

• FGGPSUT NVTU CF XFMMQVCMJDJ[FE TVTUBJOFE BOEJNQMFNFOUFEUISPVHI the use of appropriate measures and penalties for infringement.

• 1. Countries need to encourage collaboration among different sectors involved in collecting and reporting road traffic injury data. This involves JNQSPWJOH EBUB MJOLBHFT CFUXFFO QPMJDF USBOTQPSUBOEIFBMUITFSWJDFT IBSNPOJ[BUJPOPGDBTFEFmOJUJPOT BT XFMMBTJODSFBTJOHIVNBODBQBDJUZUP VOEFSUBLFEBUBDPMMFDUJPO

• (PWFSONFOUTOFFEUPFOTVSFUIBUUIF institutions that have been nominated BT SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UBLJOH BDUJPO on road safety have the necessary human and financial resources to act effectively. The evidence suggests that the development and endorsement PG B OBUJPOBM TUSBUFHZXJUI SFBMJTUJD UBSHFUT BOE FBSNBSLFE GVOEJOH for implementation are important GBDUPST UPXBSET NFFUJOH MPOHUFSN road safety goals.

The results of this survey can be used as a tool to inform policy decisions in DPOKVODUJPOXJUIPUIFSJOUFSOBUJPOBMBOE OBUJPOBM TUVEJFTBOEQSPHSBNNFToGPS FYBNQMF UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 3FHJPOBM \$PNNJTTJPOT QSPKFDU PO TFUUJOH SPBE USBGGJD DBTVBMUZ SFEVDUJPO UBSHFUT PS alongside implementation and evaluation of the good practice manuals developed UISPVHIUIF6OJUFE/BUJPOT3PBE4BGFUZ Collaboration. The results can also be used to leverage political support and resources for safer road transportation for BMMSPBEVTFST JODMVEJOHJOJOUFSOBUJPOBM GPSVNT0OFLFZNJMFTUPOFJOJOUFSOBUJPOBM SPBETBGFUZFWFOUTXJMMCFUIF'JSTU(MPCBM .JOJTUFSJBM\$POGFSFODFPO3PBE4BGFUZUP CFIFMEJO.PTDPXJO/PWFNCFS %VSJOH UIF \$POGFSFODF EFMFHBUFT BSF MJLFMZ UP DBMM GPS B Decade of Action on Road Safety 4IPVME UIJT QSPQPTBM CF FOEPSTFE CZ NFNCFS DPVOUSJFT such a decade could be an important opportunity to further catalyse action. The results of this Global status report and the gaps it has identified should TFSWFBTLFZFMFNFOUTJOUIFEJTDVTTJPOT during the Ministerial Conference on 3PBE4BGFUZBTXFMMBTGPSQMBOOJOHUIF activities envisaged in the context of the Decade of Action.

An increasing body of research EFNPOTUSBUFTXBZTUPQSFWFOUDSBTIFTPS UPSFEVDFUIFTFWFSJUZPGJOKVSJFTXIFOUIFZ EPPDDVS BOEDPVOUSJFTIBWFUBLFONBOZ TUFQTUPXBSETQVUUJOHJOQMBDFFWJEFODF CBTFE JOUFSWFOUJPOT UP NBLF SPBET TBGFS "U UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM MFWFM IJHI level commitment has been evidenced by various international resolutions and DPMMBCPSBUJWFQSPKFDUT5IJTTVSWFZTIPXT IPXFWFS UIBU NVDI NPSF SFNBJOT UP CF EPOF /P DPVOUSZ DBO BGGPSE UP TJU CBDL BOE BTTVNF UIBU JUT SPBE TBGFUZ XPSLJTDPNQMFUF BOEUIFJOUFSOBUJPOBM community must continue to recognize road traffic injuries as an important health and development issue and intensify support for their prevention.

References

• 1. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIP JOUIFBMUIJOGPHMPCBM@CVSEFO@EJTFBTF(#%@SFQPSU@VQEBUF@"OOFY"QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• 2. World health statistics 2008 (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIPJOUXIPTJT XIPTUBUFOJOEFYIUN BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• .VSSBZ\$+-FUBMThe Global Burden of Disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources (1&%JTDVTTJPO 1BQFS/P (FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO
• 1FEFO.FUBM FETWorld report on road traffic injury prevention(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPOQVCMJDBUJPOTSPBE@USBGmDXPSME@SFQPSUFOJOEFYIUNM BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• &TJZPL#FUBMRoad traffic accidents and disability: A cross-section study from Turkey. Disability and Rehabilitation o
• (VSVSBK(Road traffic injury prevention in India#BOHBMPSF /BUJPOBM*OTUJUVUFPG.FOUBM)FBMUIBOE/FVSP 4DJFODFT 1VCMJDBUJPO/P IUUQXXXOJNIBOTLBSOJDJOFQJEFNJPMPHZEPDFQ@GUQEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM
• +BDPCT( 5IPNBT"" "TUSPQ"Estimating global road fatalities\$SPXUIPSOF 5SBOTQPSU3FTFBSDI-BCPSBUPSZ 53-3FQPSU IUUQXXXUSBOTQPSUMJOLTPSHUSBOTQPSU@MJOLTmMFBSFBQVCMJDBUJPOT@@53- QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• 3FBEJOH3"SFBTPDJPFDPOPNJDTUBUVTBOEDIJMEIPPEJOKVSZNPSCJEJUZJO/FX4PVUI8BMFT "VTUSBMJBChild Care Health and Development
• "FSPO5IPNBT"FUBMThe involvement and impact of road crashes on the poor: Bangladesh and India case studies QSPKFDU113 \$SPXUIPSOF 6OJUFE,JOHEPN 5SBOTQPSU3FTFBSDI-BCPSBUPSZ IUUQXXX HSTQSPBETBGFUZPSHUIFNFTEFGBVMUQEGT5IF1PPS@mOBMmOBMSFQPSUQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• Guidelines for estimating the cost of road crashes in developing countries QSPKFDU3 -POEPO 5SBOTQPSU 3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ %FQBSUNFOU GPS *OUFSOBUJPOBM %FWFMPQNFOU IUUQXXXUSBOTQPSUMJOLTPSH USBOTQPSU@MJOLTmMFBSFBQVCMJDBUJPOT@@31%' BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• 0EFSP8FUBM3PBEUSBGmDJOKVSJFTJO,FOZBNBHOJUVEF DBVTFTBOETUBUVTPGJOUFSWFOUJPOInjury Prevention and Safety Controlo
• (VSVSBK(3PBEUSBGmDEFBUIT JOKVSJFTBOEEJTBCJMJUJFTJO*OEJBDVSSFOUTDFOBSJPThe National Medical Journal of Indiao
• /FXUPO+Road safety Partnership program. Shared responsibility8FTUFSO"VTUSBMJB 0GmDFPG3PBE4BGFUZ IUUQXXXPGmDFPGSPBETBGFUZXBHPWBVEPDVNFOUT+BNFT/FXUPO3PBE4BGFUZ1BSUOFSTIJQ1SPHSBNQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• 1BVMP[[J-+FUBM&DPOPNJDEFWFMPQNFOUTFGGFDUPO SPBEUSBOTQPSUSFMBUFENPSUBMJUZBNPOHEJGGFSFOU SPBE VTFSTBDSPTTTFDUJPOBMJOUFSOBUJPOBMTUVEZAccident Analysis & Preventiono
• ,PQQJUT& \$SPQQFS.5SBGmDGBUBMJUJFTBOEFDPOPNJDHSPXUIAccident Analysis & Preventiono 178.
• 4XFEJTI(PWFSONFOU)FBMUIBOE8FMGBSF4UBUJTUJDBM%BUBCBTF IUUQFQDGTJOEFY BTQ LPEFOHFMTLB BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• 7BTDPODFMMPT&"Urban transport, environment and equity: The case for developing countries-POEPO&BSUITDBO 1VCMJDBUJPOT
• ,IBZFTJ.-JWBCMFTUSFFUTGPSQFEFTUSJBOTJO/BJSPCJUIFDIBMMFOHFPGSPBEUSBGmDBDDJEFOUTWorld Policy and Practiceo

• 0EFSP83PBEUSBGmDBDDJEFOUTJO,FOZBBOFQJEFNJPMPHJDBMBQQSBJTBMEast African Medical Journal o

• %IBSNBSBUOF4% 4UFWFOTPO. 1VCMJD SPBEUSBOTQPSU DSBTIFTJO B MPX JODPNF DPVOUSZInjury Prevention o

• 1FÁBMPTB&5IFQPMJUJDTPGIBQQJOFTTPlanners Tabloid"VHVTUo4FQUFNCFS IUUQXXXTBDUPBQB PSHOFXTMUSOFXTQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

• 5JXBSJ(4FMGPSHBOJ[JOHTZTUFNTBOEJOOPWBUJPOJO"TJBO\$JUJFT*O+POTPO( 5FOTUSPN& FETUrban transport development: a complex issue#FSMJOBOE)FJEFMCFSH 4QSJOHFS7FSMBH o

• .PCFSFPMB%4USFOHUIFOJOH VSCBOUSBOTQPSUJOTUJUVUJPOTBDBTF TUVEZPG -BHPT TUBUFSub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program %JTDVTTJPO1BQFS/P IUUQXXXXPSMECBOLPSHBGSTTBUQ3FTPVSDFT 44"51%JTDVTTJPO1BQFSTEQQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

• 4VC4BIBSBO"GSJDB5SBOTQPSU1SPHSBN1PMJDZ 44"51 %FWFMPQJOHOFXGSPOUJFSTUPJNQSPWFVSCBONPCJMJUZ SSATP Newsletter no 6+BOVBSZ IUUQHPXPSMECBOLPSH).\$&2) BDDFTTFE"QSJM

• /JMTTPO(Traffic safety dimension and the power model to describe the effect on speed safety-VOE -VOE *OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ

• 'JODI %+ FU BM Speed, speed limits and accidents 1SPKFDU 3FQPSU \$SPXUIPSOF 5SBOTQPSU 3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ

• 1. Transport Research Centre. Speed management report1BSJT 0&\$%1VCMJTIJOH

• 1BTBOFO&Ajonopeudet ja jalankulkijan turvallisuus [Driving speeds and pedestrian safety]&TQPP 5FLOJMMJOFO LPSLFBLPVMV -VJLFOOFUFLOJJLLB

• (SVOEZ\$FUBMThe effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road casualties in London, 1986–2006-POEPO -POEPO4DIPPMPG)ZHJFOFBOE5SPQJDBM.FEJDJOF JOQSFTT

• \$PNQUPO31FUBM\$SBTISJTLPGBMDPIPMJNQBJSFEESJWJOH*O.BZIFX%3 %VTTBVMU\$ FETProceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Montreal, 4–9 August 2002.POUSFBM 4PDJ¹U¹EFMBTTVSBODFBVUPNPCJMFEV2V¹CFD o IUUQXXXTBBRHPVWRDDBUBDUFTQEG B QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

• .PTLPXJU[)FUBM.FUIPEPMPHJDBMJTTVFTJOFQJEFNJPMPHJDBMTUVEJFTPGBMDPIPMDSBTISJTL*O.BZIFX%3 %VTTBVMU \$ FET Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Montreal, 4–9 August 2002.POUSFBM 4PDJ¹U¹EFMBTTVSBODFBVUPNPCJMFEV2V¹CFD o IUUQ XXXTBBRHPVWRDDBUBDUFTQEG B QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

• 4IVMUT3FUBM3FWJFXPGFWJEFODFSFHBSEJOHJOUFSWFOUJPOTUPSFEVDFBMDPIPMJNQBJSFEESJWJOHAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicineo

• 1FFL"TB\$5IFFGGFDUPGSBOEPNBMDPIPMTDSFFOJOHJOSFEVDJOHNPUPSWFIJDMFDSBTIJOKVSJFTAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicineo

• &MEFS38FUBM&GGFDUJWFOFTTPGTPCSJFUZDIFDLQPJOUTGPSSFEVDJOHBMDPIPMJOWPMWFETraffic Injury Prevention o

• -JV#FUBM)FMNFUTGPSQSFWFOUJOHJOKVSZJONPUPSDZDMFSJEFSTThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews JTTVF

• ,SBVT+' 1FFL\$ 8JMMJBNT"\$PNQMJBODFXJUIUIF\$BMJGPSOJBNPUPSDZDMFIFMNFUVTFMBXAmerican Journal of Public Healtho

• 4FSWBEFJ'FUBM&GGFDUPG*UBMZTNPUPSDZDMFIFMNFUMBXPOUSBVNBUJDCSBJOJOKVSJFTInjury Prevention o

• Helmets: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPOQVCMJDBUJPOTSPBE@USBGmDIFMNFU@NBOVBMQEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM

• &MWJL3 7BB5The handbook of road safety measures"NTUFSEBN &MTFWJFS4DJFODF

• Seat-belts and child restraints: increasing use and optimising performance#SVTTFMT &VSPQFBO5SBOTQPSU4BGFUZ \$PVODJM

• 1. Motor vehicle occupant protection facts 20068BTIJOHUPO %\$ /BUJPOBM)JHIXBZ5SBGmD4BGFUZ"ENJOJTUSBUJPO IUUQXXXOIUTBHPWTUBUJDmMFT%05/)54"5SBGmD*OKVSZ\$POUSPM"SUJDMFT"TTPDJBUFE 'JMFTQEG BDDFTTFEPO"QSJM

• ;IV.FUBM"TTPDJBUJPOPGSFBSTFBUTBGFUZCFMUVTFXJUIEFBUIJOBUSBGmDDSBTIBNBUDIFEDPIPSUTUVEZInjury Preventiono

• Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners -POEPO '*" 'PVOEBUJPOGPSUIF"VUPNPCJMFBOE4PDJFUZ IUUQXXXXIPJOUSPBETBGFUZQSPKFDUTNBOVBMTTFBUCFMU TFBUCFMUQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

• ;B[B4FUBM3FWJFXTPGFWJEFODFSFHBSEJOHJOUFSWFOUJPOTUPJODSFBTFVTFPGDIJMETBGFUZTFBUTAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicineo

• &DPOPNJD\$PNNJTTJPOGPS&VSPQF*OUFSTFDSFUBSJBU8PSLJOH(SPVQPO5SBOTQPSU4UBUJTUJDTGlossary of transport statisticsSEFE/FX:PSL /: 6OJUFE/BUJPOT&DPOPNJDBOE4PDJBM\$PVODJM 53"/481 IUUQXXXVOFDFPSHUSBOTNBJOXQQEGEPDTHMPTTFOQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

• %FSSJLT). .BL1.IRTAD special report. Underreporting of road traffic casualties5IF)BHVF /FUIFSMBOET .JOJTUSZPG5SBOTQPSU 1VCMJD8PSLTBOE8BUFS.BOBHFNFOU IUUQXXXXIPJOUSPBETBGFUZQVCMJDBUJPOT JSUBE@VOEFSSFQPSUJOHQEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM

• 4NFFE 3+4PNF TUBUJTUJDBMBTQFDUTPG SPBE TBGFUZ SFTFBSDI Journal of the Royal Statistical Society o

• +PJOU\$PNNJUUFFPO*OKVSZ4DBMJOHThe Abbreviated Injury Scale: 1990 revision\$IJDBHP *"TTPDJBUJPOGPS UIF"EWBODFNFOUPG"VUPNPUJWF.FEJDJOF

• \$PQFT84FUBM5IF*OKVSZ4FWFSJUZ4DPSFSFWJTJUFEThe Journal of Traumao

• International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision7PMVNF5BCVMBS MJTU7PMVNF*OTUSVDUJPONBOVBM7PMVNF*OEFY(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO

• )PMEFS:FUBMInjury surveillance guidelines(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO

&YQMBOBUPSZOPUFT

Background

The country profiles in this section present a selection of information about road safety as reported by each of the QBSUJDJQBUJOHDPVOUSJFTBSFBT"EEJUJPOBMOBUJPOBMEBUBDBOCFGPVOEJOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY 5BCMFT"o" 5IFDPVOUSZTVSWFZUPPMTNBZCFEPXOMPBEFEGSPNUIFGPMMPXJOHXFCTJUFXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPO SPBE@TBGFUZ@TUBUVT

Methodological variations

0OFIVOESFEBOETFWFOUZFJHIUDPVOUSJFTBSFBTQBSUJDJQBUFEJOUIFTVSWFZGPSUIFGlobal status report on road safety TFF5BCMFPOQBHF 8IJMFNPTUDPVOUSJFTBSFBTGPMMPXFEUIFTUBOEBSEJ[FENFUIPEPMPHZ TFFQBHFTo for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

%BUBBSFSFQPSUFEGPSQPQVMBUJPO JODPNFHSPVQBOEHSPTTOBUJPOBMJODPNFQFSDBQJUBGPSUIFMBUFTUZFBSBWBJMBCMF TFFFYQMBOBUPSZOPUFTJOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFYGPSNPSFEFUBJMT

Terminology and interpretation

5IFGPMMPXJOHUFSNTBOEJTTVFTTIPVMECFDPOTJEFSFEXIFOSFWJFXJOHUIFJOEJWJEVBMDPVOUSZQSPmMFT

• t 5IFRVFTUJPOOBJSFBTLFEGPSJOGPSNBUJPOPOBOVNCFSPGUPQJDT XJUIGPMMPXVQRVFTUJPOTFYQMPSJOHFBDIUPQJD JOGVSUIFSEFUBJM'PSNBOZUPQJDTSFTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUPTLJQfollow-up questions depending on their BOTXFSUPUIFUPQMFWFMRVFTUJPO\$POTFRVFOUMZ UIFDPVOUSZQSPmMFTEPOPUSFQPSUJOGPSNBUJPOGSPNGPMMPXVQ RVFTUJPOTJGUIFTFTIPVMEIBWFCFFOTLJQQFE)PXFWFS JGUIFTFRVFTUJPOTXFSFBOTXFSFEUIFSFTQPOTFTBSF SFDPSEFEJOUIF4UBUJTUJDBM"OOFY
• t Road classifications JOQBSUJDVMBSUIFEFmOJUJPOPGBOVSCBOSPBE BSVSBMSPBEBOEBIJHIXBZ WBSZHSFBUMZ GSPNDPVOUSZUPDPVOUSZ 3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUP SFQPSUPOUIF TQFFEMJNJUTPGEJGGFSFOULJOETPG SPBE according to the definitions used in the country concerned.
• t 3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFE BTJOEJWJEVBMT UPSBUFUIFeffectiveness of enforcement of various elements of OBUJPOBMSPBETBGFUZMFHJTMBUJPOPOUIFCBTJTPGUIFJSQSPGFTTJPOBMPQJOJPOPSQFSDFQUJPO"TDBMFPGUP XBTVTFE XIFSFXBTiOPUFGGFDUJWFwBOEXBTiIJHIMZFGGFDUJWFw5IFHSPVQPGSFTQPOEFOUTUIFOUSJFEUP reach consensus on an enforcement score. These scores are therefore subjective and should be seen only BTBOJOEJDBUJPOPGIPXFOGPSDFNFOUJTQFSDFJWFEJOUIFDPVOUSZ.BOZSFTQPOEFOUTFYQSFTTFEEJGmDVMUZJO BTTFTTJOHMBXFOGPSDFNFOUBUBOBUJPOBMMFWFMTJODFJUPGUFOWBSJFTGSPNSFHJPOUPSFHJPOXJUIJOBDPVOUSZBOE the intensity of the enforcement may vary at different times.

• t Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits refer to the maximum amount of alcohol that is legally acceptable JOUIFCMPPEPGBESJWFSPOUIFSPBEoJFUIFCMPPEBMDPIPMMFWFMBCPWFXIJDIBESJWFSNBZCFQVOJTIFECZ MBX'PSUIFQVSQPTFTPGUIJTSFQPSU UIF#"\$MJNJUJODPVOUSJFTXIFSFBMDPIPMDPOTVNQUJPOJTQSPIJCJUFEIBT CFFOSFDPSEFEBT[FSPXJUIBOFYQMBOBUPSZGPPUOPUF

• t 8IFSFSFTQPOEFOUTQSPWJEFEFYQMBOBUPSZJOGPSNBUJPOPOrates of helmet wearing and/or seat-belt use oGPSJOTUBODF BEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFNFUIPEPMPHZPSHFPHSBQIJDBMDPWFSBHFoUIJTJOGPSNBUJPOJTSFQPSUFEJO footnotes.

• t "motorcycle helmet lawJTBTTFTTFEBTiBQQMJFTUPBMMSJEFSToZFTwJGUIFMBXSFRVJSFTESJWFSTBOEQBTTFOHFST CPUIBEVMUTBOEDIJMESFO UPXFBSBIFMNFU-BXTXJUIFYDFQUJPOTPOUIFHSPVOETPGSFMJHJPO NFEJDBMDPOEJUJPOT PSPUIFSSFBTPOTBSFJOEJDBUFEXJUIUIFGPPUOPUFiTPNFFYDFQUJPOTw

• t 3FTQPOEFOUTXFSFBTLFEUPSFQPSUPOvehicle standardsSFRVJSFEGPSDBSNBOVGBDUVSFSTPSBTTFNCMFSTJO UIFDPVOUSZ5IFSFGPSFOPJOGPSNBUJPOJTJODMVEFEPOWFIJDMFTUBOEBSETGPSDPVOUSJFTXIFSFNBOVGBDUVSFPS BTTFNCMZEPOPUUBLFQMBDF4PNFDPVOUSJFTBQQMZTUSJOHFOUTUBOEBSETUPJNQPSUFEWFIJDMFTCVUEBUBPOTVDI TUBOEBSETXFSFOPUDPMMFDUFEBTQBSUPGUIJTTVSWFZ

• t 7BSJBCMFTIBWFCFFODPEFEi%BUBOPUBWBJMBCMF o wJGUIFJOGPSNBUJPOXBTOPUQSPWJEFEUISPVHIUIFOBUJPOBM data collection process.

Presentation of data

Country profiles contain dataPOSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFTBOEOPOGBUBMJOKVSJFTBTreportedCZDPVOUSJFTBSFBT

• t %BUBGSPNEJGGFSFOUDPVOUSJFTBSFOPUOFDFTTBSJMZDPNQBSBCMF BTEJGGFSFOUEFmOJUJPOTBOEUJNFGSBNFTIBWF been used.
• t %VFUPTQBDFDPOTUSBJOUTJOGPPUOPUFT UIFEBUBTPVSDFIBTCFFOTVNNBSJ[FEBT1PMJDF 5SBOTQPSUPS)FBMUI JGUIFEBUBBSFGSPNUIF.JOJTUSZPG*OUFSJPS .JOJTUSZPG5SBOTQPSUPS.JOJTUSZPG)FBMUI SFTQFDUJWFMZ
• t 5IFQSPQPSUJPOPGEFBUITXIFSFUIFTFYJTVOLOPXOIBTOPUCFFOSFQPSUFEJOUIFQSPmMFT

In the charts presenting data on deaths by road user categoryQSPQPSUJPOTNBZ OPU TVNUPEVFUP SPVOEJOH4PNFDPVOUSJFTDMBTTJGZSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFTBDDPSEJOHUPUIFWFIJDMFPSSPBEVTFSiBUGBVMUwSBUIFSUIBO BDDPSEJOHUPXIPEJFE PSVTFDBUFHPSJFTEJGGFSFOUGSPNUIPTFSFRVFTUFEJOUIFRVFTUJPOOBJSF*OUIFTFDPVOUSJFT EFBUITBNPOHWVMOFSBCMFSPBEVTFSTBSFFWFONPSFMJLFMZUPCFVOEFSSFQPSUFE

The standard colour coding of the pie charts VTFE UP SFQSFTFOU UIF SPBE VTFS DBUFHPSJFT SFRVFTUFE JO UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSFJTTIPXOCFMPX"EEJUJPOBMDBUFHPSJFTBSFSFQSFTFOUFECZOPOTUBOEBSEDPMPVST

• ●%SJWFSTPGXIFFMFEWFIJDMFT Cyclists
• ●1BTTFOHFSTPGXIFFMFEWFIJDMFT Pedestrians
• ●0DDVQBOUT ESJWFSTQBTTFOHFST XIFFMFEWFIJDMFT ●0UIFS
• ●3JEFST ESJWFSTQBTTFOHFST PGNPUPSJ[FEPSXIFFMFST ●6OTQFDJmFE

Trend graphsBSFTIPXOFJUIFSBTSPBEUSBGmDEFBUISBUFTQFSQPQVMBUJPO POBHSFFOCBDLHSPVOE PS BTBOBCTPMVUFOVNCFSPGSPBEUSBGmDEFBUIT POBCMVFCBDLHSPVOE EFQFOEJOHPOXIJDImHVSFTXFSFTVQQMJFE CZUIFDPVOUSZ%VFUPTQBDFDPOTUSBJOUT BOBSCJUSBSZDVUPGGQPJOUPGXBTBQQMJFEUPUIFGFXDPVOUSJFTUIBU provided many decades of trend data.

Where the primary source of informationGPSCPUIUIFQJFBOEUSFOEHSBQITXBTOPUTUJQVMBUFE UIFTPVSDFIBT CFFOSFQPSUFEBTA\$PVOUSZRVFTUJPOOBJSF

Information about the number of vehicles in the country includes only registered vehiclesBOEQSPQPSUJPOTPG WBSJPVTUZQFTPGTVDIWFIJDMFT5IFTFQSPQPSUJPOTNBZOPUTVNUPEVFUP SPVOEJOH*OTPNFDPVOUSJFT respondents noted that a substantial proportion of the vehicle fleet may not be registered.

AFGHANISTAN

Population: 27 145 275

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$319

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Yes
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
10 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
Yes
—
10 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 1 835c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 3 212d
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
731 607 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	59% 12% 20% 1% 8%

ALBANIA

Population: 3 190 012

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 290

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Interministerial Committee of Road Safety
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-------------------------------|----| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
40 km/h
9 | | | | | | | | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl | | | Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints | | | | Yes | | | Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5%b
8 | | | Motorcycle helmet law | | | | Yes | | | Applies to all riders | | | | Yes | | | Helmet standards mandated | | | | Yes | | | Helmet wearing rate | | | | — | | | Enforcementa | | | | | 10 | | Seat-belt law | | | | Yes | | | Applies to all occupants | | | | Yes | | | Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | 30% Frontc | | | Enforcementa | | | | 9 | | | Child restraints law | | | | Yes | | | Enforcementa | | | | 8 | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, Internal Affairs Ministry (Directory of Road Police). 1996, Citizen Society of Road Safety, data from pilot cities.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 384d (77% males, 23% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 1 344e
Costing study available No

• Police data, defined as died at the crash scene.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, Ministry of Transport

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (Road Police Directory) and Ministry of Transport (General Directory of Road Transport)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
349 646 total (2007)
Motorcars	68%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	7%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	8%
Trucks	12%
Buses	5%

ANGOLA

Population: 17 024 084 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 560

Not formally endorsed by government.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 1 814c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries —
Costing study available No

Transport data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|----------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | —
—
—
—
—
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
Yes
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb
b | | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: National Directorate of Road Traffi c

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | |----------------------------------------------|--| | 671 060 total (2007) | | | Registered vehicle types: data not available | |

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

ARGENTINA

Population: 39 531 115

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$6 050

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa		3	Yes Yes 40–60 km/h
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa		3	Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —
Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa	1		Yes Yes Yes 13%b
Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa		3	Yes Yes 48%b, c
Child restraints law Enforcementa			No n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2005, Argentina National Risk Factor survey.
• Front seats only.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No (subnational) No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 4 063d (75% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 174 339e

• Health data, defined as died at the scene of the crash. National Registry
• of Transit Records (RENAT) reported 4 175 deaths in 2007. e
• Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Ministry of Health Argentina, 2006

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: The Health Statistics and Information Office, the Department of Policies, Regulation, and Institutes at the National Ministry of Health, Argentina

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes No REGISTERED VEHICLES 12 399 887 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available

ARMENIA

Population: 3 002 271 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 640

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|------------------------|-----------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 5 | 0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl | Yes
Yes
6%b | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | | Yes
Yes
No
— | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
Yes
— | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | 5 | | Yes | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 371c (75% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 2 720d
Costing study available No

• Police data, no specified time period.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia

REGISTERED VEHICLES
366 836 total (2007)
Motorcars	79%
Buses	7%
Other	15%

AUSTRALIA^a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 20 743 179

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$35 960

| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | | | |-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--| | Lead agency | Department of Infrastructure, Transport,
Regional Development and Local Government | | | | | Funded in national budget | Yes | | | | | National road safety strategy | Yes | | | | | Measurable targets | Yes | | | | | Funded | Yes | | | |

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	No (subnationally)
Local authorities can set lower limits	n/a
Maximum limit urban roads	n/a
Enforcementb	n/a
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb	No (subnational) 0.05 g/dlc 0.0–0.02 g/dld n/a 30%e n/a
Motorcycle helmet law	No (subnational)
Applies to all riders	Yesf
Helmet standards mandated	Yesf
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementb	n/a
Seat-belt law	No (subnational)
Applies to all occupants	Yesg
Seat-belt wearing rate	97% Front, 92% Rearh
Enforcementb	n/a
Child restraints law	No (subnational)
Enforcementb	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c No national limit, but all states and territories have a consistent BAC limit of 0.05 for general
• population. d For young provisional drivers, all states and territories have a zero BAC requirement, with exception
• of one territory with a BAC limit of 0.02 g/dl. e 1999–2003, Transport data.
• No national law, but all states and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and compliance with a helmet standard. g
• No national law, but all states and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants.

h	2006, Transport data, national survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 616i (73% males, 27% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005–2006) 31 204j
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health and Transport data, hospitalized cases only.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government: "Monthly Road Death Series"

Source: 2008, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government

REGISTERED VEHICLES
14 774 921 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	78% 4% 15% 3% <1%

AUSTRIA

Population: 8 360 746

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$42 700

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Austrian Road Safety Council
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	No

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.01 g/dl
Yes
8%b
9 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
95%d
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
89% Front, 49% Reard
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
9 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, Statistics Austria.
• Some exceptions.
• 2007, Austrian Road Safety Board survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 691e (77% males, 23% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 53 211f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Statistics Austria, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Statistics Austria.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs & Statistics Austria

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Statistics Austria

73%
11%
14%
<1%
2%

AZERBAIJAN

Population: 8 467 167

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 550

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	State Road Police
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
9 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
3%b
9 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Child restraints law | | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b

2007, State Road Police.

Enforcementa

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 107c (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 3 432d
Costing study available No

• Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Azerbaijan Republic. Trend Data on Road Traffic Accidents in 1998–2006

REGISTERED VEHICLES
784 018 total (2007)
Motorcars	77%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	<1%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	2%
Trucks	16%
Buses	4%
Non-motorized vehicles	<1%
Other	1%

9

BAHAMAS

Population: 331 278

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$18 570

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Traffic Department
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|---------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
48 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
5%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
Yes
10–15%c | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes
Yes
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | 0 | | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2007, from hospital reports. Estimation by consensus group.

— Data not available.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

Police data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Country questionnaire

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Ministry of Health

Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport.

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	—
National universal access number	—

| | REGISTERED VEHICLES | | |--|---------------------|--| | | | |

27 058 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available

Health data.

BAHRAIN

Population: 752 648

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$20 610

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	General Directorate of Traffic
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	4
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb No 8%c 4
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	5
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	No
Seat-belt wearing rate	22%d
Enforcementa	4
Child restraints law	No

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.
• 2007, General Directorate of Traffic. 2008, Ministry of Works.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

Enforcementa

| ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | |--------------------|--| | | |

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 91e (91% males, 9% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 3 415f

• Police data, defined as any death caused directly by road traffic injury,
• regardless of time period. ^f General Directorate of Traffic data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, General Directorate of Traffic

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: 2007, General Directorate of Traffic

REGISTERED VEHICLES
382 977 total (2008)
Motorcars	81%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	1%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	13%
Trucks	<1%
Buses	2%
Other	3%

n/a

BANGLADESH

Population: 158 664 959

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$470

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	National Road Safety Council No
National road safety strategy Measurable targets	Yes Yes
Funded	No

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|--|----------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes
No
25 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 1 | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
No
— | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b

| | | Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. | |--|--|----------------------------------------| | | | |

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 3 160c (89% males, 11% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2003) 403 000d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. Respondents concerned this figure greatly underestimates the true number of deaths, citing example of Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2003, which estimated the
• annual number of deaths to be 13 200. ^d 2003, Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: "National Road Traffic Accident Report 2006", Bangladesh Road Transport Authority

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: "National Road Safety Action Plan 2008–2010," National Road Safety Council

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 054 057 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other	15% 62% 10% 6% 3% 4%

BARBADOS

Population: 293 891 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$11 290

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|-----------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
60 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
— | | | Enforcementa | | | | | 8 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | | Yes
Yes
— | | | Enforcementa | | | | | 8 | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
7 | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 38c (62% males, 37% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 2 372d
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.
• Actual data collected by Royal Barbados Police Force.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Royal Barbados Police Force

REGISTERED VEHICLES
126 262 total (2007)
Motorcars	82%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	2%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	8%
Trucks	4%
Buses	<1%
Other	4%

BELARUS

Population: 9 688 795 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$4 220

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
60 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
13%b
7 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
6 |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a

scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 517c (74% males, 26% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 7 991d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Ministry of Home Affairs, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Ministry of Home Affairs data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus

REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 147 625 total (2007)
Motorcars	74%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	12%
Trucks	12%
Buses	1%

BELGIUM

Population: 10 457 343

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$40 710

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
—
8 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
79% Front, 46% Rearc | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
6 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Some exceptions.
• Belgian Road Safety Institute: 2007 observational study (front seats), 2006 self-report survey (rear seats).

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 067d (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 65 850e
Costing study available No

• Statistics Belgium, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Statistics Belgium estimate.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
6 362 161 total (2007)
Motorcars	79%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	6%
Buses	<1%%
Trucks	10%
Other	4%

BELIZE

Population: 287 699

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 800

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|--|-------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes
No
40 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
— | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
— | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	No
National policies to promote public transportation	No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 68c (75% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 652d
Costing study available No

• Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data
• reported 47 deaths in 2006. d Belize Institute of Statistics.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Belize Institute of Statistics

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Unit

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES 54 225 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available

BENIN

Population: 9 032 787

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$570

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa		2		Yes No 50 km/h
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa			5	Yes None None Yes —
Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa	1			Yes Yes No —
Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa				No (subnational) n/a — n/a
Child restraints law Enforcementa				No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 605b
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 3 251c
Costing study available No

Transport data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Centre National de Sécurité Routière

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Road Safety Centre Database

REGISTERED VEHICLES
222 850 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	67% 7% 11% 5% <1%
Other	10%

Transport data.

BHUTAN

Population: 658 479 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 770

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Road Safety and Transport Authority Yes
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded	No n/a n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|--|------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
No
30 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	Yesb

For free ambulance transport to hospital.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006 – 2007) 111c (93% males, 7% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006 – 2007) 724d
Costing study available

Police data for 12-month time period, defi ned as died within 30 days of

No

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
35 703 total (2007)
Motorcars	55%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	21%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	2%
Trucks	13%
Buses	<1%
Other	9%

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

the crash. d Police data for 12-month time period.

BOLIVIA

(Plurinational State of)

Population: 9 524 568

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 260

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Inter-institutional Road Safety Council
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	No

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|----------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
No
40 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 4 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
No consensusc | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate | | | No
n/a
n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.

Enforcementa

Child restraints law Enforcementa

No consensus, but group agreed that enforcement is lax.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 073d
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 13 481e
Costing study available No

• National Police data, defined as died at the crash scene.
• National Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, National Police data

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Police, National Statistics Institute

25%
5%
56% 11%
1%
— 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Sports and the Bolivian National Police.

n/a

No n/a

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Population: 3 934 816 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 790

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Ministry of Communication and Transport of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yesa
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

Formally approved in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only (not in the Republic of Srpska).

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
7%c
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | Yes
5 |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c

^2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska (data for Republic of Srpska only).

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards ond Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

Data for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only.

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 428e
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 11 647f
Costing study available No

Institute for Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (defi ned as died at the crash scene), and Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska (defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash). f

Data from multiple sources.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska. Data for Republic of Srpska only

REGISTERED VEHICLES
675 063 total (2007)
Motorcars	85%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	1%
Trucks	9%
Buses	1%
Other	5%

BOTSWANA

Population: 1 881 504

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 840

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Department of Road Transport and Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | | | | 8
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes | | Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 1%b
7 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
75%c
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2007, National Road Traffic Crash Database, based on occasional, non-comprehensive surveys. 2007, National Road Traffic Crash Database, rate among drivers and rear-seat passengers involved in a crash.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 497d (72% males, 28% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 7 142e

• Transport data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.
• Transport data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, National Road Traffic Crash Database

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Road Traffic Crash Database

REGISTERED VEHICLES
293 755 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks	39% 1% 44% 5%
Buses Other	<1% 10%

BRAZIL

Population: 191 790 929

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 910

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60–80 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
—
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
88% Front, 11% Rear
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60%b
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Data from Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

| DATA | | |-----------------------------------------|--| | Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) | |

35 155c (82% males, 18% females)

Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 407 685^d

Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Health data (Mortality Information System), defined as died anytime after
• the crash. d State Traffic Departments, National Traffic Department, Ministry of Cities data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, Ministry of Health Mortality Information System

Source: Ministry of Health Mortality Information System

REGISTERED VEHICLES
49 644 025 total (2007)
Motorcars	61%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	22%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	<1%
Trucks	10%
Buses	4%
Non-motorized vehicles	1%
Other	2%

BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS^a

Non WHO member-area.

Population: 23 000

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$43 686

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No (subnational)
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| Speed limits set nationally | | | | | Yes | | |-------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|-----------|--| | Local authorities can set lower limits | | | | | No | | | Maximum limit urban roads | | | | | 32 km/h | | | Enforcementb | | | | 6 | | | | Drink–driving law | | | | | Yes | | | BAC limit – general population | | | | | 0.08 g/dl | | | BAC limit – young or novice drivers | | | | | 0.08 g/dl | | | Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints | | | | | Yes | | | Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | | 4%c | | | Enforcementb | | | | | — | | | Motorcycle helmet law | | | | | Yes | | | Applies to all riders | | | | | — | | | Helmet standards mandated | | | | | No | | | Helmet wearing rate | | | | | — | | | Enforcementb | | 3 | | | | | | Seat-belt law | | | | | Yes | | | Applies to all occupants | | | | | Yes | | | Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | | 80%c | | | Enforcementb | | | | | 7 | | | Child restraints law | | | | | Yes | | | | | | | | | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c
• 2007, Police observational data.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	— —
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 6d (67% males, 33% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 132e
Costing study available No

• Police data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.
• Police records.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Royal Virgin Islands Police Force

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES 14 505 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

Population: 390 056 Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$30 580

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Brunei Darussalam Road Safety Council —
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded	Multiple n/a n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|----------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
80 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
3.7%b
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
98%b
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
70% Frontb
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | 4 | Yes |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b

2007, Police data.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No —

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes (deaths and injuries) Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

Costing study available

Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Department of Investigations and Traffic Control, Royal Brunei Police Force

Source: Department of Investigations and Traffic Control, Royal Brunei Police Force

REGISTERED VEHICLES
304 432 total (2007)
Motorcars	83%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	4%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	4%
Trucks	1%
Buses	<1%
Non-motorized vehicles	<1%
Other	7%

BULGARIA

Population: 7 638 831

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$4 590

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Funded in national budget Yes National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes Yes Yes State-Public Consultative Commission on the Problems of Road Safety

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
5%b
7 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Traffic Police Department, Ministry of Interior.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 006c (73% males, 27% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 9 827d
Costing study available No

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Traffic Police Department, Ministry of Interior

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Traffic Police Department, Ministry of Interior

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 628 680 total (2007)
Motorcars	75%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Trucks	10%
Buses	1%
Other	10%

BURKINA FASO

Population: 14 784 291

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$430

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Offi ce of Road Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
—
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b

Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 619c (84% males, 16% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 7 359d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police and Health data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
515 453 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks	30% 31% 18% 9%
Other	12%

BURUNDI

Population: 8 508 232

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$110

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|-----------------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
No
60 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
0.1 g/dl
0.1 g/dl
Yes
70%b | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
No
— | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No (subnational)
n/a
95% Front, 0% Rearc
8 | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2005, Police Spéciale de Roulage et de la Sécurité Routière. c Source and methodology not specifi ed.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) 65d
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006) 2 718e
Costing study available No

• Health data, defi ned as died anytime after the crash.
• Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

26%
19%
31%
5%
19%

CAMBODIA

Population: 14 443 679

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$540

Not formally endorsed by government.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb	1	Yes No 40 km/h
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb		Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl n/ac — n/ac
Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb	2	Yes No No 21%d
Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb	1	Yes No 0%e
Child restraints law Enforcementb	0	Yes

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c Regulations are in place, but not yet enforced.
• 2006, Ministry of Health observational study in Phnom Penh.
• Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 545f (79% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 25 858g
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Data from multiple sectors, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.
• Data from multiple sectors.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Road Traffic Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)

Source: 1995–2005, Ministry of Interior/Traffic Police; 2006–2007, Road Traffic Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
154 389 total (2007)
Motorcars	9%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	84%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	4%
Buses	<1%
Trucks	2%

CAMEROON

Population: 18 549 176

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 050

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Ministry of Transport
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	No
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|--|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 3 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 1 | | | | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 3 | | Yes
No
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 990b
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 2 471c
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Consensus group estimate, based on 2001 data

Data for 2002 not provided. Source: Ministry of Transport

REGISTERED VEHICLES
312 259 total (2005)
Motorcars	56%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	21%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	9%
Trucks	8%
Buses	5%
Non-motorized vehicles	1%

Police data.

CANADA

Population: 32 876 047

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$39 420

| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|--|--|--|--| | Road Safety Directorate, Transport Canadaa
Lead agency
Funded in national budget
Yes | | | | | | | National road safety strategy | Yes | | | | | | Measurable targets | Yes | | | | | | Funded | Yes | | | | |

With support and collaboration by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators and its members.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | No (subnationally)
up to 70 km/h | Yes
n/a | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | 4 | 0.0–0.04 g/dl | Yes
0.08 g/dl
Yes
30%c | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated | | | | Yesd
Yesd | No (subnational) |

Seat-belt law	No (subnational)
Enforcementb	n/a
Helmet wearing rate	99%e
Helmet standards mandated	Yesd

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Yes^f 93% Front, 87% Rear^g n/a

Child restraints law Enforcementb No (subnational) n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c 2006, Coroners data compiled by Traffic Injury Research Foundation.
• No national law, but all provinces and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and
• compliance with a national helmet standard. e 2006, Transport Canada's National Traffic Collision Data file, rate among drivers and passengers
• involved in crashes occurring on public roads. f
• No national law, but all provinces and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants. g 2006, Transport Canada, Average for Rural and Urban Roads Surveys.

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--|--|--| | Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | | | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
Yes | | | | | | | | | |

National policies to promote walking or cycling	No (subnational)
National policies to promote public transportation	No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006)
2 889h (68% males, 32% females)

Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 199 337ⁱ

Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Police-reported records of traffic collisions that occurred on public roads during 2006

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
20 065 000 total (2006)
Motorcars	52%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	43%
Trucks	3%
Buses	<1%

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

CAPE VERDE

Population: 530 437

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 430

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	General Directorate of Road Transport
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	No
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Nob
No
90%c
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
80%c
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Exceptions include children and the armed forces.
• Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	— —
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 49d (70% males, 30% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 899e

• Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

YEAR	NUMBER OF DEATHS
2006	73
2007	49

Source: Direçao Geral dos Transportes Rodoviários

REGISTERED VEHICLES
54 158 total (2007)
Motorcars	66%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	8%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	20%
Trucks	5%
Buses	1%

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Population: 4 342 735

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$380

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Directorate of Transport and Road Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yesa
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

Not formally endorsed by government.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|------------------|-------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | 4 | 40–60 km/h | Yes
Yes | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | 4 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
— | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
No
— | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | No (subnational) | n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c
• Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 583d (70% males, 30% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 225e
Costing study available

• Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash, from capital
• (Bangui) only. e Transport data based on police reports.

No

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 834 total (2007)
Motorcars	21%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	77%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	<1%
Trucks	<1%

CHAD

Population: 10 780 571

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$540

Not formally endorsed by government.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementb	2
Drink–driving law	Yes
BAC limit – general population	0.08 g/dl
BAC limit – young or novice drivers	0.08 g/dl
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints	Yes
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol	—
Enforcementb	0
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	51%d
Enforcementb	4
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	1% Front, <1% Rearc
Enforcementb	1
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementb	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c
• Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 840d (70% males, 30% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 4 536e

• Transport and Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.
• Directorate General for Surface Transport.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
124 088 total (2006)
Motorcars	16%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	52%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	20%
Trucks	9%
Non-motorized vehicles	3%

CHILE

Population: 16 634 760

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$8 350

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET)
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	No
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|--------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
0.5 g/dl
0.5 g/dl
Yes
21%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
100%c | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50% Front, 42% Reard | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b National Police of Chile data for 2007.
• National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2005 for greater Santiago only.
• National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2007 conducted in multiple cities.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 2 280e (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 50 010^f

Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry

Source: National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 824 570 total (2007)
Motorcars	61%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	2% 28%
Trucks	5%
Buses	2%
Non-motorized vehicles	2%
Other	<1%

Health data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash. Police data.

CHINA

Population: 1 336 317 116

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 360

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
30-50 km/h
8 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
4%b
8 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
16%c
No consensus | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50%d
No consensus | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2006, Police data.
• Zhang J, Zhuo J, Chen NA. Study of motorcycle helmet use in Guangxi. Chinese Journal of Disease

	Control & Prevention, 2004, 8(6):512–515.
d	2005–2006, Study in Guangzhou City and Nanning City.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No consensus
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

• Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES 145 228 994 total (2006) Registered vehicle types: data not available

COLOMBIA

Population: 46 155 958

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 250

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Ministry of Transportation
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|---------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
0.04 g/dl
0.04 g/dl
Yes
3%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
97%c
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
82%c
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2007, Ministry of Transportation (SIAT-RNAT).
• 2007–2008 Road Prevention Fund. Use of helmets that meet a regulatory standard: 70%.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	—

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2001) 5 409d (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 38 727e
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, defined as
• died within 30 days of the crash. e National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences

Source: Ministry of Transportation, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Road Prevention Fund

| REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 951 225 total (2007)
Motorcars
36%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
39%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
17%
Trucks
4%
Buses
3%
Non-motorized vehicles
<1%
Other
<1% | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

COMOROS

Population: 839 187

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$680

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Directorate for Road Safety, Circulation and Regulation Yes
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded	No n/a n/a

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	30 km/h
Enforcementa	3
Drink–driving law	Yes
BAC limit – general population	0.0 g/dlb
BAC limit – young or novice drivers	0.0 g/dlb
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints	Yes
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol	4%c
Enforcementa	4
Motorcycle helmet law	No
Applies to all riders	n/a
Helmet standards mandated	n/a
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	n/a
Seat-belt law	No
Applies to all occupants	n/a
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	n/a
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2007, National Military Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 12d (70% males, 30% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)
120e

• Military Police data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.
• Military Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Gendarmerie

REGISTERED VEHICLES
22 378 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks	86% 6% 5% 3%

CONGO

Population: 3 768 086

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 540

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
40–60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
—
—
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 4 | Yes
Yes
Yes
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
No
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 214b (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 2 506c
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
100 000 total (2007)
Motorcars	56%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	31%
Trucks	5%
Buses	<1%
Other	4%

COOK ISLANDS

Population: 13 325 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$13 098

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 5b (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 382c

Health data (Rarotonga only), defined as died at the crash scene.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Bulletin

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Country questionnaire, Rarotonga only

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

REGISTERED VEHICLES 10 692 total (2006–2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available

Police and health data.

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

COSTA RICA

Population: 4 467 625

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 560

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Council on Road Safety (COSEVI)
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
40 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
—
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
82%b
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | Yes
6 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b

National survey conducted in 2004.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

• Judicial Branch data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.
• National Institute of Insurance.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Data for 2001 not provided. Source: Council on Road Safety (COSEVI). National Institute for Statistics and Census (Vital Statistics)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | |----------------------------------------------|--| | 797 902 total (2007) | | | Registered vehicle types: data not available | |

CROATIA

Population: 4 555 398

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$10 460

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Yes
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
30%b
7 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
45%c
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a | | | Yes
5 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, Ministry of Interior. 2004, Ministry of Interior.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 619d
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 25 092e
Costing study available —

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Ministry of Interior

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 949 936 total (2007)
Motorcars	77%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	8%
Trucks	9%
Buses	<1%
Other	6%

Police data.

CUBA

Population: 11 267 883

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$4 571

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|--------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
30%c | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
95%d
8 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
70% Fronte
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.
• 2007, Forensic Medicine Institute, Ministry of Public Health.
• 2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs.
• 2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs, only applies to cars with seatbelts or those manufactured after 2001.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 994f (79% males, 21% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 7 507g
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.
• National Transportation Directorate data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Health

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Statistics Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, 2006–2007

REGISTERED VEHICLES
658 003 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks	36% 33% 13% 13%
Buses	3%
Other	2%

CYPRUS

Population: 854 671 Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$24 940

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Safety Council
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
18%b
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
68% Driversd
5 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
81% Front, 9% Reare
7 | | Child restraints law | | | Yes |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a

3

• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, Police records.

Enforcementa

• Some exceptions.
• 2007, Police in cooperation with the Government Statistical Service, 56% passengers.
• 2007, Police records, national observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 89f (84% males, 16% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 2 119g

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Police records

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
592 480 total (2007)
Motorcars	69%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	7%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	18%
Trucks	2%
Buses	1%
Other	4%

Police data.

CZECH REPUBLIC

Population: 10 186 330

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$14 450

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Ministry of Transport
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	No

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
3%b
9 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
97% Driversc
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
90% Front, 80% Reard
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
7 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, Czech Police.
• 2007, Czech Police, 85% for passengers.
• 2006, Transport Research Centre.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 222e (77% males, 23% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 23 060f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Police Presidium of the Czech Republic, Directorate of Traffic Branch

Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 455 110 total (2006)
Motorcars	75%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	15%
Trucks	9%
Buses	<1%
Other	1%

Police data.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

Population: 62 635 723

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$140

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	60 km/h
Enforcementa	5
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 5
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	7
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	No
Seat-belt wearing rate	80% Front, 40% Rearb
Enforcementa	7
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, estimated based on fi nes given out by the Road Traffi c Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 281c (61% males, 31% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 3 478d
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene, Kinshasa only.
• Police and health data, Kinshasa only.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Road Traffi c Police, National Road Safety Committee

REGISTERED VEHICLES
311 781 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Population: 9 759 664

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 550

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|-----------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
No
35 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
—
Yes
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
55–60% Frontc
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.
• 2006, General Ground Travel Bureau, study involving drivers and front-seat passengers only.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 414d (83% males, 17% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 1 121e
Costing study available No

• National Police and General Ground Travel Bureau data, defined as died
• at the crash scene. e Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, General Ground Travel Bureau

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

YEAR	DEATHS
2005	1 366
2006	1 386
2007	1 414

Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 121 244 total (2007)
Motorcars	28%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	44%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	8%
Trucks	16%
Buses	2%
Other	<1%

ECUADOR

Population: 13 341197 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 080

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Funded in national budget Yes National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded — — — The National Commission of Ground Transit and Transportation

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa	Yes No 50 km/h 3
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 9%b
Enforcementa	5
Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate	Yes Yes No —
Enforcementa	2
Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate	Yes Yes 30% Front, 10% Rearb
Enforcementa	3
Child restraints law Enforcementa	No n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, National Directorate of Ground Transit and Transportation.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 1 801c (74% males, 26% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005) 9 511d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• National Institute of Statistics and Census data, defined as died within 24
• hours of the crash. d National Institute of Statistics and Census data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics and Census

No data supplied for 2002. Source: National Directorate of Transit, Department of Archives and Statistics; Guayas Transit Commission

REGISTERED VEHICLES
961 556 total (2006)
Motorcars	38%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	9%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	43%
Trucks	8%
Buses	1%
Other	<1%

EGYPT

Population: 75 497 913

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 580

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Council for Road Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	No
Funded	No

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-----------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
60 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
No
70% Passengersc
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
70% Driversc
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.
• c 2003, Ministry of Interior.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--|--|--|--|--| | Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | No
No | | | | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | | | | | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes | | | | | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 12 295d (70% males, 30% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 154 000e
Costing study available No

• Health data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.
• 2007, Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2005, National Information Center for Health & Population

60%
19%
18%
2%
1%

EL SALVADOR

Population: 6 857 328 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 850

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|---------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
4%b | | Enforcementa | | | | 5 | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Enforcementa | | | | | 6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | | Yes
No
— | | Enforcementa | | | | | 7 | | Child restraints law | | | | | Yes | | Enforcementa | 0 | | | | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Assistant Director's Office of Ground Transportation, National Civil Police.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--|--|--|--|--| | No car manufacturers | | | | | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
No | | | | | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No | | | | | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number	No n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 493c (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
11 655d

• Forensic Medicine, Police and Health data, defined as died anytime after
• the crash. ^d Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

2008, Institute of Forensic Medicine, compared with data of the National Civil Police and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Data for 1970 to 1998, General Bureau of Statistics and Census. Data for 1999 to 2007, Forensic Statistics Section of the Institute of Forensic Medicine.

REGISTERED VEHICLES
630 638 total (2007)
Motorcars	45%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	7%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	38%
Trucks	7%
Buses	1%
Other	2%

ERITREA

Population: 4 850 763

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$230

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Ministry of Transport and Communication
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|----------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
60 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
1.2%b
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesc
No
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, Traffi c Police archive. c Some exceptions.

| | | VEHICLE STANDARDS | |--|--|-------------------| | | | |

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA

Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 84^d (76% males, 24% females)

Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 1 453^e

Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Land and Transport Department

| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | | | | | |-------------------------------------|-----|--|--|--|--| | 60 849 total (2007) | | | | | | | Motorcars | 51% | | | | | | Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 5% | | | | | | Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) | 21% | | | | | | Trucks | 16% | | | | | | Buses | 3% | | | | | | Other | 5% | | | | |

Yes Yes

ESTONIA

Population: 1 335 333

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$13 200

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	The Road Safety Committee of the Government of the Republic of Estonia
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
48%b
8 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
90% Front, 68% Rearc
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
8 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Estonian National Road Administration.

National policies to promote public transportation

2007, "Traffic Behaviour Monitoring".

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

• Estonian National Road Administration data, defined as died within
• 30 days of the crash. ^e Estonian National Road Administration data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Estonian National Road Administration

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Estonian National Road Administration

REGISTERED VEHICLES
708 794 total (2008)
Motorcars	74%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	2%
Trucks	11%
Buses	1%
Other	12%

Yes

ETHIOPIA

Population: 83 099 190

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$220

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Road Safety Committee
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|-----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
10%c | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
60%c
n/a | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No (subnational)
n/a
20%c
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b

National policies to promote public transportation

Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2007, Consensus group estimate.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 2 517d (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 24 792e
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.
• Police data adjusted by comparing with health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Federal Police Commission Annual Report

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
244 257 total (2007)
Motorcars	29%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	34%
Trucks	27%
Buses	7%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport and Communications.

No

FIJI

Population: 838 698

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 800

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Yes
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
50 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
27%b
7 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
90%c
10 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
95% Front, 70% Reard
9 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2006, Fiji Police.
• Estimation by consensus group.
• 2007, Fiji Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 59e (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 663f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Fiji Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Fiji Police

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES
78 833 total (2008)
Registered vehicle types: data not available

Police data.

FINLAND

Population: 5 276 892

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$44 400

| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | | | | |-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--| | Lead agency | Ministry of Transport and Communications
of Finland | | | | | | Funded in national budget | Yes | | | | | | National road safety strategy | Yes | | | | | | Measurable targets | Yes | | | | | | Funded | Yes | | | | |

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
24%b
8 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
95% Driversd
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
89% Front, 80% Reard
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
7 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Road Traffic Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland.
• Some exceptions.
• Estimation by consensus group.
• 2007, Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland, data for rear-seat passengers apply to urban areas only.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

• "Road Traffic Accidents 2007," Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. ^g
• "Road Traffic Accidents 2007," Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: "Road Traffic Accidents 2007," Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland

Source: "Road Traffic Accidents 2007," Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland

REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 656 370 total (2007)
Motorcars	61%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	8%
Trucks	2%
Buses	<1%
Other	29%

FRANCE

Population: 61 647 375

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$38 500

| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | | | | |-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|--|--|--|--| | Lead agency | Interministerial Road Safety Task Force | | | | | | Funded in national budget | Yes | | | | | | National road safety strategy | Yes | | | | | | Measurable targets | Yes | | | | | | Funded | Yes | | | | |

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
27%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
95%d
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
98% Front, 83% Rearb
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2006, Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR). c
• Some exceptions.
• 2006, ONISR, Observational study, data apply to motorcyclists (99% for moped riders).

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 4 620e (76% males, 24% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
77 007f

• ^e Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR) data,
• defined as died within 30 days of the crash. f Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR) data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière

REGISTERED VEHICLES
39 926 000 total (2006–2008)
Motorcars	77%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	6%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	14%
Trucks	1%
Buses	<1%
Other	1%

GAMBIA

Population: 1 708 681

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Roads Authority
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-----------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
Yes
— | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
— | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 56c (74% males, 26% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 387d
Costing study available No

Police and health data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash. Actual data from the Gambia Police Force and Royal Victoria Teaching

Hospital.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
14 450 total (2007)
Motorcars	61%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	12%
Trucks	6%
Buses	7%
Other	14%

GEORGIA

Population: 4 395 420

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 120

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Transport Commission
Funded in national budget	—
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
8 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
No
37%b | | Enforcementa | | | | 9 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated | | | | Yes
Yes
No | | Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | —
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
— | | | | | | 8 | | Child restraints law | | | | Yes | | Enforcementa | | | | 7 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No (subnational)

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 737c (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 7 349d
Costing study available

• Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 20 days of the
• crash. ^d Ministry of Internal Affairs data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia

REGISTERED VEHICLES
567 900 total (2008)
Motorcars	83%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	<1%
Trucks	10%
Buses	7%

GERMANY^a

Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt (no consensus meeting).

Population: 82 599 471

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$38 860

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Federal Ministry for Traffic, Building and Housing
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	No
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementb	—
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb	Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 12%c —
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	97% Drivers, 96% Passengersd
Enforcementb	—
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	95–96% Front, 88% Reard
Enforcementb	—
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementb	—

• Enforcement score represents professional opinion of BASt, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not
• effective and 10 is highly effective. c 2006, Federal Statistics Office.
• 2007, Federal Highway Research Institute.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 4 949e (73% males, 27% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 431 419f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Federal Statistics Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Federal Statistics Office data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Federal Statistics Office

REGISTERED VEHICLES
55 511 374 total (2007)
Motorcars	84%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	7%
Trucks	8%
Buses	<1%
Other	1%

GHANA

Population: 23 478 394

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$590

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	2
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes — 2
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	3
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	2
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	0

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 1 856b (73% males, 27% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 14 492c

• National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports), defined
• as died within 30 days of the crash. c National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports).

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: National Road Safety Commission, "Road Traffic Accident Statistics 2006"

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Building and Road Research Institute

| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--| | 931 642 total (2007)
Motorcars
53%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
16%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
8%
Trucks
9%
Buses
13%
Other
1% | |

GREECE

Population: 11 146 918

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$29 630

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	No

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	6
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 7.2%b 7
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yesc
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	58% Drivers, 32% Passengersd
Enforcementa	7
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	75% Front, 42% Reard
Enforcementa	7
Child restraints law Enforcementa a	Yes 6

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2006, Road Traffic Police and Port Police Authorities, drivers involved in fatal crashes.
• Some exceptions.
• 2006, Road Traffic Police and Port Police Authorities, includes only people involved in reported road traffic crashes.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes —
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 1 657e (82% males, 18% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 20 675f
Costing study available No

• National Statistical Service data, defined as died within 30 days of the
• crash. f Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, National Statistical Service

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Statistical Service

REGISTERED VEHICLES
7 212 236 total (2006)
Motorcars	65%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	17%
Trucks	17%
Buses	<1%
Other	1%

GUATEMALA

Population: 13 353 911

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 305

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Funded in national budget Yes National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded No (subnational) n/a n/a Ministry of the Interior, Department of Transit of the National Civil Police

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
10–90 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
—
5 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | No
n/a |

a	Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
	scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	No

National policies to promote public transportation

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2004) 581b (74% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2004) 2 586c

• National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records), defined as
• died at the crash scene. c National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records).

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2004, National Civil Police, Institute of National Statistics

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 613 796 total (2008)
Motorcars	28%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	24%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	11%
Trucks	7%
Buses	5%
Non-motorized vehicles	<1%
Other	23%
Unspecified	2%

No (subnational)

GUINEA-BISSAU

Population: 1 695 043

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$200

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 117c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) —
Costing study available No

Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|----------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 4 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
57 839 total (2008)
Motorcars	73%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	9%
Trucks	17%
Buses	<1%

scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.

GUYANA

Population: 737 906

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 300

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Ministry of Home Affairs
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|------------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
48 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
—
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yesb
No
— | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
—
7 | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes | |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a

scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b

Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 207c (74% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 1 356d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defined as death resulting from injuries due to a road
• accident event (time period not specified). ^d

Ministry of Home Affairs data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Guyana Police Force – Traffic Headquarters

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Traffic Headquarters

REGISTERED VEHICLES
127 825 total (2008)
Motorcars	35%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	29%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	15%
Trucks	7%
Other	14%

HONDURAS

Population: 7 106 001

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 600

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	40 km/h
Enforcementa	3
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.07 g/dl 0.07 g/dl Yes 8%b 4
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	60% Drivers, 40% Passengersc
Enforcementa	5
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	80% Front, 10% Reard
Enforcementa	7
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, National Transit Bureau, proportion of fatal crashes due to alcohol.
• 2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security.
• 2007, National Transit Bureau.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 974e (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 3 156f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• National Transit Bureau data, defined as died within 24 hours
• of the crash. ^f Ministry of Security and Ministry of Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security

Source: Forensic Medicine Bureau/Public Ministry

REGISTERED VEHICLES
786 682 total (2007)
Motorcars	62%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	12%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	11%
Trucks	10%
Buses	4%
Non-motorized vehicles	1%
Other	<1%

HUNGARY

Population: 10 029 683

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$11 570

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Interministerial Committee for Road Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	4
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 12%b 5
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	95%c
Enforcementa	9
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	71% Front, 40% Reard
Enforcementa	4
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	4

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2006, Central Statistical Office.
• Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers.
• 2007, Observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 232e (74% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 27 452f
Costing study available Yes (deaths only)

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Traffic Accidents 2006 Yearbook

REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 625 386 total (2007)
Motorcars	83%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	4%
Trucks	12%
Buses	1%
Other	1%

ICELAND

Population: 301 006 Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$54 100

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
20%b
7 | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
95%c
8 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
88% Front, 68% Reard
8 | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
8 | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007, The Road Traffic Directorate.
• Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers.
• 2007, National telephone survey conducted by Capacent Gallup.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No (subnational) No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

• Statistics Iceland Mortality Coding Register data, defined as died within
• 30 days of the crash. f Icelandic Accident Register data.

Yes (deaths and injuries)

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: The Road Traffic Directorate yearly report 1998–2007

REGISTERED VEHICLES
293 299 total (2007)
Motorcars	71%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	5%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	7%
Trucks	3%
Buses	<1%
Other	14%

INDIA

Population: 1 169 015 509

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$950

Not formally endorsed by government.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	No (subnationally)
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	n/a
Enforcementb	n/a
Drink–driving law	Yes
BAC limit – general population	0.03 g/dl
BAC limit – young or novice drivers	0.03 g/dl
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints	Yes
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol	—
Enforcementb	3
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yesc
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementb	2
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementb	2
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementb	n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a

scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 105 725d (84% males, 16% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
452 922e

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: "Road Accidents in India 2006." Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways

Source: National Crime Records Bureau

3%
5%
1%
71%
13%
6%
1%

Police data.

INDONESIA

Population: 231 626 978

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 650

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|-------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
70 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
93%c
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
85%d
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Some exceptions.
• 2007, National rate estimated from study of helmet wearing in 31 cities in 10 provinces.
• 2005, Jakarta survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2008, National Police. Based on data collected in 3 provinces, deaths at the crash scene only

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES
63 318 522 total (2007)
Motorcars	15%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	73%
Trucks	8%
Buses	4%

Police data.

IRAN (Islamic Republic of)

Population: 71 208 384 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 470

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Headquarter for Transportation and Fuel Management	Yes
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded		Multiple n/a n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|--|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
50 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
13–15%c
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
75–80%d
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.
• 2008, Traffi c Police, 20–25% drivers, 3–4% passengers.
• 2007, Traffi c Police.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--|--|--|--| | Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | | | | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | | | | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes | | | | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007–2008 Iranian Calendar) 22 918e (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007–2008 Iranian Calendar) 685 611f
Costing study available

Forensic Medicine data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data.

Yes (deaths and injuries)

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 1998, Forensic Medicine Organization

| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|--|--|--| | 17 000 000 total (2008)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers | 48%
37% | | | | | Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other | <1%
5%
<1%
9% | | | |

IRAQ

Population: 28 993 374

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 646

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Supreme Council Road Safety
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	No (subnational)
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
100 km/h
5 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No
—
5 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
—
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--|--|--| | No car manufacturers | | | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | | | | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
Yes | | | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2005) 1 789b (83% males, 17% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2005) 7 467c
Costing study available

Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police Statistics, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash, excludes Kurdistan

No

region. ^c Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police Statistics, excludes Kurdistan region.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, data since 1990 exclude Kurdistan region

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 242 269 total (2006) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	35% 53% 7% 5%

IRELAND

Population: 4 300 902

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$48 140

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Safety Authority
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	—

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	No consensus
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 37%b No consensus
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	—
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	No consensus
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	86% Front, 63% Rearc
Enforcementa	No consensus
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	No consensus

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Based on Bedford D, McKeown N, Vellinga A, Howell F (2006) "Alcohol in fatal road crashes in Ireland in
• 2003" Population Health Directorate, Health Service Executive. c 2006, Road Safety Authority Seat Belt Wearing Survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number	Yes Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 365d (72% males, 27% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
8 575e

• Road Safety Authority data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Road Safety Authority data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: "Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006"

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: "Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006"

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 444 159 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	76% 2% 16% 2% <1%
Other	4%

ISRAEL

Population: 6 927 677

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$21 900

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Road Safety Authority
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
8%b
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
95%c
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
94% Drivers, 88% Front passengers, 45% Reard
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
8 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2007, Israeli Police.

Child restraints law Enforcementa

• 2006, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority, drivers and passengers.
• 2007, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 283 634 total (2007)
Motorcars	78%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	4%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	14%
Trucks	2%
Buses	1%
Other	1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

Yes

5

Police data.

ITALY

Population: 58 876 834

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$33 540

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	General Directorate for Road Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-----------------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
No consensus
7 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
60%c
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
65% Front, 10% Rearc
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
7 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Some exceptions.
• 2007, SISTEMA ULISSE Monitoraggio Nazionale sull'uso dei dispositivi di sicurezza.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 5 669d (77% males, 23% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
332 995e

• ISTAT (National Statistics Office) and ACI (Automobile Club d'Italia) data,
• defined as died within 30 days of the crash. e
• ISTAT and ACI data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Office) and ACI (Automobile Club d'Italia)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Office) and ACI (Automobile Club d'Italia)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
43 262 992 total (2008) Motorcars	83%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	13%
Trucks Buses	3% <1%

JAMAICA

Population: 2 713 779

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 710

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Road Safety Council
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	3
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No — 2
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	7% Drivers, 6% Passengersb
Enforcementa	3
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	69% Drivers, 62% Passengersb
Enforcementa	5
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	4

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2000, Healthy Lifestyle Survey.

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Police Traffic Headquarters, Jamaica Constabulary Force

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

REGISTERED VEHICLES 320 000 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available

Yes Yes

Health data.

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

JAPAN

Population: 127 966 709

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$37 670

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Central Traffic Safety Policy Council
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	n/aa
Enforcementb	No consensus
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb	Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes 8%c No consensus
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementb	No consensus
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	95%–99% Driversd
Enforcementb	No consensus
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementb	No consensus

• Different system of road classification used.
• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c
• 2007, Police data.
• 2007, National Police Agency/Japan Automobile Foundation.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Noe Noe
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No consensus Yes

Some irregular or informal safety checks are conducted.

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 6 639f (68% males, 32% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 1 034 445g

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Vital statistics data (2006): 8 195 deaths, defined using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. ^g
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, Police data

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare

REGISTERED VEHICLES
63%
<1%
Other	5%
91 378 636 total (2006h & 2008i ) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers 14% Trucks 18% Buses

• Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (data on motor-driven
• cycles and small-sized special motor vehicles). ⁱ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

JORDAN

Population: 5 924 245

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 850

	INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Funded in national budget	Road Safety Council No
Measurable targets Funded	National road safety strategy	Yesa n/a n/a

Not formally endorsed by government.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50–80 km/h
Enforcementb	6
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl police checkpoints — — 3
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementb	4
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	No
Seat-belt wearing rate	65% Drivers, 10% Front passengersc
Enforcementb	5
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementb	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c
• 2006, Jordan Traffic Institute.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 992d (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 17 969e
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Public Security Directorate/Jordan Traffic Institute data, defined as died
• within 30 days of the crash. ^e Public Security Directorate/Jordan Traffic Institute data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Country questionnaire

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
841 933 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	65% <1% 12% 18% 2%
Other	3%

KAZAKHSTAN^a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 15 421 861

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 060

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Police Department
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	No
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
No
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
3%c | | Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | 10
Yes
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a
Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not | | | | Yes
7 |

• Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not
• effective and 10 is highly effective. b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.
• 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 4 365d (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 32 988e
Costing study available —

• Ministry of Internal Affairs, Health Ministry and Statistics Agency, defi ned
• as died within 7 days of the crash. e

Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs

REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 105 954 total (2008)
Motorcars	79%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	2%
Trucks	13%
Buses	3%
Non-motorized vehicles	4%

KENYA

Population: 37 537 716

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$680

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Ministry of Transport
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|----------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
No
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | Yes
Yes
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 2 893c (72% males, 28% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 12 470d
Costing study available No

Police data, defined as died at the crash scene.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Traffic Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Kenya Traffic Police Department

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 004 243 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	56% 18% 11% 10% 2%
Other	3%

Police data.

KIRIBATI

Population: 95 067 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 170

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Kiribati Police Service No
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	No

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	40 km/h
Enforcementa	6
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 30%b 2
Motorcycle helmet law	No
Applies to all riders	n/a
Helmet standards mandated	n/a
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	n/a
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	1
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	0

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2003–2008, Kiribati Police Service.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 7c (84% males, 16% females)d
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries —
Costing study available No

• Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.
• 1999–2006, health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Emergency Accident Record Book, Ministry of Health and Medical Services

Source: Kiribati Police Service, data for South Tarawa, Betio and referral cases from other islands

REGISTERED VEHICLES
16 000 total (2008)
Motorcars	60%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	13%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	22%
Trucks	5%
Buses	1%

KUWAIT

Population: 2 851 144

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$40 114

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
45 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
Yes
—
9 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
No
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) 482c (62% males, 38% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 8 584d
Costing study available

• Health data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 364 790 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other	55% <1% 35% 7% 2% <1%

KYRGYZSTAN

Population: 5 316 543

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$590

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Commission of Traffic Accident Prevention to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded	Multiple n/a n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|-----------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
7 | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
7 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
— | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 252c
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 6 223d
Costing study available No

• Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 1 year
• of the crash. d Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Central Administration of Road Safety to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republican Medical Information Center to the Ministry of Public Health of the Kyrgyz Republic

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

YEAR	NUMBER OF DEATHS
2006	1 051
2007	1 252

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

318 581 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available

LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

Population: 5 859 393 Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$580

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Ministry of Public Works and Transport
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	No

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	40 km/h
Enforcementa	5
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl police checkpoints Yes 48%b 3
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yesc
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	77% Drivers, 87% Passengersd
Enforcementa	6
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	n/ae
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2000–2007, Police data.
• Some exceptions. 2007, Handicap International Belgium, survey conducted in Vientiane.
• Law not yet enforced.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

| DATA | | |--------------------------------------------------|--| | Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
608f | |

Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 8 714^g

Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.
• g Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction

REGISTERED VEHICLES
641 081 total (2007)
Motorcars	2%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	79%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	14%
Trucks	3%
Buses	1%
Other	2%

LATVIA

Population: 2 277 040

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$9 930

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Traffic Safety Council
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---------------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
21%b
7 | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
No
93%c
6 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
77% Front, 32% Reard
7 | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | Yes
6 | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2006, "Statistics of road accidents in Latvia," Road Traffic Safety Directorate.
• 2006, research by Road Traffic Research, LTD. Drivers and passengers of motorcycles in Riga and Riga
• region. d 2006, Observational studies by Road Traffic Research, LTD and Data Serviss, LTD.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--| | No car manufacturers | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
No (subnational) | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 407e (76% males, 24% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
5 404f

Road Safety Directorate data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Road Safety Directorate data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, Road Safety Directorate, "Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Latvia 2007"

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

REGISTERED VEHICLES 1 062 935 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 77% 4% 11% 1% 7%

LEBANON

Population: 4 099 115

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 770

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	Yesa
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

Not formally endorsed by government.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb			4	Yes Yes 100 km/h
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb	1			Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —
Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb		2		Yes Yes No —
Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb			4	Yes No 15%c
Child restraints law Enforcementb				No n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c

| | | | 2007, Internal Security Forces. | | |--|--|--|---------------------------------|--| |--|--|--|---------------------------------|--|

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 497d (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 6 266e
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Internal Security Forces data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.
• Internal Security Forces data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number No n/a

— Data not available.

n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Registered vehicle types: data not available Estimation by consensus group.

REGISTERED VEHICLES 1 400 000^f total (2007)

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

LESOTHO

Population: 2 007 833 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 000

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Safety Department
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yesa
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

Not formally endorsed by government.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | Yes
No
50 km/h
5 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | Yes
0.10 g/dl
0.10 g/dl
Yes
—
5 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | Yes
No
—
5 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	— Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

Road Safety Department data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: "Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007," Road Safety Department

Source: "Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007," Road Safety Department

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

Police data.

LIBERIA

Population: 3 750 261

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$150

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities —
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries —
Costing study available No

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes
No
40 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Nob
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Nob
No
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b No laws but national regulations enforced by Liberia National Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
11 086 total (2007)
Motorcars	67%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	18%
Trucks	7%
Buses	5%
Other	<1%

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA (the)

Population: 6 160 483

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$9 010

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|--------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
No
2%c | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
No
—
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
5%c | | Child restraints law | | | | | No |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2007, General Traffic Department.

Enforcementa

VEHICLE STANDARDS

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

No car manufacturers

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 2 138d (65% males, 35% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 6 850e
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• General Traffic Department data, defined as died within 30 days of the
• crash. ^e General Traffic Department data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2008, General Traffic Department

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: General Traffic Department

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 826 533 total (2007)
Motorcars	76%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	2%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	12%
Trucks	5%
Buses	5%

n/a

No No

LITHUANIA

Population: 3 389 937

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$9 920

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	State Traffic Safety Commission No
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | Yes
0.04 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
12%b | | Enforcementa | | | 6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Enforcementa | | | 6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 | | Child restraints law | | | Yes | | Enforcementa | | | 5 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior).

National policies to promote public transportation

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 759c (72% males, 26% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 8 254d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

REGISTERED VEHICLES 1 781 686 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 89% 1% 8% 1% 1%

— Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

No (subnational)

MADAGASCAR

Population: 19 683 358

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	No

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
— | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
—
5 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
—
Yes
—
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
—
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) 550b
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006) 5 190c
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
197 981 total (2006) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	52% 23% 16% 9%

Police data.

MALAWI

Population: 13 925 070

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$250

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	National Road Safety Council Yes
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded	No n/a n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
45%b
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Data source not available.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 839c (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 2 130d
Costing study available No

• Malawi Traffi c Police and Road Safety Council data, defi ned as died within
• 30 days of the crash. d Malawi Traffi c Police & Road Safety Council data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, National Road Council/ Malawi Traffi c Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES
130 000 total (2007)
Motorcars	41%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	8%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	30%
Trucks	16%
Buses	5%

MALAYSIA

Population: 26 571 879

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$6 540

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Cabinet Committee on Road Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	6
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl police checkpoints Yes — 6
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yesb
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	90% Drivers, 70% Passengersc
Enforcementa	6
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	No
Seat-belt wearing rate	70% Frontd
Enforcementa	6
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Some exceptions.
• 2007, Malaysian Institute on Road Safety Research.
• 2003, International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences Research Vol 28 No. 1 (published 2004).

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 6 282e (84% males, 16% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 21 363f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Royal Malaysian Police

Source: Road Safety Department Malaysia

REGISTERED VEHICLES
16 825 150 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Other	45% 47% 5% 3%

Police data.

MALDIVES

Population: 305 556 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 200

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
30 km/h
5 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number	No n/a

| DATA | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------|--| | Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007)
8b (88% males, 12% females) | | | Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries
— | | | Costing study available
No | |

Police data, defi ned as died at the scene of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Maldives Police Service

8%
79%
7%
1%
5%

MALI

Population: 12 336 799

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$500

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	4
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes Noneb Noneb Yes — 3
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	2
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	5
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	2

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b

| | | | Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit. | | |--|--|--|------------------------------------------|--| | | | | | |

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 659c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries —
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police and Health data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Year^d Data for 2002 not provided Source: Direction de la Régulation de la Circulation et des Transports Urbains

du District de Bamako, data for Bamako district only

REGISTERED VEHICLES
167 245 total (2007)
Motorcars	52%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	6%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	9%
Trucks	7%
Other	26%

MALTA

Population: 406 582

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$14 575

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Malta Transport Authority
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
96% Front, 21% Rearb
8 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2006, Malta Transport Authority survey.

Child restraints law Enforcementa

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 14c (79% males, 21% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 1 195d
Costing study available No

• Police data (defined as died within 30 days of the crash) and Health data
• (using ICD-10 codes). d Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Malta Police, published by the National Statistics Office

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

REGISTERED VEHICLES 346 118 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 76% 6% <1% 17% <1% 1%

Yes

6

MARSHALL ISLANDS

Population: 59 286 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 070

Not formally endorsed by government.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | Yes
No
40 km/h
5 | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | Yes
Nonec
Nonec
Yes
70%d
6 | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | Yes
Yese
No
95%d
7 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | No
n/a
5% Front, 0% Reard
n/a | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | No
n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c
• Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.
• Police estimate for average year.
• Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 1f (male)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 35g
Costing study available No

Police data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

YEAR	DEATHS
2007	1 driver of 4-wheeled vehicle

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 487 total (2006)
Motorcars	63%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	1%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	27%
Trucks	4%
Buses	2%
Other	3%

Police data.

MAURITANIA

Population: 3 123 813

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$840

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Department of Road Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|-----------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
80 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
—
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
No
50% Driversc | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes
Yes
— | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | 1 | | | | Yes | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 202d
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 7 838e
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.
• Police data supplemented with a study (not referenced).

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Direction des Transports et de la sécurité routière

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

REGISTERED VEHICLES

350 000 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

MAURITIUS

Population: 1 261 641

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 450

Not formally endorsed by government.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 4 | | Yes
No
40–80 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | 5 | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
24%c | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Yes
94% Front, 10% Reard
8 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c 2007, Forensic Science Laboratory.

Child restraints law Enforcementb

2004, Survey conducted by the Traffic Management and Road Safety Unit.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 140e (86% males, 14% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 2 915f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Central Statistics Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Central Statistics Office data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Traffic Management and Road Safety Unit and the Police Road Safety Unit

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: "Road Transport and Road Traffic Accident Statistics, 2007"

REGISTERED VEHICLES
334 125 total (2007)
Motorcars	43%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	43%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	7%
Trucks	5%
Buses	1%
Non-motorized vehicles	<1%
Other	<1%

No n/a

MEXICO

Population: 106 534 880

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$8 340

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Council of Injury Prevention (CONAPRA)
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
40–80 km/h
4 | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
n/ab
n/ab
Yes
—
3 | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
3 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
—
5 | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | Yes
1 | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b

BAC limits are set at the subnational level (0.08 g/dl in the Federal District and most cities).

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No (subnational) No (subnational)

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

• National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information data, defined
• as died at the crash scene. ^d
• Health data.

No

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Vital Statistics

REGISTERED VEHICLES
24 970 879 total (2006)
Motorcars	66%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Trucks	30%
Buses	1%

MICRONESIA (Federated States of)

Population: 111 117 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 470

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No (subnational)
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	No (subnationally)
Local authorities can set lower limits	n/a
Maximum limit urban roads	n/a
Enforcementa	n/a
Drink–driving law	No (subnational)
BAC limit – general population	n/a
BAC limit – young or novice drivers	n/a
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints	n/a
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol	90%b
Enforcementa	n/a
Motorcycle helmet law	No (subnational)
Applies to all riders	n/a
Helmet standards mandated	n/a
Helmet wearing rate	100%b
Enforcementa	n/a
Seat-belt law	No
Applies to all occupants	n/a
Seat-belt wearing rate	10%c
Enforcementa	n/a
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2007, Police and Transport data. Police estimate for average year.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 1–2d
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries 50e
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.
• Police, estimate for an average year.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Police estimate that 10% of road traffi c deaths are pedestrians, 30% are drivers of motorcars, and 60% are passengers in motorcars.

Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 217 total (2007)
Motorcars	42%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	<1%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	48%
Trucks	3%
Buses	4%
Other	3%

MONGOLIA

Population: 2 628 840

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 290

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Committee of Road Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
4%b
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
70–80% Driversc
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007 Police data, proportion of road traffic deaths involving drunk drivers.
• 2008, Police estimate, 10–20% front-seat passengers, 5–10% rear-seat passengers.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 562d (84% males, 16% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 932e
Costing study available No

• Health data, time period not specified in definition.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health

Source: National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health

REGISTERED VEHICLES
161 989 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	68% 1% 2% 21% 8%
Non-motorized vehicles	<1%

MONTENEGRO

Population: 597 983

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 180

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— | | Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law | | | 6 | | Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Enforcementa | | | 6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 122b (82% males, 18% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 2 796c
Costing study available No

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control

Source: Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control

REGISTERED VEHICLES
199 014 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	90% 2% <1%
Trucks Buses Other	6% <1% 2%

Police data.

MOROCCO

Population: 31 224 137

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 250

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Interministerial Committee of Road Safety
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|-----------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
5 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Nob
n/a
n/a
n/a
3%c
n/a | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
Yes
67% Driversd
4 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
75% Front, 19% Reard
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Alcohol consumption is prohibited.
• 2007, National Road Administration, Ministry of Equipment and Transport.
• 2007, National Committee of Prevention from Traffic Accidents, urban areas only.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 3 838e (81% males, 18% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 89 264f
Costing study available No

Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, National Road Administration

Source: National Road Administration, and National Statistic Administration

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 284 060 total (2007)
Motorcars	72%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	1%
Trucks	23%
Buses	1%
Other	3%

Transport data.

MOZAMBIQUE

Population: 21 396 916

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Institute of Traffic
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
9 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
0.06 g/dl
0.06 g/dl
Yes
— | | Enforcementa | | | | 7 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
—
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 502b (74% males, 26% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 7 065c
Costing study available No

Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Ministry of Interior

REGISTERED VEHICLES
258 680 total (2007)
Motorcars	60%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	15%
Trucks	22%
Other	3%

Police data.

MYANMAR

Population: 48 798 212

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$281

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
40 km/h
5 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.07 g/dl
0.07 g/dl
Yes
—
5 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yesb
Yes
60%c
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | —
—
—
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | —
— |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Some exceptions.
• 2007, Road Transport Administration Department.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 638d (75% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 12 358e
Costing study available

• Police, Transport and Health data, defined as died within 30 days of the
• crash. e Police and Transport data.

Yes (deaths and injuries)

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Road Traffic Administration Department

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 045 105 total (2008)
Motorcars	26%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	65%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	2%
Trucks	3%
Buses	2%
Other	2%

NAMIBIA

Population: 2 074 146 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 360

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
8 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
55% Front, 1% Rearb
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007, study on seat belt compliance by Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP Namibia).

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 368c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 6 137d
Costing study available No

Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Road Safety Council, "Road Collision Statistical Report 2005"

REGISTERED VEHICLES
239 612 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	45% 2% 43% 6% 1%
Other	2%

Health data.

NAURU

Population: 10 152 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$7 842

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	40 km/h
Enforcementa	—
Drink–driving law	Yes
BAC limit – general population	0.05 g/dl
BAC limit – young or novice drivers	0.05 g/dl
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints	Yes
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol	—
Enforcementa	—
Motorcycle helmet law	No
Applies to all riders	n/a
Helmet standards mandated	n/a
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	n/a
Seat-belt law	No
Applies to all occupants	n/a
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	n/a
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes No

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 1b (male)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 9c
Costing study available No

Police and Health data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES Data not available

Police and Health data.

NEPAL

Population: 28 195 994

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$340

Not formally endorsed by government.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|-----------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | 5 | Yes
No
40 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Nonec
Nonec
Yes
—d
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | 4 | | Yes
No
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c
• Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.
• No data on deaths, but proportion of annual road traffi c crashes caused by alcohol estimated at 11%.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 962e (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 2 653f

• Police data, defi ned as died within 35 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Data collected by fi nancial year Source: Country questionnaire

14% 69% 2% 5% 3% 7%

NETHERLANDS

Population: 16 418 824

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$45 820

Lead agency	INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management Directorate-General Passenger Transport, Road Safety Division
Funded in national budget		Yes
	National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets		Yes
Funded		Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	No consensus
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police breath testing police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 25%b No consensus
Motorcycle helmet law c	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yesc
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	92% Drivers,72% Passengersd
Enforcementa	No consensus
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	94% Front, 73% Reare
Enforcementa	No consensus
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	No consensus

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Case-control study in Tilburg police district.
• Some exceptions.
• Applies to mopeds only.
• 2006 data, "Road Safety in the Netherlands. Key Figures 2008."

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

• Defined as died within 30 days of the crash, "Road Safety in the
• Netherlands. Key Figures 2008." ^g
• Transport data. Hospitalized cases.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research and Statistics Netherlands

Source: Statistics Netherlands/Ministry of Transport, 2007

REGISTERED VEHICLES
8 862 935 total (2007)
Motorcars	82%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	6%
Trucks	2%
Buses	<1%
Other	10%

NEW ZEALAND

Population: 4 178 525

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$28 780

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Ministry of Transport Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	7
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.03 g/dl police checkpoints Yes 31%b 6
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yesc
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	9
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	95% Front, 87% Rearb
Enforcementa	9
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	8

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2007, Transport data. Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 423d (67% males, 33% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 16 013e

• Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Transport data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport

Source: Country questionnaire

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

REGISTERED VEHICLES 3 189 131 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Buses Trucks 82% 3% 1% 15%

NICARAGUA

Population: 5 603 190

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$980

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--------|---|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
45 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
12%b | | Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3
3 | | Yes
—
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
No
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• National Police, year not specified.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

• Police data, definition not specified.
• 2006 Police data.
• Police and Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: National Police, Statistical Yearbook 2007

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES
382 707 total (2007)
Motorcars	31%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	16%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	39%
Trucks	8%
Buses	2%
Other	4%

NIGER

Population: 14 225 521

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$280

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Road Safety Commission
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| Speed limits set nationally | | | | Yes | | |-----------------------------------------------------------|---|---|---|---------|--| | Local authorities can set lower limits | | | | Yes | | | Maximum limit urban roads | | | | 50 km/h | | | Enforcementa | | 2 | | | | | Drink–driving law | | | | Yes | | | BAC limit – general population | | | | Noneb | | | BAC limit – young or novice drivers | | | | Noneb | | | Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints | | | | No | | | Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | 1%c | | | Enforcementa | | | 3 | | | | Motorcycle helmet law | | | | Yes | | | Applies to all riders | | | | Yes | | | Helmet standards mandated | | | | No | | | Helmet wearing rate | | | | — | | | Enforcementa | 1 | | | | | | Seat-belt law | | | | No | | | Applies to all occupants | | | | n/a | | | Seat-belt wearing rate | | | | — | | | Enforcementa | | | | n/a | | | Child restraints law | | | | No | | | Enforcementa | | | | n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2007, Ministry of Transport.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 528d (72% males, 28% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
9 094e

• Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.
• Police data from urban areas.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport

REGISTERED VEHICLES
76 061 total (2005)
Motorcars	76%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks	15% 1%
Buses	3%
Other	4%

NIGERIA

Population: 148 092 542

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$930

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
<10%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
<5%b | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
70% Frontb
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Source not specifi ed.
• Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	No

| DATA | | |------------------------------------------|--| | Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) | |

4 673d (66% males, 33% females) Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007)

Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

17 794^e

• Federal Road Safety Commission data, defi ned as died within 1 year of
• the crash. ^e Federal Road Safety Commission data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
7 600 000 total (2007)
Motorized 4-wheelers	60
Motorized 2-wheelers	40
Trucks	<1%

NORWAY

Population: 4 698 097

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$76 450

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	6
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers police checkpoints Random breath testing and/or police Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 20–30%b 4
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	100% Drivers and passengersb
Enforcementa	9
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	93% Front, 85% Rearb
Enforcementa	6
Child restraints law Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a	Yes 9

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007, Norwegian Public Roads Administration.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 233c (70% males, 30% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 11 755d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Statistics Norway data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Statistics Norway data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Statistics Norway

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Statistics Norway

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 599 712 total (2007)
Motorcars	80%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	16%
Trucks	3%
Buses	1%

OMAN

Population: 2 595 133

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$11 275

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Yes
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
120 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
95% Front, 1% Rearb
9 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Estimation by consensus group, based on 4% of traffi c offences relating to seat-belts.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 798c (84% males, 16% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 8 531d
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Directorate General of Traffi c Services of the Royal Oman Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES
629 670 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other	72% 1% 12% 6% 4% 6%

PAKISTAN

Population: 163 902 405

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$870

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Road Safety Secretariat
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	70 km/h
Enforcementa	4
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb police checkpoints Yes — 4
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	No
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	4
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	No
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	3
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b

Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 5 565c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 12 990d
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene or anytime after the
• crash. ^d Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 287 152 total (2006)
Motorcars	27%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	51%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	11%
Trucks	4%
Buses	5%
Unspecifi ed	2%

PALAU

Population: 20 314

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$8 210

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Patrol Division, Ministry of Justice
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	No

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
40 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.10 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
100%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
—
8 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2007, Country questionnaire.
• Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 3d (100% males)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006) 91e
Costing study available No

• Justice data, defi ned as died from injuries or complications resulting from a
• crash. ^e Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice

REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 530 total (2007)
Motorcars	33%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	14%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	24%
Trucks	29%

PANAMA

Population: 3 343 374 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 510

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
80 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.01 g/dl
0.01 g/dl
Yes
—
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 425b (82% males, 18% females)c
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005) 11 383d
Costing study available No

• Comptroller General of the Republic data, defined as died within 30 days
• of the crash. ^c 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic data.
• Comptroller General of the Republic data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic

Source: Comptroller General of the Republic

REGISTERED VEHICLES
671 085 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	65% 3% 17% 9% 3%
Non-motorized vehicles Other	3% <1%

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Population: 6 331 010

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$850

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---|--------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 1 | | | Yes
No
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
66%c | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | No | | a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a | | | | | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.
• 1988, Traffic police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	— —

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 237d
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 1 210e
Costing study available No

• Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Motor Vehicle Insurance LTD

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Traffic Directorate, Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary

REGISTERED VEHICLES
59 645 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks	64% 2% 1% 18%
Buses Other	11% 4%

PARAGUAY

Population: 6 127 077

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 670

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
31% Frontb
5 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Journal of the Paraguayan Touring and Automobile Club. No. 103/2007, Asunción only.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	No

National policies to promote public transportation

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 845c (83% males, 17% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 11 806d
Costing study available No

• Police data, time period not specified in definition.
• Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, Database of the Vital Statistics Subsystem, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare; National Police (Statistics Department)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
576 167 total (2007)
Motorcars	38%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	19%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	28%
Trucks	8%
Buses	2%
Unspecified	5%

No (subnational)

PERU

Population: 27 902 760

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 450

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | Yes
No
60 km/h
1 | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
11%b
2 | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
1 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | Yes
Yes
85% Front, 25% Rearc
7 | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | No
n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, National Police.
• 2007, National Council for Road Safety.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | |-------------------|--|--| |-------------------|--|--|

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number No n/a

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Institute of Legal Medicine

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 442 387 total (2007)
Motorcars	64%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	23%
Trucks	10%
Buses	3%

No No

Police data.

PHILIPPINES

Population: 87 960 117

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 620

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa	3	Yes No 40 km/h
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa		No n/a n/a n/a — n/a
Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa		No (subnational) n/a n/a 34%b n/a
Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa	3	Yes Yes 52% Driversb
Child restraints law Enforcementa		No n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2000, Health data, survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	No

|--|

Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) 1 185^c

Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006) 5 870^d

Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Transport data, national roads only, defi ned as died within 30 days of the
• crash. ^d Transport data, national roads only.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS IN METRO MANILA, 2006
371 Deaths total Drivers (of mechanically propelled vehicle or pedal cycle)	37%
Passengers (of mechanically propelled vehicle) Pedestrians	12% 51%

Source: 2006, Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System

REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 515 576 total (2007) Motorcars	17%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	48%
Minibus, van, etc. (seating <20)	29%
Trucks	5%
Buses	1%
Other	<1%

POLAND

Population: 38 081 971 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$9 840

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	The National Road Safety Council
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---------------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
14%b
7 | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
—
8 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
74% Front, 45% Reard
7 | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
6 | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007, Police. BAC is measured in all fatal and injury crashes.
• Some exceptions.
• 2006, National Road Safety Council observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 5 583e (76% males, 24% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 63 224f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Police, Motor Transport Institute

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

REGISTERED VEHICLES
18 035 047 total (2006)
Motorcars	75%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	4%
Trucks	13%
Buses	1%
Other	7%

169 — Data not available. Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure.

Police data.

PORTUGAL

Population: 10 623 031

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$18 950

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Authority for Road Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
8 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
31%b
8 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
86% Front, 28% Rearc
9 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
8 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine.
• 2004, Prevenção Rodoviária Portuguesa, urban roads (2005 PRP data estimate 93% and 64% on motorways).

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 854d (81% males, 19% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
46 318e

• National Authority for Road Safety data, defined as died at the crash
• scene or on the way to health services. e National Authority for Road Safety data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, National Authority for Road Safety

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: The National Statistics Institute (INE)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 948 269 total (2006)
Motorcars	88%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	9%
Trucks	2%
Buses	<1%

PUERTO RICOa,b

• Associate WHO Member State.
• b Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 3 991 000

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$14 720

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Department of Transportation and Public Works
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	40 km/h
Enforcementc	—
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementc	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 42%d —
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementc	—
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	93%e
Enforcementc	—
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementc	—

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. d 2007, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS).
• 2006, US Department of Transportation/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 452f (81% males, 19% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries 39 888g (July 2007–July 2008)
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Automobile Accident Compensation Administration data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007 Annual Report, Traffic Department, Puerto Rico Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Institute of Forensic Science of Puerto Rico; Age-adjusted death rates per 100 000 population, Puerto Rico 2000 Census population

REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 165 543 total (July 2006 – July 2007)
Motorcars	90%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	4%
Trucks	2%
Buses	<1%
Other	3%

QATAR

Population: 840 635

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$66 063

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	No n/a
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded	No n/a n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
100 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.00 g/dl
0.00 g/dl
No
—
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
No
90%b | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
50% Frontc
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2007, Traffic and Patrols Department. 2008, Traffic and Patrols Department study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 199d (93% males, 7% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 1 053e

• Hamad Medical Corporation and Police data, defined as died within
• 30 days of the crash. ^e

Hamad Medical Corporation data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Traffic and Patrols Department

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Traffic and Patrols Department

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

605 699 total (2007)

Registered vehicle types: data not available

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Population: 48 223 853

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$19 690

| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | |-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--| | Lead agency | Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs | | | Funded in national budget | Yes | | | National road safety strategy | Yes | | | Measurable targets | Yes | | | Funded | Yes | |

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
16%b
7 | | Motorcycle helmet law c
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
85%c
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
77% Frontd
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007, Traffic Accidents in Korea 2007, Road Traffic Authority.
• 2007, National Police Agency. Observational study in 33 cities, drivers and passengers.
• 2005, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--| | Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Yes
Seat-belt installation for all seats
Yes | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | Yes
Yes | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 6 166e (73% males, 27% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 335 906f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: "Road Traffic Accidents in Korea 2007," Road Traffic Authority

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Road Traffic Authority

REGISTERED VEHICLES
18 213 228 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	66% 10%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses	6% 17% <1%

Transport data.

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Population: 3 793 604 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 260

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Traffic Safety Board
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa		Yes No 60 km/h No consensus
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers police checkpoints Random breath testing and/or police Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	2	Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 17%b
Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa	1	Yes Yes No —
Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa		Yes Yes — No consensus
Child restraints law		No

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a

Enforcementa

scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Traffic police database (traffic deaths with alcohol detected / number of road traffic deaths per year).

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|--| | No car manufacturers | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Yes
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure
Yes | | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 589c (74% males, 26% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 2 985d
Costing study available No

• National Bureau for Statistics (compiles Police and Health data), defined
• as died within 1 year of the crash. d National Bureau for Statistics data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

REGISTERED VEHICLES
448 202 total (2007)
Motorcars	74%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	6%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	3%
Trucks	16%
Buses	1%

n/a

ROMANIA

Population: 21 437 887

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$6 150

| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | |-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|--| | Lead agency | The Interministerial Council for Road Safety | | | Funded in national budget | Yes | | | National road safety strategy | Yesa | | | Measurable targets | n/a | | | Funded | n/a | |

Not formally endorsed by government.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementb	5
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers police checkpoints Random breath testing and/or police Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb	Yes 0.00 g/dl 0.00 g/dl Yes 2%c 8
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	90% Drivers, 65% Passengersd
Enforcementb	6
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	80% Front, 20% Rearc
Enforcementb	5
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementb	3

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c
• 2007, National Road Traffic Police Directorate.
• 2007/2008, Unofficial Road Traffic Police estimation for motorcycle riders.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number	Yes Yes

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

Yes (deaths and injuries)

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, National Road Traffic Police Directorate

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: National Road Traffic Police Directorate

REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 611 362 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	79% 1%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	11%
Trucks	3%
Buses	<1%
Non-motorized vehicles	4%
Other	2%

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Population: 142 498 532

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$7 560

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	The Commission of the Government of Russian Federation for Road Safety
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy Measurable targets	Yes Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
10%b
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
No consensus
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
33% Frontb
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | Yes
8 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 33 308c (74% males, 26% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 292 206d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 7 days
• of the crash. d Ministry of Internal Affairs data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

REGISTERED VEHICLES
38 695 996 total (2007)
Motorcars	72%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	8%
Trucks	13%
Buses	2%
Other	5%

RWANDA

Population: 9 724 577

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Road Safety Commission
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
30–40 km/h
9 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
—
8 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Nob
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
80%c
9 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• No law, but a police directive requires helmet use by all drivers and passengers of motorized
• 2-wheeled vehicles. ^c Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 308d
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 2 158e
Costing study available No

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Traffic Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Service de Sécurité Routière

REGISTERED VEHICLES
61 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other	35% 37% 22% 4% 1% 1%

SAINT LUCIA

Population: 164 924 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 349

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Transport Board
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|--|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes
No
32 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 1 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
—
—
8 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
—
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 30b (83% males, 17% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006) 590c
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Traffi c Department (Police), defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force

REGISTERED VEHICLES
49 700 total (2007)
Motorcars	60%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	2%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	13%
Trucks	23%
Buses	<1%
Other	2%

Traffi c Police.

SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES^a

a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 120 402 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$4 210

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Ministry of National Security
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 4 | Yes
No
32 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Nonec
Nonec
—
—
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
No
90%d
9 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
6 |

• Enforcement score based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where
• 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.
• Estimated by respondents.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|--|--|--| | No car manufacturers | | | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | No
No | | | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No | | | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 9e (86% males, 14% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 168f
Costing study available No

Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.

DATA

Police Force, Traffic Department, Health Planning Unit, Statistical Unit.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Police Force, Traffic Department

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Traffic Department, Police Headquarters

REGISTERED VEHICLES
24 334 total (2008)
Motorcars	38%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	5%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	44%
Trucks	9%
Buses	<1%
Other	3%

SAMOA

Population: 187 023 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 430

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Land Transport Authority
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	No
Funded	No

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---|------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
No
40 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes
—
—
Yes
50%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
No
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2004-2007, Accident Compensation Corporation.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (average year) 20c (76% males, 24% females, 2004–2007)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006–2007) 178d
Costing study available No

Accident Compensation Corporation data, defi nition unknown. Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Accident Compensation Corporation

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------|--| | 15 903 total (2008)
Registered vehicle types: data not available | |

SAN MARINO

Population: 30 926

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$41 044

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Yes
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | Yes
No
50 km/h
5 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
—
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | Yes
6 |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 1b
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 431c
Costing study available No

Health data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2004–2007 (5 deaths), Emergency Service

66%
22%
7%
<1%
5%

Health data.

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

Population: 157 638 Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$870

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Department of Land Transport
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	30–40 km/h
Enforcementa	3
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	No n/a n/a n/a — n/a
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	—b
Seat-belt law	No
Applies to all occupants	n/a
Seat-belt wearing rate	<1%c
Enforcementa	n/a
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b

National policies to promote public transportation

• Law entered into force July 1, 2008, therefore enforcement could not be assessed at the time of the
• consensus meeting. ^c Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 20d (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 408e
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police and Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Ministério da Defesa e Ordem Interna

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 219 total (2007)
Motorcars	25%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	66%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	2%
Trucks	1%
Other	6%

Yes

SAUDI ARABIA

Population: 24 734 533

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$15 440

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	High Council for Traffi c
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|---------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
80 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
No
—
7 | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes
No
No
— | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
— | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes | |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 6 358b (86% males, 14% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 36 025c
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

YEAR	NUMBER OF DEATHS
2006	5 883
2007	6 358

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

7 398 600 total (2007)

Registered vehicle types: data not available

Police data.

SENEGAL

Population: 12 378 532

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$820

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Directorate of Land Transport
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|---|---------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 0 | | | | Yes
—
—
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
—
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 320b
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries —
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Directorate of Land Transport data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Directorate of Land Transport

67%
4%
12%
6%
5%
6%

SERBIA

Population: 9 858 424

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$4 730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
6%b
7 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
50–60% Front, 4–5% Rearc | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No (subnational)
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior. 2006, Pilot research of the Academy for Crime Prevention and Police Affairs, observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 962d (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 22 201e
Costing study available No

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior (data from 1999 to 2007 exclude Kosovo)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 235 389 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other	68% 1% 1% 8% <1% 22%

SEYCHELLES

Population: 86 606 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$8 960

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
No
40 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
80%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
95%b
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
65%b
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b

^2007, Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 14c (69% males, 31% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006) 370d

Police and Health data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Seychelles Police Department and Ministry of Health

59%
1%
29%
10%
1%

Police and Transport data.

SIERRA LEONE

Population: 5 865 872

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$260

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
70 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Nob
Yes
—
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
Yesc
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | 1 | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• No provision in law for child riders. Occupants over the age of 18 years.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 71d (65% males, 35% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 298e
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Sierra Leone Police Annual Statistical Analysis

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

REGISTERED VEHICLES
39 038 total (2007)
Motorcars	42%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	21%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	32%
Trucks	4%
Buses	1%
Other	1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Aviation.

SINGAPORE^a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 4 436 281

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$32 470

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Land Transport Authority/Traffic Police Yes
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded	Yes Yes Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
No
40–70 km/h
8 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
7%c
8 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yesd
Yes
56%e
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
50%e
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
7 |

• Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not
• effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c 2007, Police data.
• With some exceptions.
• Source not specified.

| | VEHICLE STANDARDS | |--|-------------------| | | |

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 214f (80% males, 20% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 10 352g

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Traffic Police Department

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: "Monthly Digest of Statistics Singapore," May 2008

REGISTERED VEHICLES
851 336 total (2007)
Motorcars	61%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	17%
Buses	2%
Other	21%

Police data.

SLOVAKIA

Population: 5 390 035

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$11 730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Safety Council
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
4%b
9 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
8 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
8 | | Child restraints law | | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b

Enforcementa

| | | | | | | 2007, Vehicle Register in the Slovak Republic, Ministry of Interior (SR). | | | | | |--|--|--|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--| |--|--|--|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--|

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--|--|--|--| | Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes | | | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | | | | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No
No | | | | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 627c (76% males, 24% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 11 310d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Statistical-evidence system of road traffic accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Statistical-evidence system of road traffic accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 039 745 total (2007)
Motorcars	72%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	1%
Trucks	11%
Buses	<1%
Other	12%

9

SLOVENIA

Population: 2 001 506

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$20 960

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Interministerial Working Group on Road Traffic Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
38%b
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
85% Front, 50% Rearc
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
6 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007, Ministry of Interior, Police.
• 2007, Ministry of Transport, Slovenian Roads Agency, observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 293d (79% males, 21% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 16 449e

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2008, Ministry of Interior, Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 286 903 total (2007)
Motorcars	79%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	6%
Trucks	6%
Buses	<1%
Other	9%

SOLOMON ISLANDS

Population: 495 662

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Police – Traffi c Division —
National road safety strategy	—
Measurable targets	—
Funded	—

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	60 km/h
Enforcementa	5
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 55%c 3
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	100%d
Enforcementa	3
Seat-belt law	No
Applies to all occupants	n/a
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	n/a
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.
• Traffi c Police estimate. Year and source not specifi ed.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes No

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 19e (74% males, 26% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 606f
Costing study available

• Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene or during (hospital)
• admission. ^f

No

Data for Honiara only, source not specifi ed.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

POST-CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number No n/a

REGISTERED VEHICLES 10 000 total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available

— Data not available.

SOUTH AFRICA

Population: 48 576 763

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$5 760

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Traffic Management Corporation
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	60 km/h
Enforcementa	3
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl police checkpoints Yes 60%b 2
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yesc
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	95% Drivers, 90% Passengersd
Enforcementa	6
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	50% Front, 8% Reare
Enforcementa	2
Child restraints law	Yes

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a

2

• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2006, Department of Transport.

Enforcementa

• BMW C1 motorcycle exempt due to design. 2008, Road Traffic Management Corporation.
• 2007, Road Traffic Management Corporation, observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 14 920f (76% males, 24% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 219 978g
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Road Traffic Management Corporation data, defined as died within 7 days
• of the crash. g Road Traffic Management Corporation and Medical Research Council data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
9 237 574 total (2008)
Motorcars	63%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	4%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	26%
Trucks	4%
Buses	<1%
Other	3%

SPAIN

Population: 44 279 180

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$29 450

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	General Directorate of Traffic Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	8
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes — 7
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yesb
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	98% Drivers, 92% Passengersc
Enforcementa	8
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	89% Front, 69% Rearc
Enforcementa	8
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	7

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b Some exceptions.
• 2007, General Directorate of Traffic, observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 4 104d (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 143 450e
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• General Directorate of Traffic estimate, defined as died within 30 days of
• the crash. e General Directorate of Traffic data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, General Directorate of Traffic database

Source: General Directorate of Traffic database

REGISTERED VEHICLES
31 441 152 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other	67% 14% 7% 9% <1% 2%

SRI LANKA

Population: 19 299 190 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 540

Not formally endorsed by government.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 5 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | 6 | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | Yes
Yesc
Yes
—
7 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a
—
n/a | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a | |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a

With some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 2 334d (82% males, 18% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 31 688e
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Traffic Police, 2006

REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 125 794 total (2007)
Motorcars	12%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	63%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	6%
Trucks	8%
Buses	3%
Other	8%

scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c

Police data.

SUDAN

Population: 38 560 488

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$960

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No (subnational)
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.0 g/dlb
0.0 g/dlb
No
—
10 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
—
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b

| | Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. | | |--|----------------------------------------|--|

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 2 227c (76% males, 24% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 21 329d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defi ned as doctor report states that death was due to the
• crash. Data exclude South Sudan states. ^d Police data, exclude South Sudan states.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 200 000 total (2007)
Motorcars	64%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	13%
Trucks	12%
Buses	1%
Other	7%

SURINAME

Population: 457 964 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$4 730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes
No
40 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
90%b
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
70% Front, 30% Rearb
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007, Observational studies conducted by Ministry of Justice and Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 90c (75% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries —
Costing study available No

Ministry of Justice and Police and Department of Health data, defined as died anytime after the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of Traffic Information Education and Statistics)

Source: Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of Traffic Information Education and Statistics)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
151 441 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Buses	54% 27% 17% 2%

SWAZILAND

Population: 1 141 427 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 580

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Swaziland Road Safety Council
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	No
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
6 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
3%b
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
No
80%b | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, Royal Swaziland Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 235c (72% males, 28% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 4 584d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police

Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES
116 050 total (2007)
Motorcars	45%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	30%
Trucks	6%
Buses	7%
Non-motorized vehicles	4%
Unspecified	5%

Police data.

SWEDEN

Population: 9 118 955

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$46 060

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Swedish Road Administration
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa				5	Yes Yes 50 km/h
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa					Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 20%b 6
Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa	1				Yes Yesc Yes 95%d
Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa			3		Yes Yes 96% Front, 90% Reare
Child restraints law Enforcementa		2			Yes

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Estimate based on autopsies of drivers killed in crashes.
• Some exceptions.
• 2007, Estimate provided by consensus group.
• 2006, Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute observational studies.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number	Yes Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 471f (75% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 26 636g
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses, Road Traffic Injuries 2006 (Vägtrafikskador 2006)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses, Road Traffic Injuries 2007 (Vägtrafikskador 2007)

REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 500 000 total (2007)
Motorcars	77%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	8%
Trucks	9%
Buses	<1%
Other	6%

SWITZERLAND

Population: 7 483 973

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$59 880

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Federal Roads Agency
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yesa
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

Not formally endorsed by government.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
16%c
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yesd
Yes
100%e
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
86% Front, 61% Rearf
7 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
8 |

• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c
• 2007, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention.
• Some exceptions.
• 2006, Sinus-Report 2007 der bfu, motorcycle drivers. ^f
• 2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|--|--|--|--| | No car manufacturers | | | | | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | | | | | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
Yes | | | | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention

Source: Unfallgeschehen in der Schweiz, bfu-Statistik 2007

72%
14%
10%
1%
3%

Swiss Council for Accident Prevention data.

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

Population: 19 928 516

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 760

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Committee for Road Safety
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|-----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
45–60 km/h
8 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Random breath testing and/or police
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
No
—
8 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yes
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
81% Frontb
9 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b

2007, Syrian Society for Road Accident Prevention.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 2 818c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 16 145d
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene or in hospital.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 389 346 total (2007) Motorcars	55%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	9%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	25%
Trucks	7%
Buses	3%
Non-motorized vehicles	1%

Police data.

TAJIKISTAN

Population: 6 735 996

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$460

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Department of the State Automobile Inspection (Ministry of Internal Affairs)
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
8 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol | | | | Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
5%b | | Enforcementa
Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | 9
Yes
Yes
No
—
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2007, Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	No

National policies to promote public transportation

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 464c (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 2 048d
Costing study available No

• Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal
• Affairs data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. ^d Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Affairs data.

Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan

REGISTERED VEHICLES
268 018 total (2007)
Motorcars	72%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	4%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	7%
Trucks	15%
Buses	2%

No (subnational)

THAILAND

Population: 63 883 662

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 400

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Road Safety Operation Center Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yes
80 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
4%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
Yesc
Yes
27%d | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
No
56% Front, 3% Reare | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b

National policies to promote walking or cycling

• 2007, Based on sentinel surveillance. Deaths in hospital only, does not include deaths at the crash
• scene. ^c Some exceptions.
• 2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System.

National universal access number

2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (data for front-seat occupants); 2005, Asian Institute of Technology (data for rear-seat occupants).

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes

National policies to promote public transportation Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 12 492f (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 973 104g
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defined as died at the crash scene.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Injury Surveillance (sentinel sites), Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Police Information System Center, Royal Thai Police

14% 63% 19%
3% <1% 1%

No (subnational)

Yes

Health data.

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Population: 2 038 464 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 460

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Republic's Council for Road Traffic Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
No
60 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
5%b
6 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yes
No
2%c | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
16%d
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Analysis, Research and Documentation.
• 2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Information Technology, data relate to motorcycle riders involved in a crash. ^d
• 2002, PhD thesis by F. Tozija, survey of injured drivers and passengers treated in hospital.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

Yes Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 140e (83% males, 17% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 6 133f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

State Statistical Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, State Statistical Office

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

REGISTERED VEHICLES
259 421 total (2007)
Motorcars	86%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	2%
Trucks	8%
Buses	1%
Other	3%

²⁰³ Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

TIMOR-LESTE

Population: 1 154 775 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 510

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	50 km/h
Enforcementa	0
Drink–driving law	Yes
BAC limit – general population	0.05 g/dl
BAC limit – young or novice drivers	0.05 g/dl
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints	Yes
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol	—
Enforcementa	0
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	70% Drivers, 30% Passengersb
Enforcementa	5
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	5–10% Front, <1% Rearc
Enforcementa	0
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	0

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• 70% drivers, 30% passengers, consensus group estimate, 2007. Consensus group estimate, 2007.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 46d
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 1 686e
Costing study available No

Police data, defi ned as died as a result of injuries sustained in crash. Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

6%
72%
14%
<1%
8%

TOGO

Population: 6 585 147

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$360

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | Yes
No
40 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
n/a | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Nob
Yes
No
1%c | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
0%d
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• No law, but there is a regulation that is enforced.
• 1998, Road Safety Togo.
• Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 472e
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 1 824f
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
48 234 total (2007)
Motorcars	22%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	71%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	4%
Trucks	<1%
Buses	<1%
Other	2%

TONGA

Population: 100 336

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Traffic Department, Ministry of Police
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	No
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
40 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
25%c | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
7 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a
<1%d
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b
• Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.
• 2007 Police data.
• 2003, Ministry of Health and World Health Organization observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 8e (75% males, 25% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries —
Costing study available No

Police data, defined as died within 1 year and one day of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Report by Dr G. Anthony Ryan: WHO STC to Tonga, 1995

REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 226 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks	36% 1% 57% <1%
Buses Other	<1% 5%

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Population: 1 333 272

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$14 100

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	—
Funded in national budget	—
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|--|-------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 3 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 2 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
No
—
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
6 |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 214b (77% males, 23% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 2 918c
Costing study available No

• Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service,
• defined as died within 1 year of the crash. c Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

Source: Traffic and Highway, Patrol Branch

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | |----------------------------------------------|--| | 490 987 total (2007) | | | Registered vehicle types: data not available | |

TUNISIA

Population: 10 327 285

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$3 200

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Funded in national budget Yes National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes Yes Yes National Observatory for Information, Training, Documentation and Study on Road Safety

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa		Yes Yes 50 km/h 5
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa		Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 1%b
Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa	3	Yes Yes Yes — 5
Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants		Yes No

Enforcementa	n/a
a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a

scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development.

Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 497c (82% males, 18% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007)
14 559d

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: "Statitiscs of Road Accidents", Ministry of Interior and Local Development

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 244 918 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other	62% 1% 24% 4% 1% 8% 1%

—

2

No

Lead Agency and Police data.

TURKEY

Population: 74 876 695

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$8 020

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Board of Road Traffic Safety
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|--------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
50 km/h
8 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
2%b
9 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
Yes
12% Driversb | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
70%c
8 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
7 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b
• 2005–2007, Security Directorate.
• 2007, Security Directorate, intercity (rural) roads only. For urban roads, 20%.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|--| | Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats | Yes
Yes | | | ROAD SAFETY AUDITS | | | | Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure | Yes
Yes | | | PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT | | | | National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation | No (subnational)
Yes | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 4 633d (77% males, 23% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 169 080e
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Turkish Statistical Institute data, defined as died at the crash scene.
• Turkish Statistical Institute data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, "Traffic Accident Statistics (Road) 2007"

REGISTERED VEHICLES
13 311 000 total (2008)
Motorcars	50%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	15%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	18%
Trucks	6%
Buses	2%
Non-motorized vehicles	1%
Other	9%

TURKMENISTAN

Population: 4 965 278

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 234

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	60 km/h
Enforcementa	9
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl police checkpoints Yes 7%b 10
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	8
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	No
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	7
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2008, Department of Road Police Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	— Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) 650c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006) 1 606d
Costing study available No

• Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of
• Internal Affairs, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash. ^d Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

REGISTERED VEHICLES
651 564 total (2008)
Motorcars	62%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	18%
Trucks	16%
Buses	4%

TUVALU

Population: 10 530

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 441

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|---|-----------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
No
64 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a
n/a
0%c
n/a | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a
0%c
n/a | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit.
• 2000–2007, Police data.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2003–2006) 1 per yeard (all males)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries 12 per yeare ˜
Costing study available No

Health data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

DEATHS
1 pedestrian
1 pedestrian
1 pedestrian
1 pedestrian

Source: Princess Margaret Hospital, Ministry of Health

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES
906 total (2005–2008)
Motorcars	7%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	66%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	5%
Trucks	4%
Buses	1%
Non-motorized vehicles	17%

Police estimate.

UGANDA

Population: 30 883 805

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$340

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Road Safety Council
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|-------------------------------------------|------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | 3 | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 3 | Yes
Yes
No
— | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | 2 | | Yes
Yes
— | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | n/a | No (subnational) |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Data collected by financial year. ^c
• Police data, collected by financial year.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006-2007 (financial year), Uganda Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Methodology for data collection changed in 2006 Source: Uganda Police

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

| REGISTERED VEHICLES | | |----------------------------------------------|--| | 363 658 total (2007) | | | Registered vehicle types: data not available | |

UKRAINE^a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 46 205 382

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$2 550

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Ministry of Public Health Yes
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded	Multiple n/a n/a

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	60 km/h
Enforcementb	—
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb	Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes — —
Motorcycle helmet law	No
Applies to all riders	n/a
Helmet standards mandated	n/a
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementb	n/a
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	No
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementb	—
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementb	n/a

Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No (subnational)

• Health data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Data source not specified.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: State Medical Statistics Centre

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: State Medical Statistics Centre

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES Data not available

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Population: 4 380 439

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$41 082

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	Ministry of Interior and National Transport Authority	Yes
National road safety strategy		Yes
Measurable targets Funded		Yes Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
0.10 g/dl
0.10 g/dl
Yes
—
8 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
8 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
61% Frontb | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Abu Dhabi National Campaign for seat-belt use.

National policies to promote public transportation

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 056c (87% males, 13% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 11 155d

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior

7 TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Ministry of Interior

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 754 420 total (2007)
Motorcars	86%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	1%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	2%
Trucks	7%
Buses	2%
Other	3%

Yes

UNITED KINGDOM

Population: 60 768 946

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$42 740

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	48 km/h
Enforcementa	No consensus
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No 17%b No consensus
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yesc
Helmet standards mandated	Yes
Helmet wearing rate	98%d
Enforcementa	No consensus
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	91% Front, 84–90% Reare
Enforcementa	No consensus
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementa	No consensus

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b "Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report."
• Some exceptions.
• 2006 Estimation by Department for Transport.
• 2006–2007, Department for Transport, observational studies.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling	Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 3 298f (76% males, 24% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 264 288g
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

• Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.
• g Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: "Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report" "Road Traffic Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006"

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: "Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report" "Road Traffic Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006"

REGISTERED VEHICLES
34 327 520 total (2006)
Motorcars	84%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	4%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	9%
Trucks	1%
Buses	1%
Other	2%

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

Population: 40 453 513

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$400

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	National Road Safety Council of Tanzania
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Yesa
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

Not formally endorsed by government.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|---|---------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | 3 | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | 2 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
2%c | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | 4 | Yes
No
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | 3 | Yes
No
30% Front, 5% Rearc | | Child restraints law | | | | No |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. c
• 2007, Tanzania Police.

Enforcementb

Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 2 595e (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 16 308f
Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries)

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Tanzania Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority

REGISTERED VEHICLES
577 949 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other	14% 9% 57% 7% 4% 9%

n/a

Police data.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Population: 305 826 246

Income group: High

Gross national income per capita: \$46 040

| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | | |-------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--| | Lead agency | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(US DOT/NHTSA) | | | | Funded in national budget | Yes | | | | National road safety strategy | Yes | | | | Measurable targets | Yes | | | | Funded | Yes | | |

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	No (subnationally)
Local authorities can set lower limits	n/a
Maximum limit urban roads	n/a
Enforcementa	n/a
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	No (subnational) 0.08 g/dlb 0.0–0.02 g/dlc n/a 32%d n/a
Motorcycle helmet law	No (subnational)
Applies to all riders	n/a
Helmet standards mandated	n/a
Helmet wearing rate	58%e
Enforcementa	n/a
Seat-belt law	No (subnational)
Applies to all occupants	n/a
Seat-belt wearing rate	82% Front, 76% Reare
Enforcementa	n/a
Child restraints law	No (subnational)
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia have a BAC limit of 0.08 for general population. ^c
• No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia specify BAC limits of 0.02 or less for young/novice drivers. ^d
• 2006, US DOT/NHTSA study.
• 2007, US DOT/NHTSA National Occupant Protection Use Survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 42 642f (70% males, 30% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) 3 305 237g
Costing study available

• US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System, defined as died within
• 30 days of the crash. g Health data.

Yes (deaths and injuries)

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System

REGISTERED VEHICLES
251 422 509 total (2006)
Motorcars	54%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	3%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	39%
Trucks	4%
Buses	<1%

URUGUAY

Population: 3 339 700

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$6 380

| INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | | | |-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--| | Lead agency | National Road Safety Agency (UNASEV) | | | Funded in national budget | Yes | | | National road safety strategy | Yesa | | | Measurable targets | n/a | | | Funded | n/a | |

Not formally endorsed by government.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	No
Maximum limit urban roads	45–75 km/h
Enforcementb	1
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb	Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 38%c 1
Motorcycle helmet law	Yes
Applies to all riders	Yes
Helmet standards mandated	No
Helmet wearing rate	50%d
Enforcementb	5
Seat-belt law	Yes
Applies to all occupants	Yes
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementb	3
Child restraints law	Yes
Enforcementb	1

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c
• 2006, Faculty of Humanities Technical Forensics Institute.

| | | | Study by Advanced Trauma Life Support Course in Uruguay. | | |--|--|--|----------------------------------------------------------|--| | | | | | |

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	No
National universal access number	n/a

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) 427e (78% males, 22% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 20 729f
Costing study available

• Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Police and Health data.

Yes (deaths and injuries)

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: National Highway Administration Directorate, based on information from Departmental Police Headquarters

48%
44%
1%
7%

UZBEKISTAN^a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 27 372 260

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	The State Motor-Vehicle Inspectorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy Measurable targets	Yes Yes
Funded	—

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
No
70 km/h
7 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
None
None
Yes
—
9 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | | | Yes
Yes
—
10 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb
b | | | | —
— |

Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) 2 034c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries —
Costing study available No

Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defi ned as died at the crash scene.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES
Data not available

VANUATU

Population: 226 180 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 840

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|---|-----------------------------------|--| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | 3 | | | Yes
Yes
35–60 km/h | | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | 6 | Yes
Noneb
Noneb
Yes
— | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
No
—
8 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | 1 | | | | Yes
No
— | | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | | No
n/a | |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Drink–driving not defi ned by BAC limit.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 8c
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2005) 52d
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 1 year of the crash.
• Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

15 461 total (2008)

Registered vehicle types: data not available

VENEZUELA (Bolivarian Republic of)

Population: 27 656 832 Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$7 320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency Funded in national budget	People's Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA) Yes
National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded	Multiple n/a n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--|---|---|------------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 4 | | Yes
No
40 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
—
7 | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
55%b
6 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | | Yes
Yes
—
6 | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa | | | | 5 | Yes |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b 2007, People's Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA).

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 6 218c (79% males, 21% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) 40 968d
Costing study available No

• Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash.
• People's Ministry of Infrastructure.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, People's Ministry of Infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: People's Ministry of Health

REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 044 013 total (2007)
Motorcars	73%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	7%
Trucks	19%
Buses	1%

VIET NAM

Population: 87 375 196

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$790

Not formally endorsed by government.

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|---|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | | | 6 | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol | | | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
34%c | | Enforcementb | | 3 | | | | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate | | | | | Yes
Yes
Yes
85%d | | Enforcementb | | | | 7 | | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | | Yes
No
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb | | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c
• 2001, Forensic Medicine data.
• 2008, National Traffi c Safety Committee estimate.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	Yes Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 12 800e (79% males, 21% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 10 266f
Costing study available

• Police data, defi ned as died within 24 hours of the crash.
• Police data. Health data reports 445 048 non-fatal road traffi c injuries in 2007.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: 2007, National Traffi c Safety Committee

REGISTERED VEHICLES
22 926 230 total (2007) Motorcars	5%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	95%

WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP^a

Non WHO member-area.

Population: 4 018 000

Income group: Middle

Gross national income per capita: \$1 422

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	No
Funded in national budget	n/a
National road safety strategy	No (subnational)
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|---|--|------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
No
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementb | 1 | | | Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
No
— | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
Yesc
No
— | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementb | | 3 | | Yes
Yes
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementb
b | 1 | | | Yes |

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^c

Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No No
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

DATA
Reported road traffi c fatalities (2006) 188d (76% males, 23% females)e
Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2006) 5 838f
Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 30 days of the crash.
• Health data 2007.
• Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Palestine.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: General Commissariat of the Palestinian Police, data for remaining West Bank and Gaza Strip

REGISTERED VEHICLES
78 609 total (2008)
Motorcars	76%
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers	<1%
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	6%
Trucks	15%
Buses	1%
Non-motorized vehicles	<1%
Other	1%

YEMEN

Population: 22 389 169

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$870

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	The National Committee for Road Safety
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally	Yes
Local authorities can set lower limits	Yes
Maximum limit urban roads	—
Enforcementa	3
Drink–driving law BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police police checkpoints Road traffi c deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa	Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb — — —
Motorcycle helmet law	No
Applies to all riders	n/a
Helmet standards mandated	n/a
Helmet wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	n/a
Seat-belt law	No
Applies to all occupants	n/a
Seat-belt wearing rate	—
Enforcementa	n/a
Child restraints law	No
Enforcementa	n/a

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. ^b Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	No Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation	No No

DATA Reported road traffi c fatalities (2007) 2 781c (86% males, 14% females) Reported non-fatal road traffi c injuries (2007) 19 253^d Costing study available No

• Police data, defi ned as died within 7 days of the crash.
• Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Country questionnaire

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

777 734 total (2007)

Registered vehicle types: data not available

ZAMBIA

Population: 11 921 999

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$800

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Road Transport and Safety Agency
Funded in national budget	Yes
National road safety strategy	Yes
Measurable targets	Yes
Funded	Yes

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|--|---|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
50 km/h | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | 1 | | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
50%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
No
100%c
10 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | 5 | Yes
Yes
— | | Child restraints law
Enforcementa
a | | | | No
n/a |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2007, Zambia Police Service and Road Transport and Safety Agency.
• 2007, Zambia Road Transport and Safety Agency.

| VEHICLE STANDARDS | | |-------------------|--| | | |

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation — No

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system	Yes
National universal access number	Yes

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)

222 188 total (2007) Motorcars

Trucks Buses Other

Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Zambia Police Service

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Zambia Police Service

59% 3% 21% 13% 2%

| | | 2% | |--|--|----| | | | | | | | |

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

Police data.

ZIMBABWE

Population: 13 349 434

Income group: Low

Gross national income per capita: \$131

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency	Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe
Funded in national budget	No
National road safety strategy	Multiple
Measurable targets	n/a
Funded	n/a

| NATIONAL LEGISLATION | | | | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|---|--|----------------------------------------------| | Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
60 km/h
8 | | Drink–driving law
BAC limit – general population
BAC limit – young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
police checkpoints
Road traffic deaths involving alcohol
Enforcementa | | 3 | | Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
<1%b | | Motorcycle helmet law
Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
Yes
—
—
9 | | Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcementa | | | | Yes
No
—
8 |

• Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
• scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. b 2006, Zimbabwe Republic Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Child restraints law Enforcementa

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats	No No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure	Yes Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

| National policies to promote walking or cycling | | |----------------------------------------------------|--| | National policies to promote public transportation | |

POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number	Yes Yes

^— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

DATA
Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 1 037c (71% males, 29% females)
Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006)
13 819d

• Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash.
• Police and Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, Zimbabwe Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Source: Zimbabwe Police General Headquarters, Planning and Development Statistics Bureau

REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 556 586 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)	78% 7% 5%
Trucks Buses Other	7% 1% 2%

No No

No n/a

Statistical annex

• 1. Explanatory notes
• t#BDLHSPVOE
• t%BUBQSPDFTTJOH
• t5ZQFTPGEBUBVUJMJ[FE
• 3FQPSUFEEBUB
• "EKVTUFEEBUB
• .PEFMMFEEBUB
• t3FGFSFODFT

5BCMFT

• A.1 /BUJPOBMEBUBDPPSEJOBUPSTCZDPVOUSZBSFBBOE8)0SFHJPO
• A.2 7FIJDMFT SPBEUSBGmDEFBUITBOEQSPQPSUJPOPGSPBEVTFSTCZDPVOUSZBSFB
• A.3 %SJOLJOHBOEESJWJOHMBXT FOGPSDFNFOUBOESPBEUSBGmDEFBUITBUUSJCVUFE UPBMDPIPMCZDPVOUSZBSFB
• A.4 4FBUCFMUBOEDIJMESFTUSBJOUMBXT FOGPSDFNFOUBOEXFBSJOHSBUFTCZ DPVOUSZBSFB
• A.5 4QFFEMBXTBOEFOGPSDFNFOUCZDPVOUSZBSFB
• A.6 )FMNFUMBXT FOGPSDFNFOUBOEXFBSJOHSBUFTCZDPVOUSZBSFB
• A.7 3PBETBGFUZNBOBHFNFOU TUSBUFHJFTBOEQPMJDJFTCZDPVOUSZBSFB
• A.8 1SFIPTQJUBMDBSFTZTUFNTCZDPVOUSZBSFB

Explanatory notes

Background

5IFEBUBQSFTFOUFEJOUIFGPMMPXJOHQBHFTXFSFPCUBJOFEUISPVHIBTFMGBENJOJTUFSFERVFTUJPOOBJSFJNQMFNFOUFEJO UIFDPVOUSJFTBOEBSFBTUIBUQBSUJDJQBUFEJOUIFmSTUHMPCBMTVSWFZPOSPBETBGFUZJO5IFTVSWFZGPDVTFE POUIFSFDPNNFOEBUJPOTPGUIFWorld report on road traffic injury prevention BTUIFCBTJTGPSJUTTUSVDUVSFBOE DPOUFOU.PTUDPVOUSJFTVTFEUIFTBNFNFUIPEPMPHZGPSEBUBDPMMFDUJPO BTPVUMJOFEJOBTVSWFZQSPUPDPMEFWFMPQFE GPSUIFTUVEZ*OPWFSPGUIFDPVOUSJFT UIFJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPGUIFTVSWFZXBTDPPSEJOBUFECZB/BUJPOBM%BUB \$PPSEJOBUPS /%\$ JEFOUJmFECZUIFDPVOUSZ BOEXBTDPNQMFUFECZUFBNTPGÒ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

5IFGPMMPXJOHTFDUJPOTDPOUBJODPVOUSZCZDPVOUSZEBUBPCUBJOFEGSPNUIFTVSWFZ

• t 5BCMF" JODMVEFTUIF MJTU PG/%\$TXIP JO DPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI OBUJPOBM BVUIPSJUJFT QMBZFE B LFZ QBSU JO DPOEVDUJOHUIFTVSWFZ
• t 5BCMF"QSPWJEFTEFUBJMFEEBUBPOUIFEBZBEKVTUFEOVNCFSBOESBUFTQFSQPQVMBUJPOPGSPBEUSBGmD EFBUIT BOEPOUIFQSPQPSUJPOPGSPBEVTFSTCZDPVOUSZBSFB5IFUBCMFBMTPJODMVEFTNPEFMMFESPBEUSBGmD EFBUIOVNCFSTXIJDIIBWFCFFOHFOFSBUFE"TIPSUEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFQSPDFTTJTQSFTFOUFECFMPX
• t 5BCMFT"o"QSPWJEFJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFTUBUVTPGMBXT UIFFOGPSDFNFOUPGMBXT BOEUIFDPWFSBHFXFBSJOH SBUFTSFMBUJOHUPUIFmWFSPBEUSBGmDSJTLGBDUPST BMDPIPM TFBUCFMUT DIJMESFTUSBJOUT TQFFE BOEIFMNFUT
• t 5BCMF"DPOUBJOTEBUBPOQPMJDZSFMBUFESFTQPOTFT
• t 5BCMF"JODMVEFTJOGPSNBUJPOSFMBUFEUPUIFBWBJMBCJMJUZPGQSFIPTQJUBMDBSF

5IFGPMMPXJOH TFDUJPO HJWFT B CSJFG EFTDSJQUJPO PGUIF EBUB QSPDFTTJOH UIF DPNNFOUT POUIF PCUBJOFE SFTVMUT TQFDJmDBMMZPOUIFSFQPSUFE BEKVTUFEBOENPEFMMFEDPVOUSZMFWFMEFBUIEBUB BOEUIFNFUIPEVTFEUPEFWFMPQ UIFNPEFM

Data processing

5IFEBUBQSPDFTTJOHJOWPMWFEDPNQMFUJPOPGUIFTVSWFZJOTUSVNFOUBOEEBUBFOUSZBUBDPVOUSZMFWFM BOEWBMJEBUJPO BUBSFHJPOBMMFWFM%BUBDMFBOJOH BOBMZTJTBOESFQPSUXSJUJOHXFSFEPOFBU8)0IFBERVBSUFSTJO(FOFWB

Reporting of country-level data

5IFmOBMDPVOUSZSFTQPOTFTXFSFFOUFSFECZ/%\$TJOUPBOPOMJOFEBUBCBTFTQFDJBMMZQSFQBSFECZ8)0GPSUIJT QSPKFDU/%\$TBMTPVQMPBEFETVQQPSUJOHEPDVNFOUTXIFSFBQQMJDBCMFBOEBWBJMBCMF%BUBXFSFUIFOWBMJEBUFEBU BSFHJPOBMMFWFM0ODFmOBMJ[FEBOEBQQSPWFECZ3FHJPOBM%BUB\$PPSEJOBUPST 3%\$T UIFEBUBXFSFUIFOFYQPSUFE JOUP.JDSPTPGU &YDFMGPSDMFBOJOH"UUIJT TUBHF FBDIDPVOUSZT EBUBXFSFFYBNJOFEGPS BDDVSBDZ DPOTJTUFODZ BOEWBMJEJUZPOBRVFTUJPOCZRVFTUJPOCBTJT8IFSFOFDFTTBSZ /%\$TXFSFDPOUBDUFEBOEBEEJUJPOBMTVQQPSUJOH EPDVNFOUTXFSFSFRVFTUFEUPDMBSJGZJODPOTJTUFODJFT"DPQZPGUIFTVSWFZJOTUSVNFOUBOETUVEZQSPUPDPMDBOCF GPVOEBUXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPOSPBE@TBGFUZ@TUBUVT

"TQBSUPGUIFEBUBDMFBOJOHBOEWBMJEBUJPOQSPDFTT FYQMPSBUPSZBOBMZTJTXBTEPOFVTJOH45"5"5IFTBNF TPGUXBSFXBTVTFEGPSBMMBOBMZTJTBOESFTVMUTQSFTFOUFEJOUIFFBSMJFSTFDUJPOTPGUIJTSFQPSU

Types of data utilized

5ISFFUZQFTPGEBUBBSFVTFEJOUIJTSFQPSU

• t SFQPSUFEEBUBGSPNDPVOUSJFTBOETFDPOEBSZTPVSDFT
• t EBUBBEKVTUFEGPSUIFEBZEFmOJUJPOPGBSPBEUSBGmDEFBUIJOPSEFSUPGBDJMJUBUFDPNQBSBCJMJUZ
• t NPEFMMFEOVNCFST

Reported data

*OBEEJUJPOUPUIFEBUBPCUBJOFEEJSFDUMZGSPNDPVOUSJFT TFDPOEBSZEBUBTPVSDFTXFSFVTFEUP

• t DMBTTJGZDPVOUSJFTJOUPJODPNFDBUFHPSJFT
• t HFOFSBUFSPBETBGFUZJOEJDBUPSTTVDIBTUIFBEKVTUFESPBEUSBGmDEFBUITBOENPEFMMFESPBEUSBGmDEFBUISBUFT XJUIBDPOmEFODFJOUFSWBM BTSFQPSUFEJO5BCMF"

1PQVMBUJPOBOEJODPNFEBUBGSPNUIF6OJUFE/BUJPOT1PQVMBUJPO%JWJTJPO*!BOEUIF8PSME#BOL"*XFSFVTFE GPSUIJTBOBMZTJT

1PQVMBUJPOFTUJNBUFTGPSBSFSFQPSUFEJO5BCMF"8IFSFUIFSFXBTOPFTUJNBUFBWBJMBCMFGPSBDPVOUSZ GPS UIBU ZFBS QVCMJTIFE EBUB GPS UIF MBUFTU ZFBS XFSF VTFE 'PS UIF NPEFMMJOH QSPDFTT QPQVMBUJPO FTUJNBUFT DPSSFTQPOEJOHUPUIFZFBSPGSFQPSUJOHXFSFVTFE".

*O5BCMF" 8PSME#BOL "UMBTNFUIPE HSPTTOBUJPOBMJODPNFQFSDBQJUB (/* GPS# PSMBUFTUBWBJMBCMF ZFBS XBTVTFEUPDBUFHPSJ[FDPVOUSJFTJOUP

• t MPXJODPNFPSMFTT
• t NJEEMFJODPNFUP
• t IJHIJODPNFPSNPSF

.PSFEFUBJMFETVCHSPVQJOHTXFSFVTFEJOUIFNPEFMMJOHQSPDFTT

Adjusted data

"TEJTDVTTFEJOUIFmSTUTFDUJPOPGUIJTSFQPSU TFFQBHF VOEFSSFQPSUJOHIBTCFFOBDLOPXMFEHFEGPSNBOZ ZFBSTBTBOJNQPSUBOUSFBTPOGPSUIFEJGmDVMUZJODPNQBSJOHSPBEUSBGmDDSBTIEBUBCFUXFFODPVOUSJFT"EEJUJPOBMMZ UIFMBDLPGIBSNPOJ[FEEFmOJUJPOTGPSSPBEUSBGmDEFBUIT UIFVTFPGEJGGFSFOUEBUBTPVSDFT BOEUIFRVBMJUZPGUIF SFQPSUJOHTZTUFNIBWFBMTPCFFOEPDVNFOUFE\$POTFRVFOUMZBOVNCFSPGNFDIBOJTNTXFSFFNQMPZFEUPBEESFTT TPNFPGUIFTFJTTVFTJOPSEFSUPNBLFEBUBNPSFDPNQBSBCMF5IJTHMPCBMTVSWFZFNQMPZFEUIFGPMMPXJOHUXP NFUIPET

• t UIF&VSPQFQFBO\$POGFSFODFPG.JOJTUFSTPG5SBOTQPSU &\$.5 TUBOEBSEJ[FEEBZSPBEDSBTIGBUBMJUZGBDUPST\$ UPBEKVTUBMMSFQPSUFEDPVOUSZBSFBEBUB
• t BNPEFMVTJOHOFHBUJWFCJOPNJBMSFHSFTTJPO TFFQBHF

5IFiSFQPSUFEwEBUBJO5BCMF"IBWFCFFOBEKVTUFEUPUIJTEBZEFmOJUJPO TFF5BCMFGPSBEKVTUNFOUGBDUPST BOEUIFOFXBEKVTUFEOVNCFSJTUIFSFGPSFVTFEJOUIFDPSSFTQPOEJOHNPEFMBOEJUTSFTVMUJTQSFTFOUFEJO5BCMF A.2.

Table 1. ECMT standardized 30-day road crash fatality adjustment factors

Modelled data

Developing a model

#FGPSFUIFNPEFMMJOHFYFSDJTF TJNQMFFYQMPSBUPSZBOBMZTFTXFSFEPOFUPFWBMVBUFUIFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGUIFSFQPSUFE EBUB UPJEFOUJGZQPUFOUJBMPVUMJFSTBOEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFFYUFOUPGNJTTJOHEBUB%FDJTJPOTBTUPXIFUIFSUPJODMVEF UIFTFPVUMJFSTJOUIFBOBMZTFT PSXIFUIFSUPFYDMVEFUIFN XFSFUBLFOBUTFWFSBMTUBHFTPGUIFBOBMZTJT8IFSF BQQSPQSJBUF JNQVUBUJPOXBTEPOFUPDPNQFOTBUFGPSNJTTJOHJOGPSNBUJPO

Completeness of data

)BWJOHBEKVTUFEUIFSFQPSUFEEBUBUPBEBZEFmOJUJPOUPGBDJMJUBUFDPNQBSBCJMJUZ UIFOFYUTUFQJOUIFQSPDFTT XBTUPFYQMPSFUIFDPNQMFUFOFTTPGUIFSFQPSUFEEFBUIEBUBPOUIFCBTJTPGSFQPSUFEWJUBMSFHJTUSBUJPO 73 EBUB *OGPSNBUJPOPOUIFDPNQMFUFOFTTPG73EBUBXBTPCUBJOFEGSPNQSFWJPVT8)0QVCMJTIFESFQPSUT*%&*BOEXBT VQEBUFEXJUIUIFMBUFTUJOGPSNBUJPOGSPNUIF8)0NPSUBMJUZEBUBCBTF5IJTJOGPSNBUJPOXBTUIFOVTFEUPDMBTTJGZ DPVOUSJFTJOUPUXPHSPVQT OBNFMZ

• (SPVQ DPVOUSJFT XJUI 73 DPNQMFUFOFTT HSFBUFS PS FRVBM UP BOE FYUFSOBM DBVTFT PG EFBUI DPEFE UP VOEFUFSNJOFEJOUFOUMFTTUIBO 5BCMF
• (SPVQ DPVOUSJFTXJUI73DPNQMFUFOFTTMFTTUIBOPSFYUFSOBMDBVTFTPGEFBUIDPEFEUPVOEFUFSNJOFE JOUFOUHSFBUFSUIBO

Group 1DPVOUSJFTJODMVEFIJHIJODPNF NJEEMFJODPNFBOEMPXJODPNFDPVOUSJFT 5BCMF %BUBGSPN UIFTFDPVOUSJFTXFSFVTFEBTBSFGFSFODFJODPOTUSVDUJOHUIFOFHBUJWFCJOPNJBMNPEFM"TTVDI OPFTUJNBUJPOXBT EPOFGPSUIFTFDPVOUSJFT

Group 2DPVOUSJFTJODMVEFIJHIJODPNF NJEEMFJODPNFBOEMPXJODPNFDPVOUSJFT&TUJNBUFEEBUBCBTFE POUIFQSFEJDUJPONPEFMEFTDSJCFEBCPWFBSFQSPWJEFEGPSUIFTFDPVOUSJFT

\$PVOUSJFTBSFBTXJUIQPQVMBUJPOTPGMFTTUIBOBOEXIJDIUIVTIBWFMPXOVNCFSTPGEFBUITXFSFBMTP FYDMVEFEGSPNUIFNPEFMMJOHQSPDFTT 5BCMF

5BCMF"HJWFTUIFEBZBEKVTUFEOVNCFSPGEFBUITGPSBMMDPVOUSJFT BOEGPSHSPVQDPVOUSJFTUIFNPEFMMFE OVNCFSPGEFBUITXJUIBDPOmEFODFJOUFSWBM5IPTFXJUIPVUBSBOHFBSF(SPVQBOEUIFDPVOUSJFTJO5BCMF XIFSFOPNPEFMMJOHXBTEPOF

Table 2. Countries/areas in Group 1

COUNTRY/AREA	INCOME LEVEL
Argentina	MIC
Australia	HIC
Austria	HIC
Bahamas	HIC
Bahrain	HIC
Barbados	MIC
Belarus	MIC
Belgium	HIC
Belize	MIC
Bosnia and Herzegovina	MIC
Brazil	MIC
Brunei Darussalam	HIC
Bulgaria	MIC
Canada	HIC
Chile	MIC
Colombia	MIC
Costa Rica	MIC
Croatia	MIC
Cuba	MIC
Cyprus	HIC
Czech Republic	HIC
Estonia	HIC
Fiji	MIC
Finland	HIC
France	HIC
Georgia	MIC
Germany	HIC
Greece	HIC
Hungary	HIC
Iceland	HIC
Ireland	HIC
Israel	HIC
Italy	HIC
Japan	HIC
Kazakhstan	MIC
Kuwait	HIC
Kyrgyzstan	LIC
Latvia	MIC
Lithuania	MIC
Malaysia	MIC
Malta	HIC
Mauritius	MIC
Mexico	MIC
Montenegro	MIC
Netherlands	HIC
New Zealand	HIC
Norway	HIC

COUNTRY/AREA	INCOME LEVEL
Panama	MIC
Poland	MIC
Portugal	HIC
Qatar	HIC
Republic of Korea	HIC
Republic of Moldova	MIC
Romania	MIC
Russian Federation	MIC
Saint Lucia	MIC
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	MIC
Serbia	MIC
Singapore	HIC
Slovakia	HIC
Slovenia	HIC
South Africa	MIC
Spain	HIC
Sweden	HIC
Switzerland	HIC
Thailand	MIC
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	MIC
Tonga	MIC
Trinidad and Tobago	HIC
Ukraine	MIC
United Kingdom	HIC
United States of America	HIC
Uruguay	MIC
Uzbekistan	LIC
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	MIC

LIC = low-income countries

Table 3. Countries/areas with population size less than 100 000

COUNTRY/AREA	INCOME LEVEL
British Virgin Islandsa	HIC
Cook Islands	HIC
Kiribati	MIC
Marshall Islands	MIC
Nauru	MIC
Palau	MIC
San Marino	HIC
Seychelles	MIC
Tuvalu	MIC

Non-member area. MIC = middle-income countries

MIC = middle-income countries HIC = high-income countries

HIC = high-income countries

Variables used in the model

5BCMFTVNNBSJ[FTUIFJOEFQFOEFOUWBSJBCMFTVTFEJOUIFNPEFMBOEUIFEBUBTPVSDF

Table 4. Independent variables used in modelling process

GSRRS = Global Status Report on Road Safety GNI = Gross National Income per capita

Estimation method

5IFUIJSETUBHFVTFEEBUBGSPN(SPVQDPVOUSJFTUPEFWFMPQBTUBUJTUJDBMNPEFMUPQSFEJDUSPBEUSBGmDEFBUIT QPJOUFTUJNBUFT GPS(SPVQDPVOUSJFTJODMVEJOHDPOmEFODFMJNJUT5IFGSBNFXPSLVTFEUPQSFEJDU SPBE USBGmDNPSUBMJUZXBTDPOTUSVDUFEVTJOHTFMFDUFEWBSJBCMFT JEFOUJmFEUISPVHIBMJUFSBUVSFSFWJFX XIJDIIBWFEJSFDU SFMBUJPOTIJQUPUIFPVUDPNFWBSJBCMF SPBEUSBGmDEFBUI 5IFTFWBSJBCMFTXFSFMBUFSHSPVQFEJOUPUISFFDBUFHPSJFT FYQPTVSFGBDUPST &j SJTLPSQSFWFOUJWFGBDUPST 3j BOENJUJHBUJOHGBDUPST .j (SPTTOBUJPOBMJODPNF *j IBTBO JOnVFODFPOUIFmSTUUXPDBUFHPSJFT 'JHVSF

*OUIJTGSBNFXPSL UIFSPBEUSBGmDNPSUBMJUZPVUDPNF :j JTBGVODUJPOPGBTFUPGJOEFQFOEFOUWBSJBCMFTEFTDSJCFE BTFYQPTVSFGBDUPST &j SJTLPSQSFWFOUJWFGBDUPST 3j NJUJHBUJOHGBDUPST .j BOEHSPTTOBUJPOBMJODPNF *j 5IJT DBOCFFYQSFTTFEBTGPMMPXTYj= f (Rj, Mj, Ij, Ej).

5IFSFMBUJPOTIJQCFUXFFOUIFPVUDPNFBOEUIFJOEFQFOEFOUWBSJBCMFTJTBOPOMJOFBSGVODUJPO5IFOVNCFSPGEFBUIT :j JTBOPOOFHBUJWFJOUFHFSDPVOUEBUBUIVTUIFTUBOEBSEBQQSPBDIUPCFVTFEJTUIF1PJTTPOSFHSFTTJPOPS BOPUIFSGPSNPGSFHSFTTJPOCBTFEPOUIF1PJTTPO5IFNPTUDPNNPOMZVTFESFHSFTTJPONPEFMGPSDPVOUEBUBUSFBUT UIFSFTQPOTF:BTB1PJTTPOWBSJBCMF*OUIF1PJTTPOSFHSFTTJPONPEFM UIFNFBOFRVBMTUIFWBSJBODF DPOEJUJPOBMPO FYQMBOBUPSZWBSJBCMFT*OQSBDUJDF IPXFWFS UIJTBTTVNQUJPOXBTOPUTBUJTmFE'PSUIJTSFBTPO BOFHBUJWFCJOPNJBM SFHSFTTJPONPEFMXBTDIPTFOXIFSFUIFBTTVNQUJPOGPSUIFEFQFOEFOUWBSJBODFBOE1PJTTPOTQBSUJDVMBSDBTFPG OFHBUJWFCJOPNJBMNPEFMBSFBEFRVBUFMZTBUJTmFE

Figure 1. Framework for determinants of road traffic mortality

%&5&3.*/"/540'30"%53"''*\$.035"-*5:

"UUIFFOE BOFHBUJWFCJOPNJBMSFHSFTTJPONPEFMMJOHUFDIOJRVFVTJOH45"5"TPGUXBSFXBTVTFEUPQSFEJDUUIF OVNCFSPGSPBEUSBGmDGBUBMJUJFTXJUIQPQVMBUJPOTJ[FBTBOFYQPTVSFGBDUPS5IFNPEFMXBTDPOTUSVDUFEPOUIF CBTJTPGSFQPSUFEEBUBGSPNUIF(SPVQDPVOUSJFTBSFBTNFOUJPOFEJO5BCMF

5IFGVMMJOEFQUIEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFNFUIPEPMPHZBOEGPSNVMBTGPSUIFNPEFMMJOHQSPDFTTBSFBWBJMBCMFBUUIF GPMMPXJOHXFCTJUFXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPOSPBE@TBGFUZ@TUBUVT

References

• 1FEFO.FUBM FETWorld report on road traffic injury prevention(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIPJOUWJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPOQVCMJDBUJPOTSPBE@USBGmDXPSME@SFQPSUFOJOEFYIUNM BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• 2. STATA Data analysis and statistical software IUUQXXXTUBUBDPN BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• 3. World population prospects: the 2006 Revision. Highlights/FX:PSL 6OJUFE/BUJPOT1PQVMBUJPO%JWJTJPO
• 4. World development indicators8BTIJOHUPO %\$ *OUFSOBUJPOBM#BOLGPS3FDPOTUSVDUJPOBOE%FWFMPQNFOU 5IF8PSME#BOL
• 5. GNI per capita 2007: Atlas method and PPP8BTIJOHUPO %\$ 5IF8PSME#BOL IUUQTJUFSFTPVSDFT XPSMECBOLPSH%"5"45"5*45*\$43FTPVSDFT(/*1\$QEG BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• +BDPCT( 5IPNBT"" "TUSPQ"Estimating global road fatalities 53-3FQPSU \$SPXUIPSOF 5SBOTQPSU 3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ IUUQXXXUSBOTQPSUMJOLTPSHUSBOTQPSU@MJOLTmMFBSFBQVCMJDBUJPOT@@ 53-QEG BDDFTTFE+BOVBSZ
• 7. Global Burden of Disease, 2004 update(FOFWB 8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIPJOU IFBMUIJOGPHMPCBM@CVSEFO@EJTFBTF@SFQPSU@VQEBUFFOJOEFYIUNM BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• .BUIFST\$%FUBM\$PVOUJOHUIFEFBEBOEXIBUUIFZEJFEGSPNBOBTTFTTNFOUPGUIFHMPCBMTUBUVTPGDBVTF PGEFBUIEBUBBulletin of the World Health Organizationo
• World road statistics 2008(FOFWB *OUFSOBUJPOBM3PBE'FEFSBUJPO
• World health statistics 2008 (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQXXXXIPJOUXIPTJT XIPTUBUFOJOEFYIUNM BDDFTTFE"QSJM
• \$BNFSPO"\$ 5SJWFEJ1,Regression analysis of count data&DPOPNFUSJD4PDJFUZ.POPHSBQI /P/FX :PSL \$BNCSJEHF6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT

Table A.1: National data coordinators by country/area and WHO region

COUNTRY/AREA	WHO REGION	NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)
Afghanistan	Eastern Mediterranean	Qarizadah, Wassima
Albania	Europe	Bozo, Maksim
Angola	Africa	Chicola, Felix
Argentina	Americas	Abriata, Graciela
Armenia	Europe	Avetisyan, Lilit
Australia	Western Pacific	Goldsworthy, John
Austria	Europe	Kisser, Rupert
Azerbaijan	Europe	Talishinskiy, Rustam
Bahamas (the)	Americas	Rolle, Garlon
Bahrain	Eastern Mediterranean	Obeid, Amjad
Bangladesh	South-East Asia	Rahman, AKM Fazlur
Barbados	Americas	Taylor, Denise Carter
Belarus	Europe	Pikirenia, Ivan
Belgium	Europe	Meerkens, Anne
Belize	Americas	Andrewin, Aisha
Benin	Africa	Imorou Karimou, Yacoubou
Bhutan	South-East Asia	Karma, Doma
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	Americas	Angulo Martinez, Augusto
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	Kovacevic, Jasminka; Seranic, Alen
Botswana	Africa	Mmutle, Marvin Golekoamang
Brazil	Americas	Alves da Silva, Marta Maria
British Virgin Islandsa	Americas	George, Ivy
Brunei Darussalam	Western Pacific	Saidon, Rozaly
Bulgaria	Europe	Kovacheva, Irina
Burkina Faso	Africa	Cisse, Ahmad Nassourou
Burundi	Africa	Nzeyimana, Claire
Cambodia	Western Pacific	Raingsey, Prak Piseth
Cameroon	Africa	Missimikim, Martial
Canada	Americas	Jonah, Brian
Cape Verde	Africa	Santos, Antonio
Central African Republic (the)	Africa	Gondamovo, Paul
Chad	Africa	Gocké, Mahamat
Chile	Americas	Rajs, Danuta
China	Western Pacific	Duan, Leilei
Colombia	Americas	Gaitán Rodríguez, Yazmín
Comoros (the)	Africa	Yahaia, Mohamed
Congo (the)	Africa	Kouni-Okogna, Jean Roger
Cook Islands	Western Pacific	Herman, Josephine
Costa Rica	Americas	Guzmán Duarte, Teresita
Croatia	Europe	Brkic Biloš, Ivana
Cuba	Americas	Valdés Lazo, Francisco
Cyprus	Europe	Antoniades, Costas; Kalakouta, Olga
Czech Republic (the)	Europe	Benesova, Veronika
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)	Africa	Musafiri, Masuga
Dominican Republic	Americas	Pérez, Simon Luis
Ecuador	Americas	Naranjo, Sara
Egypt	Eastern Mediterranean	Saad, Rania

COUNTRY/AREA	WHO REGION	NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)
El Salvador	Americas	Morán de García, Silvia
Eritrea	Africa	Abraham Tesfamichael, Ghirmay
Estonia	Europe	Kedars, Ursel
Ethiopia	Africa	Asrat, Abebe
Fiji	Western Pacific	Tuiketei, Timaima
Finland	Europe	Jääskeläinen, Petri
France	Europe	Laumon, Bernard
Gambia (the)	Africa	Camara, Abdoulie
Georgia	Europe	Kheladze, Kakha
Germany	Europe	Schleh, Rosemarieb
Ghana	Africa	Afukaar, Francis
Greece	Europe	Efthymiadis, Dimitrios
Guatemala	Americas	Morales Sandoval, Salvador
Guinea-Bissau	Africa	Vera Cruz De Oliveira, Golda Sayonara
Guyana	Americas	Anderson, Lucy
Honduras	Americas	Cerrato Cruz, Orlin Javier
Hungary	Europe	Bényi, Mária
Iceland	Europe	Thorsteinsdóttir, Rósa
India	South-East Asia	Kumar, Ashok
Indonesia	South-East Asia	Yusharmen
Iran (Islamic Republic of)	Eastern Mediterranean	Moghisi, Alireza
Iraq	Eastern Mediterranean	Khalil, Sundus Shoki
Ireland	Europe	Hayes, Declan
Israel	Europe	Peleg, Kobi; Levi, Sarit
Italy	Europe	Lecce, Maria Giuseppina
Jamaica	Americas	Grant, Andriene
Japan	Western Pacific	Nakahara, Shinji
Jordan	Eastern Mediterranean	Mujahed, Jamil
Kazakhstan	Europe	Batpenov, Nurlan
Kenya	Africa	Githinji, Wilfred Mwai
Kiribati	Western Pacific	Rubeiariki, Mweritonga
Kuwait	Eastern Mediterranean	Al-Otaibi, Hamed
Kyrgyzstan	Europe	Toimatov, Samatbek
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)	Western Pacific	Phoutsavath, Phisith
Latvia	Europe	Feldmane, Jana
Lebanon	Eastern Mediterranean	Akl, Ziad
Lesotho	Africa	Rangoako, Thabiso
Liberia	Africa	Kekula, Joseph
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)	Eastern Mediterranean	Jabeal, Ibrahim Ali
Lithuania	Europe	Meižiene, Ramune
Madagascar	Africa	Rasamilalao, Désiré
Malawi	Africa	Chirwa, James Mathewes
Malaysia	Western Pacific	Ramly, Rosnah
Maldives	South-East Asia	Naaz, Aishath
Mali	Africa	Sylla, Assa
Malta	Europe	Calleja, Neville; Galea, Audrey
Marshall Islands (the)	Western Pacific	Edwards, Russell

COUNTRY/AREA	WHO REGION	NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)
Mauritania	Africa	Traoré, Abdallah Mohamed Khairou
Mauritius	Africa	Jewon, Mahmad Saeed
Mexico	Americas	Rosas Osuna, Rodrigo
Micronesia (Federated States of)	Western Pacific	Skilling, Vita
Mongolia	Western Pacific	Sakhiya, Ariuntuya
Montenegro	Europe	Stojanovic, Svetlana
Morocco	Eastern Mediterranean	Boulaajoul, Benaceur
Mozambique	Africa	Sithoe, Paulo Jorge
Myanmar	South-East Asia	Lwin, Thit
Namibia	Africa	Shigwedha, Laina
Nauru	Western Pacific	Dowiyogo, David
Nepal	South-East Asia	Baral, Prabha
Netherlands (the)	Europe	Vis, Martijn
New Zealand	Western Pacific	Brown, Jennifer
Nicaragua	Americas	Torres Araica, Francisca
Niger (the)	Africa	Bagoudou, Chekarao
Nigeria	Africa	Labinjo, Mariam
Norway	Europe	Linhave, Jakob; Vind, Signe
Oman	Eastern Mediterranean	Al-Wahaibi, Salim
Pakistan	Eastern Mediterranean	Khan, Shahzad Ali
Palau	Western Pacific	Aguon, Ismael
Panama	Americas	Castañedas, Enrique
Papua New Guinea	Western Pacific	Kanguma, Peri
Paraguay	Americas	Maldonado de González Cabello, Mercedes
Peru	Americas	Loayza, Manuel
Philippines (the)	Western Pacific	Magturo, Theodora Cecile
Poland	Europe	Król, Barbara
Portugal	Europe	Amann, Gregória Paixão von
Puerto Ricoc	Americas	Lopez Charneco, Magdalena
Qatar	Eastern Mediterranean	Almusleh, Abdulwahab
Republic of Korea (the)	Western Pacific	Kim, Young-Taek
Republic of Moldova (the)	Europe	Gornea, Filip
Romania	Europe	Arafat, Raed
Russian Federation (the)	Europe	Kipor, Gennady
Rwanda	Africa	Rurangirwa, Dominique
Saint Lucia	Americas	Jaime, Alina
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Americas	Duncan, Roger
Samoa	Western Pacific	Vasa, Ponifasio
San Marino	Europe	Gualtieri, Andrea
Sao Tome and Principe	Africa	Lima, Antonio
Saudi Arabia	Eastern Mediterranean	Al Enizy, Faisal
Senegal	Africa	Coulibaly, Siaka
Serbia	Europe	Paunovic, Milena
Seychelles	Africa	André, Patrick
Sierra Leone	Africa	Yansaneh, Ahmed
Singapore	Western Pacific	Ho, Seng Tim; Lee, Alvin
Slovakia	Europe	Smrek, Martin
Slovenia	Europe	Košir, Matej
Solomon Islands	Western Pacific	Ogaoga, Divinol
South Africa	Africa	Mosako, Magdeline

COUNTRY/AREA	WHO REGION	NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)
Spain	Europe	Lizarbe, Vicenta
Sri Lanka	South-East Asia	Jayatillaka, Jayalath Pushpakumara
Sudan (the)	Eastern Mediterranean	Idries, Amjad
Suriname	Americas	Forster, Allan
Swaziland	Africa	Maphanga, Muzi
Sweden	Europe	Lekander, Thomas
Switzerland	Europe	Graz, Bertrand
Syrian Arab Republic (the)	Eastern Mediterranean	Hamdan, Ahmad
Tajikistan	Europe	Razzakov, Abduvali
Thailand	South-East Asia	Siriphanich, Tairjing
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	Europe	Tozija, Fimka
Timor-Leste	South-East Asia	Ximenes, Rafael dos Santos
Togo	Africa	Fatonzoun, Innocent Mawutoe
Tonga	Western Pacific	Akau'ola, Siale
Trinidad and Tobago	Americas	Ruiz, Carla
Tunisia	Eastern Mediterranean	Somrani, Naoufel; Frigui, Afif
Turkey	Europe	Inan, Huseyin Fazil
Turkmenistan	Europe	Ovezklichev, Begklich
Tuvalu	Western Pacific	Kaitu, Kakee Pese
Uganda	Africa	Kwamusi, Paul
Ukraine	Europe	Fedenko, Irina
United Arab Emirates (the)	Eastern Mediterranean	Altair, Yousef
United Kingdom (the)	Europe	Bellis, Mark; Hughes, Sara
United Republic of Tanzania (the)	Africa	Mang'enya, Rosa
United States of America (the)	Americas	Dellinger, Ann
Uruguay	Americas	Borba, Norberto
Uzbekistan	Europe	Azizov, Mirhakim; Kasimova, Gulnora
Vanuatu	Western Pacific	Taura, Ben
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	Americas	Hernández, Fedor
Viet Nam	Western Pacific	Nguyen, Thi Hong Tu
West Bank and Gaza Stripa	Eastern Mediterranean	Naji, Basem
Yemen	Eastern Mediterranean	Alraiby, Jamila
Zambia	Africa	Mwali, Mutaba
Zimbabwe	Africa	Magirigide, Nyasha

Non member-area.

Associate WHO Member State.

Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt).

Table A.2: Vehicles, road traffic deaths and proportion of road users by country/area

| | | GENERAL INFORMATION | | | | |----------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------------------|--| | COUNTRY/AREA | Population
numbersa
for 2007 | GNI per capitab
for
2007 in US dollars | Income levelc | Number of
registered vehicles | | | Afghanistan | 27 145 275 | 319f | Low | 731 607 | | | Albania | 3 190 012 | 3 290 | Middle | 349 646 | | | Angola | 17 024 084 | 2 560 | Middle | 671 060 | | | Argentina | 39 531 115 | 6 050 | Middle | 12 399 887 | | | Armenia | 3 002 271 | 2 640 | Middle | 366 836 | | | Australia | 20 743 179 | 35 960 | High | 14 774 921 | | | Austria | 8 360 746 | 42 700 | High | 5 796 973 | | | Azerbaijan | 8 467 167 | 2 550 | Middle | 784 018 | | | Bahamas (the) | 331 278 | 18 570f | High | 27 058 | | | Bahrain | 752 648 | 20 610f | High | 382 977 | | | Bangladesh | 158 664 959 | 470 | Low | 1 054 057 | | | Barbados | 293 891 | 11 290f | Middle | 126 262 | | | Belarus | 9 688 795 | 4 220 | Middle | 3 147 625 | | | Belgium | 10 457 343 | 40 710 | High | 6 362 161 | | | Belize | 287 699 | 3 800 | Middle | 54 225 | | | Benin | 9 032 787 | 570 | Low | 222 850 | | | Bhutan | 658 479 | 1 770 | Middle | 35 703 | | | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 9 524 568 | 1 260 | Middle | 699 646 | | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 934 816 | 3 790 | Middle | 675 063 | | | Botswana | 1 881 504 | 5 840 | Middle | 293 755 | | | Brazil | 191 790 929 | 5 910 | Middle | 49 644 025 | | | British Virgin Islandsh | 23 000f | 43 686f | High | 14 505 | | | Brunei Darussalam | 390 056 | 30 580f | High | 304 432 | | | Bulgaria | 7 638 831 | 4 590 | Middle | 2 628 680 | | | Burkina Faso | 14 784 291 | 430 | Low | 515 453 | | | Burundi | 8 508 232 | 110 | Low | 59 486 | | | Cambodia | 14 443 679 | 540 | Low | 154 389 | | | Cameroon | 18 549 176 | 1 050 | Middle | 312 259 | | | Canada | 32 876 047 | 39 420 | High | 20 065 000 | | | Cape Verde | 530 437 | 2 430 | Middle | 54 158 | | | Central African Republic (the) | 4 342 735 | 380 | Low | 5 834 | | | Chad | 10 780 571 | 540 | Low | 124 088 | | | Chile | 16 634 760 | 8 350 | Middle | 2 824 570 | | | China | 1 336 317 116 | 2 360 | Middle | 145 228 994 | | | Colombia | 46 155 958 | 3 250 | Middle | 4 951 225 | | | Comoros (the) | 839 187 | 680 | Low | 22 378 | | | Congo (the) | 3 768 086 | 1 540 | Middle | 100 000 | | | Cook Islands | 13 325 | 13 098f | Middle | 10 692 | | | Costa Rica | 4 467 625 | 5 560 | Middle | 797 902 | | | Croatia | 4 555 398 | 10 460 | Middle | 1 949 936 | | | Cuba | 11 267 883 | 4 571f | Middle | 658 003 | | | Cyprus | 854 671 | 24 940 | High | 592 480 | | | Czech Republic (the) | 10 186 330 | 14 450 | High | 5 455 110 | |

ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS			ROAD USER DEATHS (%)
	Modelled number of road traffic deathse		Estimated road traffic death	Drivers/ passengers	Drivers/ passengers of			Other or
Reported number of traffic deathsd	Point estimate	90% Confidence interval	rate per 100 000 populatione	of 4-wheeled vehicles	motorized 2- or 3-wheelers	Cyclists	Pedestrians	unspecified users
1 779	10 593	6 234–22 894	39.0
499	445	366–522	13.9	45.3	9.0	5.7	40.0
2 358	6 425	4 376–9 803	37.7
5 281	5 427		13.7	41.7	9.5	6.2	19.4	23.2
371	417	352–489	13.9	60.3		0.3	39.4
1 616	1 616		7.8	70.2	14.8	2.5	12.5
691	691		8.3	59.0	17.4	5.4	15.6	2.6
1 195	1 099	900–1 319	13.0	59.7	1.2	0.9	38.1	0.1
48	48		14.5	64.0	14.0	22.0	0.0
91	91		12.1	59.4	5.5	6.6	28.6
4 108	20 038	14 882–29 155	12.6	26.2	8.2	2.6	53.7	9.3
36	36		12.2	73.7	7.9	0.0	18.4
1 517	1 517		15.7	47.3	3.8	9.1	39.8
1 067	1 067		10.2	56.0	15.2	8.2	9.7	11.0
65	45		15.6	63.8g	0.0	12.8	23.4
653	2 815	2 080–3 871	31.2	35.0	37.0	3.0	25.0
111	95	72–115	14.4
1 394 428	1 594 428	1 214–2 348	16.7 10.9	59.0 61.0	4.0 4.7	1.0 5.8	35.0 23.7	1.0 4.8
482	636	425–968	33.8	70.9	0.8	1.6	26.0	0.7
35 155	35 155		18.3	9.8	20.0	4.6	27.9	37.7
5	5		21.7	83.0	17.0	0.0	0.0
54	54		13.8	75.8	11.1	1.9	9.2	2.1
1 006	1 006		13.2	65.0	0.0	4.5	26.3	4.2
804	4 595	3 241–5 937	31.1	53.0			34.0	13.0
63	1 989	1 425–2 898	23.4
1 668	1 749	1 385–2 410	12.1	14.9	62.8	4.7	13.3	4.2
1 069	5 206	4 060–6 880	28.1	55.0	17.0	18.0	10.0
2 889	2 889		8.8	76.3	7.3	2.5	13.2	0.7
49	133	96–187	25.1
565j	1 399	975–2 091	32.2
814	3 696	2 549–5 482	34.3
2 280	2 280		13.7	24.3	2.6	6.5	40.1	26.6
96 611	220 783	183 428–333 623	16.5	22.6	28.1	9.5	26.0	13.8
5 409	5 409		11.7	17.2	36.1	7.7	33.6	5.5
15	254	163–602	30.3	75.0	8.0		17.0
207	1 084	752–1 575	28.8
6	6		45.0		60.0		40.0
688	688		15.4	38.3	20.0	8.6	33.1
619	619		13.6	49.9	18.8	4.5	20.0	6.8
964	964		8.6	18.0	12.0	14.0	33.0	23.0
89 1 222	89 1 222		10.4 12.0	50.6 59.4	28.1 11.4	3.4 9.5	18.0 19.2	0.5

(Table A.2 continued)		GENERAL INFORMATION		VEHICLES
COUNTRY/AREA	Population numbersa for 2007	GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars	Income levelc	Number of registered vehicles
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)	62 635 723	140	Low	311 781
Dominican Republic	9 759 664	3 550	Middle	2 121 244
Ecuador	13 341 197	3 080	Middle	961 556
Egypt	75 497 913	1 580	Middle	4 300 000
El Salvador	6 857 328	2 850	Middle	630 638
Eritrea	4 850 763	230	Low
Estonia	1 335 333	13 200	High
Ethiopia	83 099 190	220	Low
Fiji	838 698	3 800	Middle
Finland	5 276 892	44 400	High	4 656 370
France	61 647 375	38 500	High	39 926 000
Gambia (the)	1 708 681	320	Low
Georgia	4 395 420	2 120	Middle	567 900
Germany	82 599 471	38 860	High	55 511 374
Ghana	23 478 394	590	Low
Greece	11 146 918	29 630	High	7 212 236
Guatemala	13 353 911	2 305f	Middle	1 613 796
Guinea-Bissau	1 695 043	200	Low
Guyana	737 906	1 300	Middle
Honduras	7 106 001	1 600	Middle
Hungary	10 029 683	11 570	High	3 625 386
Iceland	301 006	54 100	High
India	1 169 015 509	950	Low	72 718 000
Indonesia	231 626 978	1 650	Middle	63 318 522
Iran (Islamic Republic of)	71 208 384	3 470	Middle	17 000 000
Iraq	28 993 374	1 646f	Middle	2 242 269
Ireland	4 300 902	48 140	High	2 444 159
Israel	6 927 677	21 900	High	2 283 634
Italy	58 876 834	33 540	High	43 262 992
Jamaica	2 713 779	3 710	Middle
Japan	127 966 709	37 670	High	91 378 636
Jordan	5 924 245	2 850	Middle
Kazakhstan	15 421 861	5 060	Middle	3 105 954
Kenya	37 537 716	680	Low	1 004 243
Kiribati	95 067	1 170	Middle
Kuwait	2 851 144	40 114f	High	1 364 790
Kyrgyzstan	5 316 543	590	Low
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)	5 859 393	580	Low
Latvia	2 277 040	9 930	Middle	1 062 935
Lebanon	4 099 115	5 770	Middle	1 400 000
Lesotho	2 007 833	1 000	Middle
Liberia	3 750 261	150	Low
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)	6 160 483	9 010	Middle	1 826 533
Lithuania	3 389 937	9 920	Middle	1 781 686
Madagascar	19 683 358	320	Low
Malawi	13 925 070	250	Low	197 981 130 000
Malaysia	26 571 879	6 540	Middle	16 825 150

	ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS				ROAD USER DEATHS (%)
		Modelled number of road traffic deathse	Estimated road	Drivers/	Drivers/
Reported number of traffic deathsd	Point estimate	90% Confidence interval	traffic death rate per 100 000 populatione	passengers of 4-wheeled vehicles	passengers of motorized 2- or 3-wheelers	Cyclists	Pedestrians	Other or unspecified users
365	20 183	14 263–29 458	32.2	40.0			59.0	1.0
1 838	1 691	1 375–2 058	17.3	87.0	8.0		5.0
2 341	1 559	1 198–2 119	11.7	13.5	0.8	0.5	43.2	42.0
15 983	31 439	19 411–47 668	41.6	47.5	0.1	1.9	20.1	30.4
1 493	865	727–1 051	12.6	26.4	2.5	4.2	63.1	3.8
81	2 350	1 301–3 961	48.4
196	196		14.7	66.0	6.0	9.0	19.0
2 441	29 114	19 562–44 710	35.0	42.8	1.3	0.5	54.8	0.6
59	59		7.0	75.0			25.0
380	380		7.2	70.3	10.8	5.8	12.6	0.5
4 620	4 620		7.5	59.2	25.0	3.1	12.1	0.6
54	625	420–897	36.6
737	737		16.8		0.0	0.3	27.7	72.0
4 949	4 949		6.0	58.0	18.0	10.0	14.0	1.0
1 856	6 942	5 129–9 892	29.6	46.0	5.0	4.5	42.0	2.5
1 657	1 657		14.9	50.3	30.2	1.3	16.1	2.1
755	1 968	1 701–2 446	14.7	77.5g		0.0	22.6
152	583	383–1 209	34.4
207	147	104–198	19.9	34.7	15.9	15.9	30.0	3.4
1 266	959	794–1 187	13.5	72.0	5.0	5.0	9.0	9.0
1 232	1 232		12.3	54.4	10.1	11.7	22.7	1.1
30	30		10.0	85.0	5.0		10.0
105 725	196 445	155 727–266 999	16.8	15.1	27.4	4.3	12.6	40.5
16 548	37 438	29 785–65 158	16.2	7.0	61.0	13.0	15.0	4.0
22 918	25 491	18 726–34 337	35.8	44.9	11.4		33.3	11.0
1 932	11 059	6 933–21 500	38.1
365	365		8.5	61.9	7.9	2.5	20.0	7.7
398	398		5.7	57.6	9.3	1.5	31.6
5 669	5 669		9.6	49.0	26.0	5.5	13.4	6.1
350	334	270–397	12.3	52.0	9.0	8.0	31.0
6 639	6 639		5.0	37.1	17.6	12.8	32.3	0.2
992	2 027	1 407–3 188	34.2	75.2	0.1		24.7
4 714	4 714		30.6				16.2	83.8
3 760	12 918	7 459–29 191	34.4	42.8	1.2	9.0	47.0
7	7		7.4	51.0	44.0		6.0
482	482		16.9
1 214	1 214		22.8	55.0g		1.0	43.0	1.0
656	1 075	864–1 328	18.3
407	407		17.9	50.4	4.2	8.1	37.3
536	1 170	837–1 625	28.5
402	537	407–728	26.7	17.6	0.2	0.0	34.0	48.2
—	1 235	770–2 668	32.9
2 138	2 497	1 518–3 760	40.5	60.0		5.0	15.0	20.0
759	759		22.4	53.7	4.5	6.9	31.9	3.0
594	6 641	4 680–9 859	33.7
839	3 614	2 599–5 064	26.0	36.0	0.8	18.0	45.0	0.2
6 282	6 282		23.6	23.3	58.0	3.0	10.1	5.6

(Table A.2 continued)		GENERAL INFORMATION		VEHICLES
COUNTRY/AREA	Population numbersa for 2007	GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars	Income levelc	Number of registered vehicles
Maldives	305 556	3 200	Middle
Mali	12 336 799	500	Low
Malta	406 582	14 575f	High
Marshall Islands (the)	59 286	3 070	Middle
Mauritania	3 123 813	840	Low
Mauritius	1 261 641	5 450	Middle
Mexico	106 534 880	8 340	Middle	24 970 879
Micronesia (Federated States of)	111 117	2 470	Middle
Mongolia	2 628 840	1 290	Middle
Montenegro	597 983	5 180	Middle
Morocco	31 224 137	2 250	Middle	2 284 060
Mozambique	21 396 916	320	Low
Myanmar	48 798 212	281f	Low	1 045 105
Namibia	2 074 146	3 360	Middle
Nauru	10 152	7 842f	Middle
Nepal	28 195 994	340	Low
Netherlands (the)	16 418 824	45 820	High	8 862 935
New Zealand	4 178 525	28 780	High	3 189 131
Nicaragua	5 603 190	980	Middle
Niger (the)	14 225 521	280	Low
Nigeria	148 092 542	930	Low	7 600 000
Norway	4 698 097	76 450	High	2 599 712
Oman	2 595 133	11 275f	Middle
Pakistan	163 902 405	870	Low	5 287 152
Palau	20 314	8 210	Middle
Panama	3 343 374	5 510	Middle
Papua New Guinea	6 331 010	850	Low
Paraguay	6 127 077	1 670	Middle
Peru	27 902 760	3 450	Middle	1 442 387
Philippines (the)	87 960 117	1 620	Middle	5 515 576
Poland	38 081 971	9 840	Middle	18 035 047
Portugal	10 623 031	18 950	High	5 948 269
Puerto Ricoj	3 991 000f	14 720	High	3 165 543
Qatar	840 635	66 063f	High
Republic of Korea (the)	48 223 853	19 690	High	18 213 228
Republic of Moldova (the)	3 793 604	1 260	Middle
Romania	21 437 887	6 150	Middle	4 611 362
Russian Federation (the)	142 498 532	7 560	Middle	38 695 996
Rwanda	9 724 577	320	Low
Saint Lucia	164 924	5 349f	Middle
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	120 402	4 210	Middle
Samoa	187 023	2 430	Middle
San Marino	30 926	41 044f	High
Sao Tome and Principe	157 638	870	Low
Saudi Arabia	24 734 533	15 440	High	7 398 600
Senegal	12 378 532	820	Low
Serbia	9 858 424	4 730	Middle	2 235 389

	ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS			ROAD USER DEATHS (%)
		Modelled number of road traffic deathse	Estimated road	Drivers/	Drivers/
Reported number of		90% Confidence	traffic death rate per 100 000	passengers of 4-wheeled	passengers of motorized			Other or unspecified
traffic deathsd	Point estimate	interval	populatione	vehicles	2- or 3-wheelers	Cyclists	Pedestrians	users
10	56	37–105	18.3	0.0	75.0	25.0	0.0
711	3 959	2 695–5 936	32.1
14	14		3.4	35.7	28.6	0.0	35.7
1	1		1.7	100.0
262	1 109	760–1 595	35.5
140	140		11.1	25.0		36.4	9.3	29.3
22 103	22 103		20.7	67.9	5.5	4.4	21.2	1.1
2	16	12–20	14.4	90.0			10.0
562	507	366–719	19.3	64.9	16.7	0.4	17.9
122	122		20.4	75.4	4.1	0.0	20.5	0.1
3 838	8 850	6 273–12 783	28.3	45.7	16.3	7.1	27.9	3.0
1 952	7 432	5 161–10 872	34.7	31.9			68.1
1 638	11 422	6 905–16 883	23.4	46.7	9.6	11.5	30.3	1.9
368	594	424–667	28.6
1	1		9.9
962	4 245	3 453–5 288	15.1
791	791		4.8	46.0	18.0	24.0	12.0
423	423		10.1	76.0	9.0	2.0	10.0	3.0
506	797	627–1 004	14.2	44.0	13.0	8.0	35.0
570	5 357	3 645–8 074	37.7	67.0g			33.0
4 532	47 865	34 165–78 249	32.3
233	233		5.0	67.0	17.0	3.0	10.0	3.0
798	553	347–920	21.3
7 234	41 494	28 379–76 695	25.3
3	3		14.8	66.7			33.3
425	425		12.7	48.3	1.2	3.9	46.1	0.5
308	901	684–1 249	14.2	59.9	0.0	0.8	39.3
854	1 206	896–1 710	19.7	2.8	24.2	1.1	36.9	35.0
3 510	6 001	3 872–8 672	21.5	18.0		3.0	78.0	1.0
1 185	17 557	12 457–33 741	20.0
5 583	5 583		14.7	51.0	5.0	9.0	35.0
1 110	1 110		10.4	54.6	22.1	3.5	16.1	3.7
452	511	404–665	12.8	48.2	17.3	1.6	31.9	1.1
199	199		23.7	69.0g	4.0	27.0k
6 166	6 166		12.8	36.6	20.7	4.9	37.4	0.5
571	571		15.1	57.3	4.1	2.4	34.3	1.9
2 712	2 712		12.7	74.5	8.0	6.8	10.8
35 972	35 972		25.2	62.0	2.1		35.9
308	3 077	1 972–7 079	31.6	16.0	15.8	18.5	40.0	9.7
29	29		17.6	89.3			10.7
8	8		6.6	44.0	0.0	22.0	33.0	1.0
19	24	20–29	12.8
1	1		3.2	60.0	20.0		20.0
20	52	34–72	33.0
6 358	7 166	5 535–9 544	29.0
345	4 023	2 797–6 034	32.5	65.3g			34.7
962	962		9.8	58.6	5.6	9.2	25.1	1.5

(Table A.2 continued)		GENERAL INFORMATION		VEHICLES
COUNTRY/AREA	Population numbersa for 2007	GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars	Income levelc	Number of registered vehicles
Seychelles	86 606	8 960	Middle	14 880
Sierra Leone	5 865 872	260	Low	39 038
Singapore	4 436 281	32 470	High	851 336
Slovakia	5 390 035	11 730	High	2 039 745
Slovenia	2 001 506	20 960	High	1 286 903
Solomon Islands	495 662	730	Low	10 000
South Africa	48 576 763	5 760	Middle	9 237 574
Spain	44 279 180	29 450	High	31 441 152
Sri Lanka	19 299 190	1 540	Middle	3 125 794
Sudan (the)	38 560 488	960	Middle	1 200 000
Suriname	457 964	4 730	Middle	151 441
Swaziland	1 141 427	2 580	Middle	116 050
Sweden	9 118 955	46 060	High	5 500 000
Switzerland	7 483 973	59 880	High	5 356 000
Syrian Arab Republic (the)	19 928 516	1 760	Middle	1 389 346
Tajikistan	6 735 996	460	Low	268 018
Thailand	63 883 662	3 400	Middle	25 618 447
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	2 038 464	3 460	Middle	259 421
Timor-Leste	1 154 775	1 510	Middle	26 649
Togo	6 585 147	360	Low	48 234
Tonga	100 336	2 320	Middle	2 226
Trinidad and Tobago	1 333 272	14 100	High	490 987
Tunisia	10 327 285	3 200	Middle	1 244 918
Turkey	74 876 695	8 020	Middle	13 311 000
Turkmenistan	4 965 278	1 234f	Middle	651 564
Tuvalu	10 530	2 441f	Middle
Uganda	30 883 805	340	Low	363 658
Ukraine	46 205 382	2 550	Middle
United Arab Emirates (the)	4 380 439	41 082f	High	1 754 420
United Kingdom (the)	60 768 946	42 740	High	34 327 520
United Republic of Tanzania (the)	40 453 513	400	Low	577 949
United States of America (the)	305 826 246	46 040	High	251 422 509
Uruguay	3 339 700	6 380	Middle	952 000
Uzbekistan	27 372 260	730	Low
Vanuatu	226 180	1 840	Middle	15 461
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	27 656 832	7 320	Middle	4 044 013
Viet Nam	87 375 196	790	Low	22 926 230
West Bank and Gaza Striph	4 018 000f	1 422f	Middle	78 609
Yemen	22 389 169	870	Low	777 734
Zambia Zimbabwe	11 921 999 13 349 434	800 131f	Low Low	222 188 1 556 586

Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2007). E]ZR^]^cZObW]\^]a^SQba(BVS \$`SdWaW]\VWUVZWUVba. New York: United Nations.

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is the dollar value of a country's final income in a year divided by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, revised 17 October 2008.

World Development Indicators database: Low-income is \$935 or less, middle-income is \$936 to \$11 455, high-income is \$11 456 or more.

Adjusted for 30-day definition of a road traffic death.

Modelled using negative binomial regression. Data from countries with complete vital registration and countries with a population of less than 100 000 were not included in the model (see explanatory notes on page 231).

²⁰⁰⁷ data not available. Latest available used from http://data.un.org/

Passengers and drivers of any motorized vehicle; includes category "unspecified".

Non-member area.

For capital city only. Associate WHO Member State.

Cyclists and pedestrians.

^— Data not available.

| | ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS | | | ROAD USER DEATHS (%) | | | | | | |--------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------|-------------|-------------------------|--| | Reported number of | | Modelled number of road traffic deathse
90% Confidence | Estimated road
traffic death
rate per 100 000 | Drivers/
passengers
of 4-wheeled | Drivers/
passengers of
motorized | | | Other or
unspecified | | | traffic deathsd | Point estimate | interval | populatione | vehicles | 2- or 3-wheelers | Cyclists | Pedestrians | users | | | 16 | 16 | | 18.5 | 65.0 | | 7.0 | 28.0 | | | | 68 | 1 661 | 1 207–2 441 | 28.3 | 65.0 | 20.0 | | 15.0 | | | | 214 | 214 | | 4.8 | 14.9 | 47.7 | 10.3 | 27.1 | | | | 815 | 815 | | 15.1 | 49.6 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 33.9 | | | | 293 | 293 | | 14.6 | 64.5g | 18.1 | 5.8 | 11.3 | 0.3 | | | 19 | 84 | 64–118 | 16.9 | | | | | | | | 16 113 | 16 113 | | 33.2 | 56.8 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 39.1 | | | | 4 104 | 4 104 | | 9.3 | 62.0 | 19.0 | 2.0 | 15.0 | 1.0 | | | 2 334 | 2 603 | 2 185–3 097 | 13.5 | | 65.2 | | 32.8 | 2.0 | | | 2 227 | 13 362 | 8 820–19 143 | 34.7 | 31.5 | | | 12.7 | 55.8 | | | 90 | 84 | 63–120 | 18.3 | 43.3 | 31.1 | 3.3 | 22.2 | 0.1 | | | 235 | 300 | 218–405 | 26.3 | 62.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 35.0 | | | | 471 | 471 | | 5.2 | 65.0 | 16.0 | 6.0 | 12.0 | 1.0 | | | 370 | 370 | | 4.9 | 48.0 | 22.0 | 9.0 | 21.0 | | | | 3 663 | 6 552 | 5 024–8 684 | 32.9 | | | | | | | | 464 | 951 | 767–1 196 | 14.1 | 48.7 | 1.1 | 6.0 | 43.6 | 0.7 | | | 12 492 | 12 492 | | 19.6 | 11.0 | 69.7 | 2.8 | 8.3 | 8.2 | | | 140 | 140 | | 6.9 | 41.4 | 10.7 | 3.6 | 34.3 | 10.0 | | | 49 | 186 | 143–255 | 16.1 | | | | | | | | 613 | 1 851 | 1 298–2 557 | 28.1 | | | | | | | | 7 | 7 | | 7.0 | 50.0 | | 6.3 | 43.8 | | | | 207 | 207 | | 15.5 | 62.2 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 32.2 | | | | 1 497 | 3 568 | 2 555–4 948 | 34.5 | 50.8 | 14.4 | 2.6 | 32.0 | 0.3 | | | 6 022 | 10 066 | 8 394–11 839 | 13.4 | 55.0 | 8.0 | 1.8 | 18.9 | 16.3 | | | 702 | 926 | 694–1 343 | 18.6 | | | 4.6 | 28.9 | 66.5 | | | 1 | 1 | | 9.5 | | | | | | | | 2 838 | 7 634 | 5 578–11 007 | 24.7 | 47.2 | 7.0 | 10.4 | 35.3 | 0.1 | | | 9 921 | 9 921 | | 21.5 | 44.3 | | | 55.7 | | | | 1 056 | 1 626 | 912–2 570 | 37.1 | 70.0 | 1.5 | | 28.5 | | | | 3 298 | 3 298 | | 5.4 | 55.0 | 19.0 | 4.0 | 21.0 | 1.0 | | | 2 595 | 13 886 | 9 596–21 504 | 34.3 | 38.3 | 7.2 | 16.8 | 36.8 | 0.9 | | | 42 642 | 42 642 | | 13.9 | 71.6 | 11.3 | 1.8 | 11.2 | 4.1 | | | 145 | 145 | | 4.3 | | | | | | | | 2 644 | 2 644 | | 9.7 | | | | | | | | 7 | 42 | 29–58 | 18.6 | | | | | | | | 6 031 | 6 031 | | 21.8 | 74.7 | | | 24.6 | 0.7 | | | 12 800 | 14 104 | 11 987–16 387 | 16.1 | | | | | | | | 188 | 896 | 627–1 287 | 4.9 | | | | | | | | 3 003 | 6 553 | 4 021–15 797 | 29.3 | | | | | | | | 1 645 | 3 056 | 2 194–4 291 | 25.6 | 35.4 | 4.2 | 10.6 | 49.8 | | | | 1 348 | 3 669 | 2 749–5 127 | 27.5 | 62.8g | 1.0 | 5.3 | 26.0 | 4.9 | |

Table A.3: Drinking and driving laws, enforcement and road traffic deaths attributed to alcohol by country/area

| | | | HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED | | | | |----------------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------|----------------|--|--| | COUNTRY/AREA | NATIONAL
DRINK–DRIVING
LAW | Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) | Physician
certificate | Breath content | | | | Afghanistan | Yesa | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | Albania | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Angola | — | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | | Argentina | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Armenia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Australia | Subnationalb | Yes | — | — | | | | Austria | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Azerbaijan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | Bahamas (the) | Yes | — | — | Yes | | | | Bahrain | Yesa | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Bangladesh | Yesa | — | Yes | — | | | | Barbados | Yesc | — | Yes | — | | | | Belarus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | Belgium | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Belize | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Benin | Yesc | — | — | Yes | | | | Bhutan | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Yesc | — | — | — | | | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | Botswana | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Brazil | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | British Virgin Islandsd | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | | | | Brunei Darussalam | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | Burkina Faso | Yesc | — | — | — | | | | | | | | | | | | Burundi | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Cambodia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Cameroon | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Canada | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Cape Verde | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Central African Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Chad | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Chile | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | China | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Colombia | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Comoros (the) | Yesa | — | Yes | — | | | | Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Cook Islands | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | Costa Rica | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Croatia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | Cuba | Yesc | — | Yes | — | | | | Cyprus | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | | Czech Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | | Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | |

		NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS
RANDOM BREATH TESTING OR POLICE CHECK POINTS USED FOR ENFORCEMENT	EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)	For the general population (g/dl)	For young or novice drivers (g/dl)	For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl)	PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%)
Yes	10	0.00	0.00	0.00	—
Yes	8	0.05	0.05	0.05	5.2
—	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
Yes	3	0.05	0.05	0.00	—
Yes	5	0.08	0.08	0.08	6.1
Yes	n/a	0.05	0.02	0.05	30.0
Yes	9	0.05	0.01	0.01	8.1
Yes	9	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.7
Yes	3	0.08	0.08	0.08	5.0
No	4	0.00	0.00	0.00	7.7
—	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	—
Yes	2	—	—	—	—
Yes	7	0.05	0.05	0.05	12.9
Yes	3	0.05	0.05	0.05	—
Yes	3	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
Yes	5	—	—	—	—
No	3	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
Yes	4	—	—	—	—
Yes	6	0.03	0.00	0.00	6.7
Yes	7	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.8
Yes	6	0.02	0.02	0.02	—
Yes	—	0.08	0.08	0.08	4.0
Yes	6	0.08	0.08	0.08	3.7
Yes	7	0.05	0.05	0.05	4.7
—	1	—	—	—	—
Yes	1	0.10	0.10	0.10	70.0
—	—	0.05	0.05	0.05	—
Yes	3	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
Yes	4	0.08	0.04	0.08	30.0
Yes	3	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
Yes	4	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
Yes	0	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
Yes	3	0.05	0.05	0.05	20.9
Yes	8	0.02	0.02	0.02	4.2
Yes	5	0.04	0.04	0.04	2.6
Yes	4	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.0
—	—	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
—	4	0.04	0.04	0.04	—
Yes	6	0.05	0.05	0.05	—
Yes	7	0.05	0.00	0.00	30.0
Yes	4	—	—	—	30.0
Yes	4	0.05	0.05	0.05	18.0
Yes	9	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.4
Yes	5	0.05	0.05	0.05	—

(Table A.3 continued)			HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED
COUNTRY/AREA	NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW	Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)	Physician certificate	Breath content
Dominican Republic	Yesc	—	Yes	Yes
Ecuador	Yes	Yes	—	—
Egypt	Yesc	—	—	—
El Salvador	Yes	Yes	—	—
Eritrea	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Estonia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ethiopia	Yesc	—	—	—
Fiji	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Finland	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
France	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Gambia (the)	Yesc	—	—	—
Georgia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Germany	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Ghana	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Greece	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Guatemala	Subnational	n/a	n/a	n/a
Guinea-Bissau	Yesc	—	Yes	—
Guyana	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Honduras	Yes	Yes	—	—
Hungary	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Iceland	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
India	Yes	Yes	—	—
Indonesia	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Iran (Islamic Republic of)	Yesa	Yes	Yes	Yes
Iraq	Yes	Yes	—	—
Ireland	Yes	Yes	—	—
Israel	Yes	Yes	—	—
Italy	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Jamaica	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Japan	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Jordan	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Kazakhstan	Yesc	—	Yes	—
Kenya	Yesc	—	Yes	—
Kiribati	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Kuwait	Yesa	Yes	Yes	—
Kyrgyzstan	Yesc	—	Yes	Yes
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)	Yes	Yes	—	—
Latvia	Yes	Yes	—	—
Lebanon	Yes	Yes	—	—
Lesotho	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Liberia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)	Yesa	Yes	—	—
Lithuania	Yes	Yes	—	—
Madagascar	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Malawi	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Malaysia	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Maldives	No	n/a	n/a	n/a

| EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
For professional
PROPORTION OF
For the general
RANDOM BREATH TESTING
(RESPONDENT
For young or
or commercial
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
OR POLICE CHECK POINTS
CONSENSUS)
population
novice drivers
drivers
USED FOR ENFORCEMENT
(SCALE 0–10)
(g/dl)
(g/dl)
(g/dl)
ALCOHOL (%)
Yes
2
—
—
—
—
Yes
5
0.08
0.08
0.08
9.1
No
4
—
—
—
—
Yes
5
0.05
0.05
0.05
3.5
Yes
6
0.05
0.05
0.03
1.2
Yes
8
0.02
0.02
0.02
48.0
No
1
—
—
—
10.0
Yes
7
0.08
0.00
0.00
27.0
Yes
8
0.05
0.05
0.05
23.9
Yes
4
0.05
0.05
0.05
27.0
Yes
4
—
—
—
—
No
9
0.02
0.02
0.02
37.0
Yes
—
0.05
0.00
0.05
12.0
Yes
2
0.08
0.00
0.08
—
Yes
7
0.05
0.02
0.02
7.2
n/a
n/a
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
—
No
3
—
—
—
—
Yes
—
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
4
0.07
0.07
0.07
8.0
Yes
5
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.0
Yes
7
0.05
0.05
0.05
20.0
Yes
3
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
—
Yes
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
—
No
5
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
No consensus
0.08
0.08
0.08
37.0
Yes
6
0.05
0.05
0.05
7.5
Yes
7
0.05
0.05
0.05
No consensus
No
2
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
No consensus
0.03
0.03
0.03
8.3
—
3
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
10
—
—
—
3.2
No
2
—
—
—
—
Yes
2
0.08
0.08
0.08
30.0
Yes
9
0.00
0.00
0.00
—
Yes
4
—
—
—
—
Yes
3
0.08
0.08
0.08
48.0
Yes
7
0.05
0.02
0.05
20.6
Yes
1
0.05
0.05
0.05
—
Yes
5
0.10
0.10
0.10
—
Yes
3
0.05
0.05
0.05
—
No
5
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.0
Yes
6
0.04
0.02
0.02
11.7
Yes
5
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
4
0.08
0.08
0.08
—
Yes
6
0.08
0.08
0.08
— | | NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|-----------------------------------|--------------------------| | | | | THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | —
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
— | | | |

| (Table A.3 continued) | | HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED | | | | |----------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------|----------------|--| | COUNTRY/AREA | NATIONAL
DRINK–DRIVING
LAW | Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) | Physician
certificate | Breath content | | | Mali | Yesc | — | Yes | Yes | | | Malta | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Marshall Islands (the) | Yesc | — | — | — | | | Mauritania | Yesa | — | — | — | | | Mauritius | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Mexico | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Micronesia (Federated States of) | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | | | | | | | | Mongolia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Montenegro | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Morocco | Noa | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Mozambique | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Myanmar | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Namibia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Nauru | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Nepal | Yesc | — | — | — | | | Netherlands (the) | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | New Zealand | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Nicaragua | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Niger (the) | Yesc | — | — | — | | | Nigeria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Norway | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Oman | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Pakistan | Yesa | — | Yes | — | | | Palau | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Panama | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Papua New Guinea | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Paraguay | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Peru | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Philippines (the) | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Poland | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Portugal | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Puerto Ricof | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Qatar | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Republic of Korea (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Republic of Moldova (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Romania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Russian Federation (the) | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Rwanda | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Saint Lucia | Yes | Yes | — | Yes | | | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Yesc | — | — | — | | | Samoa | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | | | San Marino | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Sao Tome and Principe | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Saudi Arabia | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | | | Senegal | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Serbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Seychelles | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |

| | | NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--| | RANDOM BREATH TESTING
OR POLICE CHECK POINTS
USED FOR ENFORCEMENT | EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 0–10) | For the general
population
(g/dl) | For young or
novice drivers
(g/dl) | For professional
or commercial
drivers
(g/dl) | PROPORTION OF
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO
ALCOHOL (%) | | | | Yes | 3 | — | — | — | — | | | | No | 4 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | | | Yes | 6 | — | — | — | 70.0 | | | | — | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | | | | Yes | 5 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 24.3 | | | | Yes | 3 | Subnational | Subnational | Subnational | — | | | | n/a | n/a | Subnational | Subnational | Subnational | 90.0 | | | | Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 3.7 | | | | Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | — | | | | — | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 3.0 | | | | Yes | 7 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | — | | | | Yes | 5 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | — | | | | Yes | 5 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | | | Yes | — | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — | | | | Yes | 6 | — | — | — | — | | | | Yes | No consensus | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 25.0 | | | | Yes | 6 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 31.0 | | | | Yes | 3 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 12.0 | | | | No | 3 | — | — | — | 1.0 | | | | Yes | 2 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | <10.0 | | | | Yes | 4 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 20.0–30.0 | | | | Yes | 4 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | | | Yes | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | | | | Yes | 4 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.0e | | | | Yes | 6 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | — | | | | Yes | 5 | — | — | — | 66.0 | | | | n/a | 3 | Subnational | Subnational | Subnational | — | | | | Yes | 2 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 10.8 | | | | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — | | | | Yes | 7 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 14.0 | | | | Yes | 8 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 31.4 | | | | Yes | — | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 41.7 | | | | No | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | | | | Yes | 7 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 16.1 | | | | Yes | 2 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 17.0 | | | | Yes | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.5 | | | | Yes | 6 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 9.7 | | | | Yes | 8 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | | | Yes | 1 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | | | | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | | Yes | 1 | — | — | — | 50.0 | | | | Yes | 6 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | — | | | | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — | | | | No | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | | | | Yes | 0 | — | — | — | — | | | | Yes | 7 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 6.0 | | | | Yes | 3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 80.0 | | |

(Table A.3 continued)			HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED
COUNTRY/AREA	NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW	Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)	Physician certificate	Breath content
Sierra Leone	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Singapore	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Slovakia	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Slovenia	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Solomon Islands	Yesc	—	—	—
South Africa	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Spain	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Sri Lanka	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sudan (the)	Yesa	—	Yes	Yes
Suriname	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Swaziland	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sweden	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Switzerland	Yes	Yes	—	—
Syrian Arab Republic (the)	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Tajikistan	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Thailand	Yes	Yes	—	—
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	Yes	Yes	—	—
Timor-Leste	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Togo	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Tonga	Yesc	—	Yes	—
Trinidad and Tobago	Yes	Yes	Yes	—
Tunisia	Yes	Yes	—	—
Turkey	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Turkmenistan	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Tuvalu	Yesc	—	—	—
Uganda	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Ukraine	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
United Arab Emirates (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	—
United Kingdom (the)	Yes	Yes	—	—
United Republic of Tanzania (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
United States of America (the)	Subnationalb	Yes	—	—
Uruguay	Yes	Yes	—	—
Uzbekistan	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Vanuatu	Yesc	—	—	—
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Viet Nam	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
West Bank and Gaza Stripd	Yes	Yes	Yes	—
Yemen	Yesa	—	Yes	—
Zambia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zimbabwe	Yes	Yes	—	Yes

Alcohol is prohibited.

Laws set subnationally, but they all have the same limits.

Not defined by BAC or no standardized definition.

Non-member area.

Refers to only 3 deaths.

Associate WHO Member State.

^— Data not available.

n/a Data not applicable.

			NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS
RANDOM BREATH TESTING OR POLICE CHECK POINTS USED FOR ENFORCEMENT	EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)	For the general population (g/dl)	For young or novice drivers (g/dl)	For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl)	PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%)
Yes	2	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
Yes	8	0.08	0.08	0.08	7.0
Yes	9	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.3
Yes	6	0.05	0.00	0.00	38.4
Yes	3	—	—	—	55.0
Yes	2	0.05	0.05	0.02	60.0
Yes	7	0.05	0.03	0.03	—
Yes	6	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
No	10	0.00	0.00	0.00	—
Yes	4	0.05	0.05	0.05	—
Yes	6	0.05	0.05	0.05	3.0
Yes	6	0.02	0.02	0.02	20.0
Yes	6	0.05	0.05	0.05	16.0
No	8	0.05	0.05	0.05	—
Yes	9	0.03	0.03	0.03	5.0
Yes	5	0.05	0.05	0.05	4.0
Yes	6	0.05	0.00	0.00	4.6
Yes	0	0.05	0.05	0.05	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
Yes	5	—	—	—	25.0
Yes	2	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
Yes	3	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.7
Yes	9	0.05	0.05	0.00	2.0
Yes	10	0.05	0.05	0.05	7.4
Yes	6	—	—	—	—
Yes	3	0.08	0.08	0.00	—
Yes	—	0.00	0.00	0.00	—
Yes	8	0.10	0.10	0.10	—
Yes	No consensus	0.08	0.08	0.08	17.0
Yes	2	0.08	0.08	0.00	1.8
Yes	—	0.08	0.02	0.04	32.0
Yes	1	0.08	0.08	0.08	38.0
Yes	9	—	—	—	—
Yes	6	—	—	—	—
Yes	7	0.08	0.08	0.08	—
Yes	3	0.08	0.08	0.08	34.0
No	1	0.05	0.05	0.05	—
—	—	0.00	0.00	0.00	—
Yes	1	0.08	0.08	0.08	50.0
Yes	3	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.2

Table A.4: Seat-belt and child restraint laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area

| | | SEAT-BELTS | | | | | | |----------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|--| | COUNTRY/AREA | There is a national
seat-belt law | The law applies to all
occupants | Enforcement is applied to
the following occupants | | | | | | Afghanistan | No | n/a | n/a | | | | | | Albania | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Angola | No | n/a | n/a | | | | | | Argentina | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Armenia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Australia | Subnational | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Austria | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Azerbaijan | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Bahamas (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Bahrain | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | Bangladesh | No | n/a | n/a | | | | | | Barbados | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Belarus | Yes | Yes | — | | | | | | Belgium | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Belize | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | Benin | Subnational | n/a | n/a | | | | | | Bhutan | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | No | n/a | n/a | | | | | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Botswana | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | Brazil | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | British Virgin Islandsa | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Brunei Darussalam | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Burkina Faso | No | n/a | n/a | | | | | | Burundi | Subnational | n/a | n/a | | | | | | Cambodia | Yes | No | — | | | | | | Cameroon | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | Canada | Subnational | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Cape Verde | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | Central African Republic (the) | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | Chad | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Chile | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | China | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Colombia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Comoros (the) | No | n/a | n/a | | | | | | Congo (the) | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | Cook Islands | No | n/a | n/a | | | | | | Costa Rica | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Croatia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cuba | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | Cyprus | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | | | Czech Republic (the)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | Yes
Yes | Yes
No | All occupants
Front seat occupants only | | | | |

	SEAT-BELTS		CHILD RESTRAINTS
Effectiveness of seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)	National seat-belt wearing rate	There is a national child restraint law	Effectiveness of child restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)
n/a	—	No	n/a
9	30% front seats	Yes	8
n/a	—	No	n/a
3	48%	No	n/a
3	—	Yes	5
n/a	97% front seats, 92% rear seats	Subnational	n/a
7	89% front seats, 49% rear seats	Yes	9
9	—	Yes	9
0	—	Yes	0
4	22%	No	n/a
n/a	—	No	n/a
8	—	Yes	7
7	—	Yes	6
3	79% drivers, 46% rear seats	Yes	6
4	—	No	n/a
n/a	—	No	n/a
4	—	No	n/a
n/a	—	No	n/a
7	—	Yes	5
7	74% drivers, 79% rear seats	No	n/a
6	88% front seats, 11% rear seats	Yes	4
7	80%	Yes	5
7	70% front seats	Yes	4
8	—	Yes	4
n/a	—	No	n/a
8	95% front seats, 0% rear seats	No	n/a
1	0%	Yes	0
3	—	No	n/a
7	93% front seats, 87% rear seats	Subnational	8
8	80%	Yes	6
3	—	Subnational	n/a
1	1% front seats, <1% rear seats	No	n/a
5	50% front seats, 42% rear seats	Yes	4
No consensus	50%b	No	n/a
7	82%	Yes	3
n/a	—	No	n/a
3	—	No	n/a
n/a	—	No	n/a
7	82%	Yes	6
7	45%	Yes	5
8	70% front seats	No	n/a
7	81% front seats, 9% rear seats	Yes	3
8	90% front seats, 80% rear seats	Yes	7
7	80% front seats, 40% rear seats	No	n/a

| (Table A.4 continued) | | SEAT-BELTS | | | | |----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|--|--| | | | | | | | | COUNTRY/AREA | There is a national
seat-belt law | The law applies to all
occupants | Enforcement is applied to
the following occupants | | | | Dominican Republic | Yes | No | Driver only | | | | Ecuador | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | | | Egypt | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | El Salvador | Yes | No | Driver only | | | | Eritrea | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Estonia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Ethiopia | Subnational | n/a | n/a | | | | Fiji | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Finland | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | France | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Gambia (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Georgia | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Germany | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Ghana | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Greece | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Guatemala | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Guinea-Bissau | No | n/a | n/a | | | | Guyana | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Honduras | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | | | Hungary | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Iceland | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | India | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | | | Indonesia | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | | | Iraq | Yes | Yes | Front seat occupants only | | | | | | | | | | | Ireland | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Israel | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Italy | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Jamaica | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Japan | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Jordan | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Kazakhstan | Yes | Yes | Driver only | | | | Kenya | Yes | Yes | — | | | | Kiribati | Yes | Yes | Driver only | | | | Kuwait | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Kyrgyzstan | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Not yet enforced | | | | Latvia | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Lebanon | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Lesotho | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Liberia | Nod | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Lithuania | Yes | Yes | All occupants | | | | Madagascar | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Malawi | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Malaysia | Yes | No | Front seat occupants only | | | | Maldives | No | n/a | n/a | | |

| | SEAT-BELTS | CHILD RESTRAINTS | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--| | Effectiveness of
seat-belt law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | National seat-belt wearing rate | There is a national child
restraint law | Effectiveness of child
restraint law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | | | | 6 | 55%–60% front seats | No | n/a | | | | 3 | 30% front seats, 10% rear seats | No | n/a | | | | 7 | 70% driver only | No | n/a | | | | 7 | — | Yes | 0 | | | | 9 | — | Yes | 2 | | | | 7 | 90% front seats, 68% rear seats | Yes | 8 | | | | n/a | 20% | No | n/a | | | | 9 | 95% front seats, 70% rear seats | Yes | 5 | | | | 7 | 89% front seats, 80% rear seats | Yes | 7 | | | | 8 | 98% front seats, 83% rear seats | Yes | 5 | | | | 4 | — | No | n/a | | | | 8 | — | Yes | 7 | | | | — | 95%–96% front seats, 88% rear seats | Yes | — | | | | 2 | — | Yes | 0 | | | | 7 | 75% front seats, 42% rear seats | Yes | 6 | | | | 5 | — | No | n/a | | | | n/a | — | No | n/a | | | | 7 | — | Yes | 0 | | | | 7 | 80% front seats, 10% rear seats | No | n/a | | | | 4 | 71% front seats, 40% rear seats | Yes | 4 | | | | 8 | 88% front seats, 68% rear seats | Yes | 8 | | | | 2 | — | No | n/a | | | | 7 | 85%c | No | n/a | | | | 8 | 75%–80% | No | n/a | | | | 8 | — | No | n/a | | | | No consensus | 86% front seats, 63% rear seats | Yes | No consensus | | | | 8 | 88%–94% front seats, 45% rear seats | Yes | 5 | | | | 7 | 65% front seats, 10% rear seats | Yes | 7 | | | | 5 | 69% drivers, 62% front passengers | Yes | 4 | | | | No consensus | 91%–96% front seats, 9%–14% rear seats | Yes | No consensus | | | | 5 | 65% drivers, 10% front passenger | No | n/a | | | | 7 | — | Yes | 7 | | | | 3 | — | No | n/a | | | | 1 | — | Yes | 0 | | | | 3 | — | No | n/a | | | | 5 | — | No | n/a | | | | — | — | No | n/a | | | | 7 | 77% front seats, 32% rear seats | Yes | 6 | | | | 4 | 15% | No | n/a | | | | 5 | — | No | n/a | | | | 5 | — | No | n/a | | | | 4 | 5% | No | n/a | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | — | Yes | 5 | | | | 6 | — | No | n/a | | | | 6 | 45% | No | n/a | | | | 6 | 70% | No | n/a | | | | n/a | — | No | n/a | | |

(Table A.4 continued)		SEAT-BELTS
COUNTRY/AREA	There is a national seat-belt law	The law applies to all occupants	Enforcement is applied to the following occupants
Mali	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Malta	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Marshall Islands (the)	No	n/a	n/a
Mauritania	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Mauritius	Yes	Yes	Front seat occupants only
Mexico	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Micronesia (Federated States of)	No	n/a	n/a
Mongolia	Yes	Yes	Front seat occupants only
Montenegro	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Morocco	Yes	Yes	Driver only
Mozambique	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Myanmar	—	—	—
Namibia	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Nauru	No	n/a	n/a
Nepal	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Netherlands (the)	Yes	Yes	All occupants
New Zealand	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Nicaragua	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Niger (the)	No	n/a	n/a
Nigeria	Yes	Yes	Front seat occupants only
Norway	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Oman	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Pakistan	Yes	No	Driver only
Palau	No	n/a	n/a
Panama	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Papua New Guinea	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Paraguay	Yes	Yes	Front seat occupants only
Peru	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Philippines (the)	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Poland	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Portugal	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Puerto Ricog	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Qatar	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Republic of Korea (the)	Yes	Yes	Front seat occupants only
Republic of Moldova (the)	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Romania	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Russian Federation (the)	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Rwanda	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Saint Lucia	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Samoa	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
San Marino	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Sao Tome and Principe	No	n/a	n/a
Saudi Arabia	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Senegal	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Serbia Seychelles	Yes Yes	Yes No	Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only

	SEAT-BELTS		CHILD RESTRAINTS
Effectiveness of			Effectiveness of child
seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)	National seat-belt wearing rate	There is a national child restraint law	restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)
5	—	Yes	2
8	96% front seats, 21% rear seats	Yes	6
n/a	5% front seats, 0% rear seats	No	n/a
1	—	Yes	1
8	94% front seats, 10% rear seats	No	n/a
5	—	Yes	1
n/a	100% front seats, 0% rear seats	No	n/a
7	70%–80% drviers	Yes	2
6	—	No	n/a
8	75% front seats, 19% rear seats	No	n/a
—	—	No	n/a
—	—	—	—
6	55% front seats, 1% rear seats	Yes	2
n/a	—	No	n/a
4	—	No	n/a
No consensus	94% front seats, 73% rear seats	Yes	No consensus
9	95% front seats, 87% rear seats	Yes	8
5	—	Yes	3
n/a	—	No	n/a
6	70% front seats	No	n/a
6	93% front seats, 85% rear seats	Yes	9
9	95% front seats, 1% rear seats	No	n/a
3	—	No	n/a
n/a	—	No	n/a
7	—	Yes	3
6	—	No	n/a
5	31% front passengerse	No	n/a
7	85% front seats, 25% rear seats	No	n/a
3	52% drivers only	No	n/a
7	74% front seats, 45% rear seats	Yes	6
9	86%f front seats, 28%f rear seats	Yes	8
—	93%	Yes	No consensus
7	50% front seats	No	n/a
8	77% front seats	Yes	2
No consensus	—	No	n/a
5	80% front seats, 20% rear seats	Yes	3
7	33% front seats	Yes	8
9	80%	No	n/a
7	—	No	n/a
9	90%	Yes	6
3	—	Yes	1
6	—	Yes	6
n/a	<1%	No	n/a
5	—	Yes	2
6	—	No	n/a
4	50%–60% front seats, 4%–5% rear seats	Subnational	n/a
8	65%	No	n/a

(Table A.4 continued)		SEAT-BELTS
COUNTRY/AREA	There is a national seat-belt law	The law applies to all occupants	Enforcement is applied to the following occupants
Sierra Leone	Yes	Yesh	All occupantsh
Singapore	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Slovakia	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Slovenia	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Solomon Islands	No	n/a	n/a
South Africa	Yes	Yes	Driver only
Spain	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Sri Lanka	No	n/a	n/a
Sudan (the)	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Suriname	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Swaziland	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Sweden	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Switzerland	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Syrian Arab Republic (the)	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Tajikistan	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Thailand	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Timor-Leste	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Togo	No	n/a	n/a
Tonga	No	n/a	n/a
Trinidad and Tobago	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Tunisia	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Turkey	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Turkmenistan	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
Tuvalu	No	n/a	n/a
Uganda	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Ukraine	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
United Arab Emirates (the)	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
United Kingdom (the)	Yes	Yes	All occupants
United Republic of Tanzania (the)	Yes	No	Driver only
United States of America (the)	Subnational	n/a	n/a
Uruguay	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Uzbekistan	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Vanuatu	Yes	No	—
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	Yes	Yes	Driver only
Viet Nam	Yes	No	Front seat occupants only
West Bank and Gaza Stripa	Yes	Yes	All occupants
Yemen	No	n/a	n/a
Zambia	Yes	Yes	Front seat occupants only

Zimbabwe Yes No Front seat occupants only

Non-member area. Guangzhou and Nanning cities only.

Jakarta only.

No law but national regulations apply.

Asunción only.

On urban roads only.

g Associate WHO Member State.

Over the age of 18 years.

^— Data not available. n/a Data not applicable.

| | SEAT-BELTS
CHILD RESTRAINTS | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|--| | Effectiveness of
seat-belt law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | National seat-belt wearing rate | There is a national child
restraint law | Effectiveness of child
restraint law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 0–10) | | | | 1 | — | Yes | 1 | | | | 8 | 50% | Yes | 7 | | | | 8 | — | Yes | 9 | | | | 7 | 85% front seats, 51% rear seats | Yes | 6 | | | | n/a | — | No | n/a | | | | 2 | 50% front seats, 8% rear seats | Yes | 2 | | | | 8 | 89% front seats, 69% rear seats | Yes | 7 | | | | n/a | — | No | n/a | | | | 7 | — | No | n/a | | | | 7 | 70% front seats, 30% rear seats | Yes | 3 | | | | 7 | — | No | n/a | | | | 3 | 96% front seats, 90% rear seats | Yes | 2 | | | | 7 | 86% front seats, 61% rear seats | Yes | 8 | | | | 9 | 81% front seats | No | n/a | | | | 3 | — | Yes | 1 | | | | 5 | 56% front seats, 3% rear seats | No | n/a | | | | 6 | 16% | No | n/a | | | | 0 | 5%–10% front seats, ≤1% rear seats | Yes | 0 | | | | 0 | 0% | No | n/a | | | | n/a | <1% | No | n/a | | | | 6 | — | Yes | 6 | | | | 2 | — | No | n/a | | | | 8 | 70% | Yes | 7 | | | | 7 | — | No | n/a | | | | n/a | 0% | No | n/a | | | | 2 | — | Subnational | n/a | | | | — | — | No | n/a | | | | 7 | 61% front seats | No | n/a | | | | No consensus | 91% front seats, 84%–90% rear seats | Yes | No consensus | | | | 3 | 30% front seats, 5% rear seats | No | n/a | | | | n/a | 82% front seats, 76% rear seats | Subnational | n/a | | | | 3 | — | Yes | 1 | | | | 10 | — | — | — | | | | 1 | — | No | n/a | | | | 6 | — | Yes | 5 | | | | 3 | — | No | n/a | | | | 3 | — | Yes | 1 | | | | n/a | — | No | n/a | | | | 5 | — | No | n/a | | | | 8 | — | No | n/a | | |

Table A.5: Speed laws and enforcement by country/area

		SPEED		MAXIMUM SPEED		EFFECTIVENESS OF
COUNTRY/AREA	SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL	LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL	LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE	On urban roads (km/h)	On rural roads (km/h)	OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)
Afghanistan	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	90	10
Albania	Yes	Yes	Yes	40	80	9
Angola	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	90	5
Argentina	Yes	Yes	Yes	40–60	110	3
Armenia	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	60	5
Australia	Subnational	Yes	Yes	50	100	Subnational
Austria	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	100	7
Azerbaijan	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	90	9
Bahamas (the)	Yes	No	Yes	48	72	5
Bahrain	Yes	No	Yes	50	80	4
Bangladesh	Yes	No	Yes	25	40	0
Barbados	Yes	No	Yes	60	60	5
Belarus	Yes	No	Yes	60	—	6
Belgium	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	90	5
Belize	Yes	No	Yes	40	—	1
Benin	Yes	No	No	50	—	2
Bhutan	Yes	No	Yes	30	50	3
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	Yes	No	No	40	80	3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	—	6
Botswana	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	120	8
Brazil	Yes	Yes	Yes	60–80	60	6
British Virgin Islandsa	Yes	No	No	32	64	6
Brunei Darussalam	Yes	No	Yes	80	65	7
Bulgaria	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	90	6
Burkina Faso	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	—	3
Burundi	Yes	No	Yes	60	90	5
Cambodia	Yes	No	Yes	40	90	1
Cameroon	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	60	4
Canada	Subnational	Yes	No	70	80	5
Cape Verde	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	90	7
Central African Republic (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	40–60	60–90	4
Chad	Yes	No	No	50	80	2
Chile	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	100	5
China	Yes	Yes	Yes	30–50	40–70	8
Colombia	Yes	No	No	60	80	4
Comoros (the)	Yes	No	No	30	70	3
Congo (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	40–60	50–110	3
Cook Islands	Yes	No	No	50	50	4
Costa Rica	Yes	No	No	40	40	6
Croatia	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	90	6
Cuba	Yes	No	Yes	50	90	5
Cyprus	Yes	Yes	No	50	80	6
Czech Republic (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	90	5
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	90	5

| | | SPEED | | MAXIMUM SPEED | | EFFECTIVENESS OF | | |----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|---------------------------|-------------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--| | | SPEED LIMITS
ARE SET AT
A NATIONAL | LIMITS ARE
MODIFIABLE
AT A LOCAL | LEGISLATION
DIFFERS BY | On urban
roads | On rural
roads | OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS) | | | COUNTRY/AREA
Dominican Republic | LEVEL
Yes | LEVEL
No | VEHICLE TYPE
No | (km/h)
35 | (km/h)
60 | (SCALE 0–10)
2 | | | Ecuador | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 100 | 3 | | | Egypt | Yes | No | Yes | 60 | 60 | 7 | | | El Salvador | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | — | 4 | | | Eritrea | Yes | No | Yes | 60 | 35 | 7 | | | Estonia | Yes | Yes | No | 50 | 90 | 6 | | | Ethiopia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 70 | 2 | | | Fiji | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 60 | 7 | | | Finland | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80 | 7 | | | France | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 7 | | | Gambia (the) | Yes | No | No | 50 | 30 | 3 | | | Georgia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 60 | 8 | | | Germany | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 100 | — | | | Ghana | Yes | No | No | 50 | 80 | 2 | | | Greece | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 6 | | | Guatemala | Yes | Yes | Yes | 10–90 | 40–80 | 3 | | | Guinea-Bissau | Yes | Yes | Yes | 60 | 60 | 4 | | | Guyana | Yes | No | No | 48 | 64 | 4 | | | Honduras | Yes | Yes | No | 40 | — | 3 | | | Hungary | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 4 | | | Iceland | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80–90 | 7 | | | India | Subnational | Yes | Yes | — | — | 4 | | | Indonesia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 70 | 100 | 3 | | | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 60 | 6 | | | Iraq | Yes | No | Yes | 100 | — | 5 | | | Ireland | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80 | No consensus | | | Israel | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 80–90 | 5 | | | Italy | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 7 | | | Jamaica | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | — | 3 | | | Japan | Yes | Yes | Yes | n/ab | n/ab | No consensus | | | Jordan | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50–80 | 80–120 | 6 | | | Kazakhstan | Yes | No | No | 60 | 60 | 5 | | | Kenya | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 100 | 4 | | | Kiribati | Yes | No | No | 40 | 60 | 6 | | | Kuwait | Yes | Yes | Yes | 45 | 80 | 6 | | | Kyrgyzstan | Yes | Yes | — | 60 | 60 | 7 | | | Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | Yes | No | Yes | 40 | 50 | 5 | | | Latvia | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 7 | | | Lebanon | Yes | Yes | Yes | 100 | 60 | 4 | | | Lesotho | Yes | No | No | 50 | 80 | 5 | | | Liberia | Yes | No | No | 40 | 72 | 2 | | | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | Yes | No | Yes | 50 | 70 | 3 | | | Lithuania | Yes | Yes | Yes | 50 | 90 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |

ARE SET AT MODIFIABLE LEGISLATION On urban On rural A NATIONAL AT A LOCAL DIFFERS BY roads roads COUNTRY/AREA LEVEL LEVEL VEHICLE TYPE (km/h) (km/h) (SCALE 0–10) Malawi Yes No Yes 50 80 5 Malaysia Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6 Maldives Yes No Yes 30 30 5 Mali Yes Yes Yes 50 — 4 Malta Yes No Yes 50 80 5 Marshall Islands (the) Yes No No 40 40 5 Mauritania Yes Yes Yes 80 80 4 Mauritius Yes No Yes 40–80 40–80 4 Mexico Yes Yes Yes 40–80 60–90 4 Micronesia (Federated States of) Subnational No No 32 40 6 Mongolia Yes Yes Yes 60 80 4 Montenegro Yes Yes Yes 50 80 6 Morocco Yes Yes Yes 60 100 5 Mozambique Yes Yes Yes 60 70 9 Myanmar Yes Yes Yes 40 40 5 Namibia Yes Yes Yes 60 100–120 4 Nauru Yes No No 40 40 — Nepal Yes No Yes 40 — 5 Netherlands (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 80 No consensus New Zealand Yes Yes Yes 50 100 7 Nicaragua Yes Yes No 45 100 3 Niger (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 90 2 Nigeria Yes Yes Yes 50 50 4 Norway Yes Yes Yes 50 80 6 Oman Yes No Yes 120 120 6 Pakistan Yes Yes Yes 70 — 4 Palau Yes No No 40 50 5 Panama Yes No Yes 80 — 7 Papua New Guinea Yes No No 60 75 1 Paraguay Yes Yes Yes 50 80 3 Peru Yes No Yes 60 60 1 Philippines (the) Yes No Yes 40 40 3 Poland Yes Yes Yes 50 90 5 Portugal Yes Yes Yes 50 90 8 Puerto Ricoc Yes No Yes 40 73 — Qatar Yes No No 100 60 7 Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 80 7 Republic of Moldova (the) Yes No Yes 60 60 No consensus Romania Yes Yes Yes 50 50 5 Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 60 6 Rwanda Yes Yes Yes 30–40 50–60 9 Saint Lucia Yes No Yes 32 64 0 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes No Yes 32 64 4 Samoa Yes No No 40 56 6 San Marino Yes No Yes 50 70 5 Sao Tome and Principe Yes No Yes 30–40 40–50 3	(Table A.5 continued)		SPEED	MAXIMUM SPEED	EFFECTIVENESS OF
		SPEED LIMITS	LIMITS ARE		OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS)
Saudi Arabia Yes No No 80 — 5

		SPEED		MAXIMUM SPEED		EFFECTIVENESS OF
COUNTRY/AREA	SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL	LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL	LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE	On urban roads (km/h)	On rural roads (km/h)	OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)
Senegal	Yes	No	Yes	50	90	4
Serbia	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	80	4
Seychelles	Yes	No	No	40	65	3
Sierra Leone	Yes	No	No	70	100	6
Singapore	Yes	No	No	40–70	n/a	8
Slovakia	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	90	7
Slovenia	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	90	7
Solomon Islands	Yes	No	No	60	n/a	5
South Africa	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	100	3
Spain	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	90	8
Sri Lanka	Yes	No	Yes	50	70	5
Sudan (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	—	7
Suriname	Yes	No	Yes	40	80	5
Swaziland	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	80	6
Sweden	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	70	5
Switzerland	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	80	7
Syrian Arab Republic (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	45–60	45–60	8
Tajikistan	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	90	8
Thailand	Yes	Yes	Yes	80	90	2
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	Yes	No	Yes	60	80	4
Timor-Leste	Yes	No	Yes	50	90	0
Togo	Yes	No	No	40	60	4
Tonga	Yes	No	No	40	65	7
Trinidad and Tobago	Yes	No	Yes	50	50	3
Tunisia	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	50	5
Turkey	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	90	8
Turkmenistan	Yes	No	No	60	90	9
Tuvalu	Yes	No	No	64	—	6
Uganda	Yes	No	Yes	50	80	2
Ukraine	Yes	No	No	60	40	—
United Arab Emirates (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	40	7
United Kingdom (the)	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	100	No consensus
United Republic of Tanzania (the)	Yes	No	Yes	50	—	3
United States of America (the)	Subnational	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Uruguay	Yes	No	Yes	45–75	—	1
Uzbekistan	Yes	No	Yes	70	70	7
Vanuatu	Yes	Yes	Yes	35–60	n/a	3
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	Yes	No	Yes	40	—	4
Viet Nam	Yes	No	Yes	50	80	6
West Bank and Gaza Stripa	Yes	No	Yes	50	80	3
Yemen	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	3
Zambia	Yes	Yes	Yes	50	80	5
Zimbabwe	Yes	Yes	Yes	60	80	8

Non-member area.

Different road classification used.

Associate WHO Member State.

^— Data not available.

n/a Data not applicable.

Table A.6: Helmet laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area

| | | THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS | | | | |----------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|--| | | THERE IS A
NATIONAL | | | | | | COUNTRY/AREA | HELMET LAW | Drivers | Adult passengers | Child passengers | | | Afghanistan | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Albania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Angola | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Argentina | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Armenia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Australia | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Austria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Azerbaijan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Bahamas (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Bahrain | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Bangladesh | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Barbados | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Belarus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Belgium | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Belize | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Benin | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Bhutan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Yesa | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Botswana | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Brazil | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | British Virgin Islandsb | Yes | — | — | — | | | Brunei Darussalam | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | | | | | | | Burkina Faso | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Burundi | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Cambodia | Yes | Yes | No | No | | | Cameroon | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Canada | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Cape Verde | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | | | Central African Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Chad | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Chile | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | China | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Colombia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Comoros (the) | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Cook Islands | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Costa Rica | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Croatia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Cuba | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Cyprus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Czech Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |

	EXCEPTIONS TO LAW		EFFECTIVENESS OF
There are exceptions to the helmet law	The helmet law applies to all road types	The helmet law applies to all engine types	OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)	THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS	ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%)
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
—	Yes	Yes	10	Yes	—
No	Yes	—	5	Yes	—
No	No	No	1	Yes	13
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	n/a	Yes	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	95
No	Yes	Yes	9	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	3	Yes	10–15
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	3	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	8	Yes	—
No	Yes	No	9	Yes	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	8	Yes	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	3	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	1	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	—
No	No	No	No consensus	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	3	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	98
No	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	1	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	2	No	21c
No	Yes	No	1	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	10	Yes	99
Yes	Yes	Yes	9	No	90
Yes	Yes	No	3	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	4	No	51
No	Yes	Yes	3	Yes	100d
No	Yes	Yes	No consensus	Yes	16e
—	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	70
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
No	Yes	Yes	4	Yes	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	8	No	95
Yes	Yes	Yes	5	Yes	68a
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	97f
No	Yes	Yes	7	No	—

| (Table A.6 continued) | | THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS | | | | |----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|--| | COUNTRY/AREA | THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW | Drivers | Adult passengers | Child passengers | | | Dominican Republic | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Ecuador | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Egypt | Yes | Yes | No | No | | | El Salvador | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Eritrea | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Estonia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Ethiopia | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Fiji | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Finland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | France | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Gambia (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Georgia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Germany | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Ghana | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Greece | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Guatemala | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Guinea-Bissau | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Guyana | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Honduras | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Hungary | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Iceland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | India | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Indonesia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Iraq | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Ireland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Israel | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Italy | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Jamaica | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Japan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Jordan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Kazakhstan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Kenya | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Kiribati | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Kuwait | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Kyrgyzstan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Latvia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Lebanon | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Lesotho | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Liberia | Noi | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Lithuania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Madagascar | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | | | Malawi | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Malaysia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Maldives | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | |

	EXCEPTIONS TO LAW		EFFECTIVENESS OF
There are exceptions to the helmet law	The helmet law applies to all road types	The helmet law applies to all engine types	OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)	THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS	ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%)
No	Yes	Yes	2	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	2	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	6	No	70%
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	9	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	60
No	Yes	Yes	10	Yes	90
Yes	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	95f
Yes	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	95
No	Yes	Yes	4	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	97f
No	Yes	Yes	3	Yes	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	58f
No	Yes	Yes	3	No	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	5	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	60
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	95
No	Yes	Yes	8	No	95
Yes	Yes	Yes	2	Yes	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	93g
No	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	13–15
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
No	Yes	Yes	No consensus	—	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	No	95
Yes	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	60
No	Yes	Yes	3	Yes	7f
No	Yes	Yes	No consensus	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	4	No	—
—	Yes	No	5	No	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
No	Yes	Yes	3	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	7	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	6	No	77f
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	93h
No	Yes	Yes	2	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	2	No	—
Yes	Yes	No	7	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	90f
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—

| (Table A.6 continued) | | THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS | | | | |----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|--| | COUNTRY/AREA | THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW | Drivers | Adult passengers | Child passengers | | | Mali | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Malta | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Marshall Islands (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Mauritania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Mauritius | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Mexico | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Micronesia (Federated States of) | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Mongolia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Montenegro | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Morocco | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | | | Mozambique | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Myanmar | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Namibia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Nauru | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Nepal | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Netherlands (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | New Zealand | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Nicaragua | Yes | Yes | Yes | — | | | Niger (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Nigeria | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Norway | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Oman | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Pakistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | | | Palau | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Panama | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Papua New Guinea | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Paraguay | Subnational | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Peru | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Philippines (the) | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Poland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Portugal | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Puerto Ricoj | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Qatar | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Republic of Korea (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Republic of Moldova (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Romania | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Russian Federation (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Rwanda | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Saint Lucia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Samoa | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | San Marino | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Sao Tome and Principe | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Saudi Arabia | Yes | Yes | No | No | | | Senegal | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Serbia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Seychelles | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |

	EXCEPTIONS TO LAW		EFFECTIVENESS OF
There are exceptions to the helmet law	The helmet law applies to all road types	The helmet law applies to all engine types	OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)	THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS	ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%)
No	Yes	No	2	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	7	No	95
No	Yes	Yes	4	No	50f
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	3	Yes	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	100
—	Yes	Yes	3	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	4	Yes	67f
No	Yes	Yes	7	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	60
No	Yes	Yes	8	Yes	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	No	—
Yes	Yes	No	No consensus	Yes	92f
Yes	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	—
No	Yes	No	3	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	1	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	2	Yes	<5
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	100
No	Yes	Yes	7	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	4	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	8	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	1	Yes	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	34
Yes	Yes	Yes	8	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	90
No	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	85
No	Yes	No	1	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	90f
Yes	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	No consensus
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
No	Yes	Yes	8	—	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	—	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	2	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	3	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	No	95

| (Table A.6 continued) | | THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS | | | | |-------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|--| | COUNTRY/AREA | THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW | Drivers | Adult passengers | Child passengers | | | Sierra Leone | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | | | Singapore | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Slovakia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Slovenia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Solomon Islands | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | South Africa | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Spain | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Sri Lanka | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Sudan (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Suriname | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Swaziland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Sweden | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Switzerland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Syrian Arab Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Tajikistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Thailand | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Timor-Leste | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Togo | Noi | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Tonga | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Trinidad and Tobago | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Tunisia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Turkey | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Turkmenistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Tuvalu | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Uganda | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Ukraine | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | United Arab Emirates (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | United Kingdom (the) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | United Republic of Tanzania (the) | Yes | Yes | No | No | | | United States of America (the) | Subnational | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Uruguay | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Uzbekistan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Vanuatu | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Viet Nam | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | West Bank and Gaza Stripb | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Yemen | No | n/a | n/a | n/a | | | Zambia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Zimbabwe | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |

Law lax or not enforced.

Non-member area.

Phnom Penh only. Metropolitan area only.

Guangxi province only.

Drivers only.

g Survey conducted in 10 provinces and 31 cities.

Riga only. No law, but regulations enforced.

Associate WHO Member State.

Montevideo only.

^— Data not available.

n/a Data not applicable.

	EXCEPTIONS TO LAW		EFFECTIVENESS OF
There are exceptions to the helmet law	The helmet law applies to all road types	The helmet law applies to all engine types	OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)	THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS	ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%)
Yes	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	56
No	Yes	Yes	8	Yes	—
No	Yes	No	7	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	3	Yes	100
Yes	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	95f
Yes	Yes	Yes	8	Yes	98f
Yes	Yes	No	7	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	—
No	No	Yes	7	No	90
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	80
Yes	Yes	Yes	1	Yes	95
Yes	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	100
No	Yes	Yes	4	No	—
No	Yes	No	6	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	4	Yes	27
No	Yes	Yes	2	No	2f
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	70f
No	Yes	Yes	2	No	1
No	Yes	Yes	7	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	9	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	5	Yes	—
No	Yes	Yes	5	Yes	12f
No	Yes	No	8	No	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
No	Yes	Yes	3	No	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
No	Yes	Yes	8	No	—
Yes	Yes	Yes	No consensus	Yes	98
Yes	Yes	No	4	No	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	58
No	Yes	Yes	5	No	50k
No	Yes	Yes	9	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	8	No	—
No	Yes	Yes	6	Yes	55
Yes	Yes	Yes	7	Yes	85
Yes	No	No	3	No	—
n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	—
No	Yes	Yes	10	No	100
No	Yes	Yes	9	—	—

Table A.7: Road safety management, strategies and policies by country/area

		LEAD AGENCY			STRATEGIES
COUNTRY/AREA	A lead agency is present	Lead agency status	The lead agency is funded	There is a national road safety strategy	The strategy includes measurable national targets	The strategy is funded
Afghanistan	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Albania	Yes	Interministerial	No	No	n/a	n/a
Angola	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Argentina	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Armenia	Yes	Other	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Australia	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Austria	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Azerbaijan	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Bahamas (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Bahrain	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Bangladesh	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yes	Yes	No
Barbados	No	n/a	n/a	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Belarus	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Belgium	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Belize	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yes	Yes	No
Benin	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Bhutan	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yes	Yes	No
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Botswana	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Brazil	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
British Virgin Islandsb	No	n/a	n/a	Subnational	n/a	n/a
Brunei Darussalam	Yes	Governmental	—	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Bulgaria	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Burkina Faso	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Burundi	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Cambodia	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Cameroon	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Canada	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Cape Verde	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Central African Republic (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Chad	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Chile	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
China	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Colombia	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Comoros (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Congo (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Cook Islands	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Costa Rica	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Croatia	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Cuba	Yes	Interministerial	No	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Cyprus	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Czech Republic (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	No

	POLICIES		AUDITS	DRIVING TESTS
There are national policies to promote walking and cycling	There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation	Formal audits on new roads	Regular audits on existing roads	Written	Practical	Medical	VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	—	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Subnational	Subnational	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	Yes	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	Yes	No	No consensus	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes

(Table A.7 continued)		LEAD AGENCY			STRATEGIES
COUNTRY/AREA	A lead agency is present	Lead agency status	The lead agency is funded	There is a national road safety strategy	The strategy includes measurable national targets	The strategy is funded
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Dominican Republic	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Ecuador	Yes	Governmental	Yes	—	—	—
Egypt	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	No	No
El Salvador	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	No	No
Eritrea	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Estonia	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ethiopia	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Fiji	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Finland	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
France	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Gambia (the)	Yes	Other	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Georgia	Yes	Other	—	Yes	Yes	Yes
Germany	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Ghana	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Greece	No	n/a	n/a	Yes	Yes	No
Guatemala	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Subnational	n/a	n/a
Guinea-Bissau	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Guyana	Yes	Other	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Honduras	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Hungary	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Iceland	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
India	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Indonesia	Yes	Other	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Iran (Islamic Republic of)	Yes	Other	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Iraq	Yes	Governmental	No	Subnational	n/a	n/a
Ireland	Yes	Other	Yes	Yes	Yes	—
Israel	Yes	Other	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Italy	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jamaica	Yes	Other	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Japan	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jordan	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Kazakhstan	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Kenya	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Kiribati	Yes	Governmental	No	Yes	Yes	No
Kuwait	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Kyrgyzstan	Yes	Interministerial	No	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)	Yes	Governmental	No	Yes	Yes	No
Latvia	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Lebanon	No	n/a	n/a	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Lesotho	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Liberia	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Lithuania	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Madagascar	No	n/a	n/a	Yes	Yes	No
Malawi	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a

	POLICIES		AUDITS		DRIVING TESTS
There are national policies to promote walking and cycling	There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation	Formal audits on new roads	Regular audits on existing roads	Written	Practical	Medical	VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Subnational	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	Yes
No	Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Subnational	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
Yes	Subnational	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Subnational	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No consensus	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Subnational	No	No	—	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes

(Table A.7 continued)		LEAD AGENCY			STRATEGIES
COUNTRY/AREA	A lead agency is present	Lead agency status	The lead agency is funded	There is a national road safety strategy	The strategy includes measurable national targets	The strategy is funded
Malaysia	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Maldives	Yes	Governmental	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Mali	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Malta	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Marshall Islands (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Mauritania	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Mauritius	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Mexico	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Micronesia (Federated States of)	No	n/a	n/a	Subnational	No	No
Mongolia	Yes	Other	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Montenegro	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Morocco	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Mozambique	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Myanmar	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Namibia	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Nauru	Yes	—	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Nepal	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Netherlands (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
New Zealand	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nicaragua	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Niger (the)	Yes	Interministerial	No	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Nigeria	Yes	Other	No	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Norway	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Oman	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Pakistan	Yes	Governmental	No	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Palau	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Panama	Yes	Governmental	Yes	—	—	—
Papua New Guinea	Yes	Governmental	No	Subnational	n/a	n/a
Paraguay	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Peru	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Philippines (the)	Yes	Governmental	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Poland	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Portugal	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Puerto Ricod	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Qatar	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Republic of Korea (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Republic of Moldova (the)	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Romania	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Russian Federation (the)	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Rwanda	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Saint Lucia	Yes	Governmental	No	No	n/a	n/a
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Samoa	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	No	No
San Marino	Yes	Interministerial	No	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia	Yes Yes	Governmental Interministerial	Yes Yes	No Multiple strategies	n/a n/a	n/a n/a

	POLICIES AUDITS DRIVING TESTS
There are national policies to promote walking and cycling	There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation	Formal audits on new roads	Regular audits on existing roads	Written	Practical	Medical	VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Subnational	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Noc
No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	No
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	No
Yes	No	No	No	—	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
—	—	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Subnational	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
No	Subnational	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes

(Table A.7 continued)		LEAD AGENCY			STRATEGIES
COUNTRY/AREA	A lead agency is present	Lead agency status	The lead agency is funded	There is a national road safety strategy	The strategy includes measurable national targets	The strategy is funded
Senegal	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Serbia	No	n/a	n/a	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Seychelles	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sierra Leone	Yes	Other	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Singapore	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Slovakia	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Slovenia	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Solomon Islands	Yes	Governmental	—	—	—	—
South Africa	Yes	Other	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Spain	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sri Lanka	Yes	Governmental	No	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Sudan (the)	No	n/a	n/a	Subnational	n/a	n/a
Suriname	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Swaziland	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Sweden	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Switzerland	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Syrian Arab Republic (the)	Yes	Interministerial	No	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Tajikistan	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Thailand	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	Yes	Other	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Timor-Leste	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Togo	No	n/a	n/a	No	n/a	n/a
Tonga	Yes	Governmental	Yes	No	n/a	n/a
Trinidad and Tobago	—	—	—	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Tunisia	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Turkey	Yes	Interministerial	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Turkmenistan	No	n/a	n/a	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Tuvalu	No	n/a	n/a	Yes	No	No
Uganda	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Ukraine	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
United Arab Emirates (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
United Kingdom (the)	No	n/a	n/a	Yes	Yes	Yes
United Republic of Tanzania (the)	Yes	Interministerial	No	Yesa	n/a	n/a
United States of America (the)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Uruguay	Yes	Other	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
Uzbekistan	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yes	Yes	—
Vanuatu	No	n/a	n/a	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Viet Nam	Yes	Governmental	Yes	Yesa	n/a	n/a
West Bank and Gaza Stripb	No	n/a	n/a	Subnational	n/a	n/a
Yemen	Yes	Interministerial	No	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a
Zambia	Yes	Other	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zimbabwe	Yes	Governmental	No	Multiple strategies	n/a	n/a

Not formally endorsed by government.

Non-member area.

Required in some States.

Associate WHO Member State.

^— Data not available.

	POLICIES		AUDITS		DRIVING TESTS
There are national policies to promote walking and cycling	There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation	Formal audits on new roads	Regular audits on existing roads	Written	Practical	Medical	VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	No	Yes	No	—	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	No
Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Subnational	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	No
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	Subnational	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Noc
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
—	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
—	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes

Table A.8: Pre-hospital care systems by country/area

| | | UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER | | | | |----------------------------------------|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|----------|---------------------|--| | COUNTRY/AREA | FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
CARE SYSTEM | National | Regional | TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) | | | Afghanistan | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Albania | Yes | No | Yes | 2253364 | | | Angola | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Argentina | Yes | No | Yes | — | | | Armenia | Yes | Yes | — | 103 | | | Australia | Yes | Yes | — | 000 | | | Austria | Yes | Yes | — | 144 | | | Azerbaijan | Yes | Yes | Yes | 103 | | | Bahamas (the) | — | — | — | — | | | Bahrain | Yes | Yes | — | 999 | | | Bangladesh | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Barbados | Yes | Yes | — | 511 | | | Belarus | Yes | Yes | — | 103 | | | Belgium | Yes | Yes | — | 100 | | | Belize | Yes | Yes | — | 911 | | | Benin | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Bhutan | No | Yesa | n/a | 112 | | | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Yes | Yes | — | 110 | | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yes | Yes | Yes | 124 | | | Botswana | Yes | Yes | — | 997 | | | Brazil | Yes | Yes | — | 192 | | | British Virgin Islandsb | Yes | Yes | — | 911 | | | Brunei Darussalam | Yes | Yes | — | — | | | Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | — | 150 | | | Burkina Faso | Yes | Yes | — | 18 | | | Burundi | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Cambodia | Yes | Yes | — | 119 | | | Cameroon | Yes | Yes | — | 19, 119 | | | Canada | Yes | Yes | Yes | 911 | | | Cape Verde | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Central African Republic (the) | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Chad | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Chile | Yes | Yes | — | 131 | | | China | Yes | Yes | — | 120 | | | Colombia | Yes | — | — | — | | | Comoros (the) | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Congo (the) | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Cook Islands | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Costa Rica | Yes | Yes | — | 911 | | | Croatia | Yes | Yes | — | 112 | | | Cuba | Yes | Yes | Yes | 106 | | | Cyprus | Yes | Yes | Yes | 199, 112 | | | Czech Republic (the) | Yes | Yes | — | 112, 155 | | | Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) | No | n/a | n/a | — | | | Dominican Republic | Yes | Yes | — | 911 | |

		UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER
COUNTRY/AREA	FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM	National	Regional	TELEPHONE NUMBER(S)
Ecuador	No	n/a	n/a	—
Egypt	Yes	Yes	—	123
El Salvador	No	n/a	n/a	—
Eritrea	No	n/a	n/a	—
Estonia	Yes	Yes	—	112
Ethiopia	No	n/a	n/a	—
Fiji	Yes	Yes	—	000
Finland	Yes	Yes	—	112
France	Yes	Yes	—	112
Gambia (the)	Yes	Yes	—	116
Georgia	Yes	Yes	—	03
Germany	Yes	Yes	Yes	112
Ghana	Yes	Yes	—	193
Greece	Yes	Yes	—	166
Guatemala	No	n/a	n/a	—
Guinea-Bissau	Yes	Yes	—	118
Guyana	Yes	No	Yes	913
Honduras	Yes	No	—	—
Hungary	Yes	Yes	—	112
Iceland	Yes	Yes	—	112
India	Yes	Yes	Yes	102
Indonesia	Yes	Yes	—	118
Iran (Islamic Republic of)	Yes	Yes	—	115
Iraq	Yes	Yes	—	122
Ireland	Yes	Yes	—	999,112
Israel	Yes	Yes	—	101
Italy	Yes	Yes	—	118
Jamaica	No	n/a	n/a	—
Japan	Yes	Yes	—	119
Jordan	Yes	Yes	—	199
Kazakhstan	Yes	Yes	—	03
Kenya	No	n/a	—	—
Kiribati	Yes	Yes	—	28100
Kuwait	Yes	Yes	—	777
Kyrgyzstan	Yes	Yes	—	103
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)	No	n/a	n/a	—
Latvia	Yes	Yes	—	112
Lebanon	No	n/a	—	—
Lesotho	No	n/a	n/a	—
Liberia	No	n/a	n/a	—
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)	Yes	No	Yes	151,191,193
Lithuania	Yes	Yes	—	112
Madagascar	No	n/a	n/a	—
Malawi	No	n/a	n/a	—
Malaysia	Yes	Yes	—	999

(Table A.8 continued)

		UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER
COUNTRY/AREA	FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM	National	Regional	TELEPHONE NUMBER(S)
Maldives	No	n/a	n/a	—
Mali	Yes	Yes	—	18, 112
Malta	Yes	Yes	—	112
Marshall Islands (the)	Yes	Yes	—	6258444
Mauritania	No	n/a	n/a	—
Mauritius	Yes	Yes	—	114
Mexico	Yes	No	Yes	066
Micronesia (Federated States of)	No	n/a	n/a	—
Mongolia	Yes	Yes	Yes	103
Montenegro	Yes	Yes	—	124
Morocco	Yes	Yes	—	115
Mozambique	No	n/a	n/a	—
Myanmar	Yes	No	Yes	01500005
Namibia	Yes	Yes	Yes	2033282, 10111
Nauru	Yes	Yes	—	4443883
Nepal	No	n/a	n/a	—
Netherlands (the)	Yes	Yes	—	112
New Zealand	Yes	Yes	—	111
Nicaragua	Yes	Yes	Yes	128, 115
Niger (the)	Yes	Yes	—	18, 17
Nigeria	Yes	No	Yes	—
Norway	Yes	Yes	—	113
Oman	Yes	Yes	—	9999
Pakistan	Yes	Yes	—	15
Palau	Yes	Yes	—	911
Panama	Yes	No	Yes	—
Papua New Guinea	Yes	Yes	—	111
Paraguay	Yes	No	Yes	206206, 911, 132
Peru	No	n/a	n/a	—
Philippines (the)	Yes	No	Yes	—
Poland	Yes	Yes	—	112
Portugal	Yes	Yes	—	112
Puerto Ricoc	Yes	Yes	—	911
Qatar	Yes	Yes	—	999
Republic of Korea (the)	Yes	Yes	—	119
Republic of Moldova (the)	Yes	Yes	—	903
Romania	Yes	Yes	—	112
Russian Federation (the)	Yes	Yes	—	03
Rwanda	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Saint Lucia	Yes	Yes	—	911
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Samoa	Yes	Yes	—	996, 995
San Marino	Yes	Yes	—	118
Sao Tome and Principe	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Saudi Arabia	Yes	Yes	—	997
Senegal	Yes	Yes	—	1515, 1516, 1517, 1518
Serbia	Yes	Yes	Yes	94

		UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER
COUNTRY/AREA	FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM	National	Regional	TELEPHONE NUMBER(S)
Seychelles	Yes	Yes	—	—
Sierra Leone	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Singapore	Yes	Yes	—	995
Slovakia	Yes	Yes	Yes	112
Slovenia	Yes	Yes	—	112
Solomon Islands	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
South Africa	Yes	Yes	—	10177, 112
Spain	Yes	Yes	—	112
Sri Lanka	Nod	No	Yes	110
Sudan (the)	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Suriname	Yes	Yes	—	113
Swaziland	Yes	Yes	—	933
Sweden	Yes	Yes	—	112
Switzerland	Yes	Yes	—	144
Syrian Arab Republic (the)	Yes	Yes	—	110
Tajikistan	Yes	Yes	—	03
Thailand	Yes	Yes	—	1669
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	Yes	Yes	—	194
Timor-Leste	Yes	Yes	—	110
Togo	Yes	Yes	—	17, 18
Tonga	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Trinidad and Tobago	Yes	Yes	—	811
Tunisia	Yes	Yes	—	198
Turkey	Yes	Yes	—	112
Turkmenistan	Yes	Yes	—	03
Tuvalu	Yes	Yes	—	911
Uganda	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Ukraine	Yes	Yes	—	03
United Arab Emirates (the)	Yes	Yes	—	999
United Kingdom (the)	Yes	Yes	—	999
United Republic of Tanzania (the)	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
United States of America (the)	Yes	Yes	—	911
Uruguay	No	n/a	Yes	n/a
Uzbekistan	Yes	Yes	—	03
Vanuatu	Yes	Yes	—	112
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	Yes	Yes	—	171
Viet Nam	Yes	Yes	—	115
West Bank and Gaza Stripb	Yes	Yes	—	101
Yemen	Yes	Yes	Yes	195
Zambia	Yes	Yes	—	991
Zimbabwe	Yes	Yes	—	991

Free ambulance service only.

Non-member area. Associate WHO Member State.

Some areas have a pre-hospital care system.

^— Data not available.

n/a Data not applicable.